64
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Autoimmune hyperthyroidism and thyroid eye disease: what is the role of pro-oxidants and antioxidants?

, , &

References

  • Cerqueira C, Knudsen N, Ovesen L, et al. Association of iodine fortification with incident use of antithyroid medication–a Danish Nationwide Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:2400-5
  • Hegedus L. Treatment of Graves’ hyperthyroidism: evidence-based and emerging modalities. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2009;38:355-71
  • Subudhi U, Chainy G. Expression of hepatic antioxidant genes in l-thyroxine-induced hyperthyroid rats: regulation by vitamin E and curcumin. ChemBiol Interact 2010;183:304-16
  • Douglas RS, Gupta S. The pathophysiology of thyroid eye disease: implications for immunotherapy. CurrOpin Ophthalmol 2011;22:385-90
  • Bednarek J, Wysocki H, Sowinski J. Peripheral parameters of oxidative stress in patients with infiltrative Graves’ ophthalmopathy treated with corticosteroids. Immunol Lett 2004;93:227-32
  • Mascio P, Murphy ME, Sies H. Antioxidant defense systems: the role of carotenoids, tocopherols, and thiols. Am J ClinNutr 1991;53:194-200
  • Kehrer JP. Free radicals as mediators of tissue injury and disease. Crit Rev Toxicol 1993;23:21-48
  • Harman D. Aging and oxidative stress. JIFCC 1998;10:24-7
  • Komosinska-Vassev K, Olczyk K, Kucharz EJ, et al. Free radical activity and antioxidant defense mechanisms in patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease during therapy. ClinChimActa 2000;300:107-17
  • Asayama K, Dobashi K, Hayashibe H, et al. Lipid peroxidation and free radical scavengers in thyroid dysfunction in the rat: a possible mechanism of injury to heart and skeletal muscle in hyperthiroidism. Endocrinology 1987;121:2112-18
  • Bustamante J, Guerra L, Bredeston L, et al. Melanin content and hydroperoxide metabolism in human melanoma cells. Exp Cell Res 1991;196:172-6
  • Ahsan H, Ali A, Ali R. Oxygen free radicals and systemic autoimmunity. Clin Exp Immunol 2003;131:398-404
  • Ademoğlu E, Gökkuşu C, Yarman S, et al. The effect of methimazole on the oxidant and antioxidant system in patients with hyperthyroidism. Pharmacol Res 1998;38:93-6
  • Gülnur A, Remise G, Sabiha C, et al. Oxidative damage to Nuclear DNA in Hyperthyroid rat liver: inability of vitamin c to prevent the damage. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2004;67:413-20
  • Cross AR, Jones OTG. Enzymic mechanisms of superoxide production. Biochim Biophys Acta 1991;1057:281-98
  • Dupuy C, Virion A, Ohayon R, et al. Mechanism of hydrogen peroxide formation catalyzed by NADPH oxidase in thyroid plasma membrane. J BiolChem 1991;266:3739-43
  • De Zwart LL, Meerman JHN, Commandeur JNM, et al. Biomarkers of free radical damage applications in experimental animals and in humans. Free RadicBiol Med 1999;26:202-26
  • Adali M, Inal-Erden M, Akalin A, et al. Effects of propylthiouracil, propranolol, and vitamin E on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in hyperthyroid patients. Clin Biochem 1999;32:367
  • Seven A, Seymen O, Hatemi S, et al. Lipid peroxidation and vitamin E supplementation in experimental hyperthyroidism. Clin Chem 1996;42:1118-19
  • Seymen O, Seven A, Hatemi S, et al. Lipid peroxidation in experimental hyperthyroidism: effects of iron supplementation. Med Sci Res 1995;23:695-6
  • Venditti P, Di Meo S, De Leo T. Effect of thyroid state on characteristics determining the susceptibility to oxidative stress of mitochondrial fractions from rat liver. Cell Physiol Biochem 1996;6:283-95
  • Drutel A, Archambeaud F, Caron P. Selenium and the thyroid gland: more good news for clinicians. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013;78:155-64
  • Howie AF, Arthur JR, Nicol F, et al. Identification of a 57-kilodalton selenoproteins in human thyrocytes as thioredoxin reductase and evidence that its expression is regulated through the calcium-phosphoinositol signaling pathway. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:2052-8
  • Abalovich M, Llesuy S, Gutierrez S, et al. Peripheral parameters of oxidative stress in Graves’ disease: the effects of methimazole and 131 iodine treatments. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003;59:321-7
  • Vadhanavikit S, Ganther HE. Selenium deficiency and decreased coenzyme Q levels. Mol Aspects Med 1994;15:103-7
  • Guerra LN, Moiguer S, Karner M, et al. Antioxidants in the treatment of Graves’ disease. IUBMB Life 2001;51:105-9
  • Duntas LH. Selenium and the thyroid: a close-knit connection. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:5180-8
  • Vrca VB, Skreb F, Cepelak I, et al. Supplementation with antioxidants in the treatment of Graves’ disease; the effect on glutathione peroxidase activity and concentration of selenium. Clin Chim Acta 2004;341:55-63
  • Gartner R, Gasnier BC, Dietrich JW, et al. Selenium supplementation in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis decreases thyroid peroxidase antibodies concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1687-91
  • Gartner R, Gasnier BC. Selenium in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis. Biofactors 2003;19:165-70
  • Duntas LH, Mantzou E, Koutras DA. Effects of a six month treatment with selenomethionine in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. Eur J Endocrinol 2003;148:389-93
  • Turker O, Kumanlioglu K, Karapolat I, et al. Selenium treatment in autoimmune thyroiditis: 9-month follow-up with variable doses. J Endocrinol 2006;190:151-6
  • Mazokopakis EE, Papadakis JA, Papadomanolaki MG, et al. Effects of 12 months treatment with L-selenomethionine on serum anti-TPO Levels in Patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Thyroid 2007;17:609-12
  • Nacamulli D, Mian C, Petricca D, et al. Influence of physiological dietary selenium supplementation on the natural course of autoimmune thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010;73:535-9
  • Karanikas G, Schuetz M, Kontur S, et al. No immunological benefit of selenium in consecutive patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. Thyroid 2008;18:7-12
  • Penglase S, Hamre K, Ellingsen S. Selenium prevents downregulation of antioxidant selenoprotein genes by methyl mercury. Free Radic Biol Med 2014;75:95-104
  • Vrca VB, Mayer L, Skreb F, et al. Antioxidant supplementation and serum lipids in patients with Graves’ disease: effect on LDL-cholesterol. Acta Pharm 2012;62:115-22
  • Guerra LN, Ríos de Molina Mdel C, Miler EA, et al. Antioxidants and methimazole in the treatment of Graves’ disease: effect on urinary malondialdehyde levels. Clin Chim Acta 2005;352:115-20
  • Bacic-Vrca V, Skreb F, Cepelak I, et al. The effect of antioxidant supplementation on superoxide dismutase activity, Cu and Zn levels, and total antioxidant status in erythrocytes of patients with Graves’ disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005;43:383-8
  • Gotoh N, Niki E. Rates of interactions of superoxide with vitamin E, vitamin C and related compounds as measured by chemiluminescence. Biochem Biophys Acta 1992;1115:201-7
  • Mohamadin AM, Hammad LN, El-Bab MF, et al. Attenuation of oxidative stress in plasma and tissues of rats with experimentally induced hyperthyroidism by caffeic acid phenyl ethyl ester. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007;100:84-90
  • Zimmermann MB. Interactions of Vitamin A and iodine deficiencies: effects on the pituitary-thyroid axis. Int J VitamNutr Res 2007;77:236-40
  • Frei B, Stocker R, England L, et al. Ascorbate: the most effective antioxidant in human blood plasma. Adv Exp Med Biol 1990;264:155-63
  • Ibrahim W, Tousson E, El-Masry T, et al. The effect of folic acid as an antioxidant on the hypothalamic monoamines in experimentally induced hypothyroid rat. Toxicol Ind Health 2011;28:253-61
  • Bartalena L, Tanda ML, Piantanida E, et al. Oxidative stress and Graves’ ophthalmopathy: in vitro studies and therapeutic implications. Biofactors 2003;19:155-63
  • Bouzas EA, Karadimas P, Mastorakos G, et al. Antioxidant agents in the treatment of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;129:618-22
  • Kawada J, Shirakawa Y, Yoshimura Y, et al. Thyroid xanthine oxidase and its role in thyroid iodine metabolism in the rat: difference between effects of allopurinol and tungstate. J Endocrinol 1982;95:117-24
  • Conney AH, Lysz T, Ferraro T, et al. Inhibitory effect of curcumin and some related dietary compounds on tumor promotion and arachidonic acid metabolism in mouse skin. Adv Enzyme Regul 1991;31:385-96
  • Grune T, Jung T, Merker K, et al. Decreased proteolysis caused by protein aggregates, inclusion bodies, plaques, lipofuscin, ceroid and ‘aggresomes’ during oxidative stress, aging and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004;36:2519-30
  • Brzezińska-Slebodzińska E. Fever induced oxidative stress: the effect on thyroid status at the 5’-monodeionidase activity, protective role of selenium and vitamin E. J PhysiolPharmacol 2001;52:275-84
  • Kazim M, Goldberg RA, Smith TJ. Insights into the pathogenesis of thyroid associated orbitopathy: evolving rationale for therapy. Arch Ophthalml 2002;120:380-6
  • Kashkouli MB, Kaghazkanani R, Heidari I, et al. Bilateral versus unilateral thyroid eye disease. Indian J Ophthalmol 2011;59:363-6
  • Manso PG, Furlanetto RP, Wolosker AM, et al. Prospective and controlled study of ophthalmopathy after radioiodine therapy for Graves’ hyperthyroidism. Thyroid 1998;8:49-52
  • Kashkouli MB. Beyond a typical thyroid eye disease. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2013;20:185-6
  • Kashkouli MB, Pakdel F, Astaraki A, et al. Quality of life in patients with thyroid eye disease. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2009;4:164-8
  • Kashkouli MB, Heidari I, Pakdel F, et al. Change in quality of life after medical and surgical treatment of graves’ ophthalmopathy. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2011;18:42-7
  • Sergott RC, Glaser JS. Grave’s ophthalmopathy: a clinical and immunologic review. Surv Ophthalmol 1981;26:1-21
  • Glaser JS. Grave’s ophthalmopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102:1448-9
  • Char DR. Thyroid Eye Disease. 3rd edition. Mass: Butterworth-Heineman; Boston: 1997. pp. 113-42
  • Kashkouli MB, Pakdel F, Kiavash V, et al. Hyperthyroid vs hypothyroid eye disease: the same severity and activity. Eye (Lond) 2011;25:1442-6
  • Smith TJ. Orbital fibroblasts exhibit a novel pattern of responses to proinflammatory cytokines: potential basis for the pathogenesis of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Thyroid 2002;12:197-203
  • Pritchard J, Han R, Horst N, et al. Immunoglobulin activation of T-cell chemoattractant expression in fibroblasts from patients with Grave’s disease is mediated through the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor pathway. J Immunol 2003;170:6348-54
  • Hwang CJ, Afifiyan N, Sand D, et al. Orbital fibroblasts from patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy overexpress CD40:CD154 Hyperinduces IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009;50:2262-8
  • McKenzie JM, Zakarija M, Sato A. Humoral immunity in Grave’s disease. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1978;7:31-45
  • Burch HB, Wartofsky L. Grave’s ophthalmopathy: current concepts regarding pathogenesis and management. Endocr rev 1993;14:747-93
  • Kaur A, Pandey S, Kumar S, et al. Oxidative stress profile in Grave’s ophthalmopathy in Indian patients. Orbit 2010;29:97-101
  • Lu R, Wang P, Wartofsky L, et al. Oxygen free radicals in interleukin-1β-induced glycosaminoglycan production by retro-ocular fibroblasts from normal subjects and Grave’s ophthalmopathy patients. Thyroid 1999;9:297-303
  • Hondur A, Konuk O, Dincel AS, et al. Oxidative stress and antioxidant activity in orbital fibroadipose tissue in Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Curr Eye Res 2008;33:421-7
  • Kashkouli MB, Jam S, Sabzvari D, et al. Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy in Iranian patients. Acta Med Iran 2011;49:612-18
  • Hegediüs L, Brix TH, Vestergaard P. Relationship between cigarette smoking and Graves’ ophthalmopathy. J Endocrinol Invest 2004;27:265-71
  • Burch HB, Lahiri S, Bahn RS, et al. Superoxide radical production stimulates retroocular fibroblast proliferation in Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Exp Eye Res 1997;65:311-16
  • Desmouliere A, Guoxiong X, Tuchweber B. Effect of Pentoxifylline on early proliferation and early phenotypic modulation of fibrogenic cells in twotat models of liver fibrosis and on cultured hepatic stellate cells. J Hepatol 1999;30:621-31
  • Finamor FE, Martins JR, Nakanami D, et al. Pentoxifylline [PTX] – an alternative treatment in Graves’ ophthalmopathy [inactive phase]: assessment by a disease specific quality of life questionnaire and by exophthalmometry in a prospective randomized trial. Eur J Ophthalmol 2004;14:277-83
  • Ramos S. Effects of dietary flavonoids on apoptotic pathways related to cancer chemoprevention. J Nutr Biochem 2007;18:427-42
  • Woodman OL, Chan E. Vascular and anti-oxidant actions of flavonols and flavones. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2004;31:786-90
  • Yoon JS, Lee HJ, Choi SH, et al. Quercetin inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammation, hyaluronan production and adipogenesis in orbital fibroblasts from Grave’s orbitopathy. PLoS One 2011;6:e26261
  • Yoon JS, Chae MK, Jang SY, et al. Antifibrotic effects of Quercetin in primary orbital fibroblasts and orbital fat tissue cultures of Grave’s orbitopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012;53:5921-9
  • Lisi S, Botta R, Lemmi M, et al. Quercetin decreases proliferation of orbital fibroblasts and their release of hyaluronic acid. J Endocrinol Invest 2011;34:521-7
  • Rayman MP. The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet 2000;356:233-41
  • Dehina NE, Minich W, Behrends T, et al. Circulating selenoprotein P concentrationsare decreased in patients with Graves’ disease and correlate inversely to severity of orbitopathy. Acta Med Port 2009;22:1
  • Marcocci C, Kahaly GJ, Krassas GE, et al. Selenium and the course of mild Grave’s orbitopathy. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1920-31

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.