Review of the latest treatments for retinopathy of prematurity: laser photo-ablation versus intravitreal anti-VEGF agents in the management of high-risk pre-threshold (type 1) disease

References

• Blencowe H, Cousens S, Chou D, et al. Born too soon: the global epidemiology of 15 million preterm births. Reprod Health 2013;10(Suppl 1):S2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert C. Retinopathy of prematurity: a global perspective of the epidemics, population of babies at risk and implications for control. Early Human Dev 2008;84(2):77-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Diabetes Statistics Report. 2014. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics/2014statisticsreport.html
   Google Scholar
• Blencowe H, Cousens S, Oestergaard MZ, et al. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications. Lancet 2012;379(9832):2162-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blencowe H, Lawn JE, Vazquez T, et al. Preterm-associated visual impairment and estimates of retinopathy of prematurity at regional and global levels for 2010. Pediatr Res 2013;74(Suppl 1):35-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fierson WM; American Academy of Pediatrics Section on O, American Academy of O, American Association for Pediatric O, Strabismus, American Association of Certified O. Screening examination of premature infants for retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatrics 2013;131(1):189-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An international classification of retinopathy of prematurity. The Committee for the Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102(8):1130-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An international classification of retinopathy of prematurity. II. The classification of retinal detachment. The International Committee for the Classification of the Late Stages of Retinopathy of Prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol 1987;105(7):906-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Committee for the Classification of Retinopathy of P. The International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity revisited. Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123(7):991-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Multicenter trial of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity. Preliminary results. Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;106(4):471-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Multicenter trial of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity. Three-month outcome. Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108(2):195-204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Multicenter trial of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity. One-year outcome–structure and function. Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108(10):1408-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Multicenter trial of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity. 3 1/2-year outcome–structure and function. Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111(3):339-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative G. Multicenter trial of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity. Snellen visual acuity and structural outcome at 5 1/2 years after randomization. Arch Ophthalmol 1996;114(4):417-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative G. Multicenter Trial of Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity: ophthalmological outcomes at 10 years. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119(8):1110-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative G. Multicenter trial of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity: natural history ROP: ocular outcome at 5(1/2) years in premature infants with birth weights less than 1251 g. Arch Ophthalmol 2002;120(5):595-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer EA, Hardy RJ, Dobson V, et al. 15-year outcomes following threshold retinopathy of prematurity: final results from the multicenter trial of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123(3):311-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Early Treatment For Retinopathy Of Prematurity Cooperative G. Revised indications for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity: results of the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity randomized trial. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121(12):1684-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Good WV; Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative G. Final results of the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity (ETROP) randomized trial. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2004;102:233-48. discussion 248-250
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hardy RJ, Good WV, Dobson V, et al. Multicenter trial of early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity: study design. Controlled Clin Trials 2004;25(3):311-25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Repka MX, Tung B, Good WV, et al. Outcome of eyes developing retinal detachment during the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Study (ETROP). Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124(1):24-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy RJ, Good WV, Dobson V, et al. The Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Clinical Trial: presentation by subgroups versus analysis within subgroups. Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90(11):1341-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Good WV; Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative G. The Early Treatment for Retinopathy Of Prematurity Study: structural findings at age 2 years. Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90(11):1378-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative G. Good WV, Hardy RJ, et al. Final visual acuity results in the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity study. Arch Ophthalmol 2010;128(6):663-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repka MX, Tung B, Good WV, et al. Outcome of eyes developing retinal detachment during the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity study. Arch Ophthalmol 2011;129(9):1175-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative G. Dobson V, Quinn GE, et al. Grating visual acuity results in the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity study. Arch Ophthalmol 2011;129(7):840-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn GE, Dobson V, Davitt BV, et al. Progression of myopia and high myopia in the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity study: findings at 4 to 6 years of age. J AAPOS 2013;17(2):124-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davitt BV, Christiansen SP, Hardy RJ, Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative G. Incidence of cataract development by 6 months’ corrected age in the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity study. J AAPOS 2013;17(1):49-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinekar A, Sivakumar M, Shetty R, et al. A novel technique using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (Spectralis, SD-OCT+HRA) to image supine non-anaesthetized infants: utility demonstrated in aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity. Eye 2010;24(2):379-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagata M. [Therapeutic possibility in retrolental fibroplasia in the premature infant with light coagulation]. Ganka 1968;10(10):719-27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagata M. [Treatment of acute proliferative retinopathy of prematurity with xenon-arc photocoagulation (author’s transl)]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 1976;80(11):1453-75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mills MD. Evaluating the Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Study (CRYO-ROP). Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125(9):1276-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siatkowski RM, Good WV, Summers CG, et al. Clinical characteristics of children with severe visual impairment but favorable retinal structural outcomes from the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity (ETROP) study. J AAPOS 2013;17(2):129-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coats DK, Miller AM, Brady McCreery KM, et al. Involution of threshold retinopathy of prematurity after diode laser photocoagulation. Ophthalmology 2004;111(10):1894-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert SR, Capone AJr, Cingle KA, Drack AV. Cataract and phthisis bulbi after laser photoablation for threshold retinopathy of prematurity. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;129(5):585-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser RS, Trese MT. Iris atrophy, cataracts, and hypotony following peripheral ablation for threshold retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119(4):615-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallaha N, Lynn MJ, Aaberg TMJr, Lambert SR. Clinical outcome of confluent laser photoablation for retinopathy of prematurity. J AAPOS 2002;6(2):81-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaitan JR, Berrocal AM, Murray TG, et al. Anterior segment ischemia following laser therapy for threshold retinopathy of prematurity. Retina 2008;28(3 Suppl):S55-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunay M, Sekeroglu MA, Celik G, et al. Anterior segment ischemia following diode laser photocoagulation for aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015;253(6):845-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modrzejewska M, Kulik U, Lubinski W. Iris rubeosis, severe respiratory failure and retinopathy of prematurity–case report. Ginekol Pol 2014;85(1):70-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davitt BV, Dobson V, Good WV, et al. Prevalence of myopia at 9 months in infants with high-risk prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity. Ophthalmology 2005;112(9):1564-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn GE, Dobson V, Davitt BV, et al. Progression of myopia and high myopia in the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity study: findings to 3 years of age. Ophthalmology 2008;115(6):1058-64. e1051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harder BC, Schlichtenbrede FC, von Baltz S, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab for retinopathy of prematurity: refractive error results. Am J Ophthalmol 2013;155(6):1119-24. e1111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen YH, Chen SN, Lien RI, et al. Refractive errors after the use of bevacizumab for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity: 2-year outcomes. Eye (Lond) 2014;28(9):1080-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geloneck MM, Chuang AZ, Clark WL, et al. Refractive outcomes following bevacizumab monotherapy compared with conventional laser treatment: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 2014;132(11):1327-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintz-Hittner HA, Kennedy KA, Chuang AZ, Group B-RC. Efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab for stage 3+ retinopathy of prematurity. N Engl J Med 2011;364(7):603-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintz-Hittner HA, Kuffel RRJr. Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (avastin) for treatment of stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity in zone I or posterior zone II. Retina 2008;28(6):831-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drenser KA, Trese MT, Capone AJr. Aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity. Retina 2010;30(4 Suppl):S37-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foroozan R, Connolly BP, Tasman WS. Outcomes after laser therapy for threshold retinopathy of prematurity. Ophthalmology 2001;108(9):1644-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepore D, Quinn GE, Molle F, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab versus laser treatment in type 1 retinopathy of prematurity: report on fluorescein angiographic findings. Ophthalmology 2014;121(11):2212-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu J, Blair MP, Shapiro MJ, et al. Reactivation of retinopathy of prematurity after bevacizumab injection. Arch Ophthalmol 2012;130(8):1000-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee BJ, Kim JH, Heo H, Yu YS. Delayed onset atypical vitreoretinal traction band formation after an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity. Eye 2012;26(7):903-9. quiz 910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel RD, Blair MP, Shapiro MJ, Lichtenstein SJ. Significant treatment failure with intravitreous bevacizumab for retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol 2012;130(6):801-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolentino M. Systemic and ocular safety of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapies for ocular neovascular disease. Surv Ophthalmol 2011;56(2):95-113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hard AL, Hellstrom A. On safety, pharmacokinetics and dosage of bevacizumab in ROP treatment - a review. Acta paediatrica 2011;100(12):1523-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Cras TD, Markham NE, Tuder RM, et al. Treatment of newborn rats with a VEGF receptor inhibitor causes pulmonary hypertension and abnormal lung structure. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002;283(3):L555-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakri SJ, Snyder MR, Reid JM, et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin). Ophthalmology 2007;114(5):855-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake T, Sawada O, Kakinoki M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of bevacizumab and its effect on vascular endothelial growth factor after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in macaque eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010;51(3):1606-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim H, Robinson SB, Csaky KG. FcRn receptor-mediated pharmacokinetics of therapeutic IgG in the eye. Molecular vision 2009;15:2803-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziemssen F, Zhu Q, Peters S, et al. Intensified monitoring of circadian blood pressure and heart rate before and after intravitreous injection of bevacizumab: preliminary findings of a pilot study. Int Ophthalmol 2009;29(4):213-24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carneiro AM, Costa R, Falcao MS, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor plasma levels before and after treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration with bevacizumab or ranibizumab. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 2012;90(1):e25-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Y, Zhang Y, Zhao T, Jiang YR. Vascular endothelial growth factor in plasma and vitreous fluid of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. Am J Ophthalmol 2012;153(2):307-13 e302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian J, Lu Q, Tao Y, Jiang YR. Vitreous and plasma concentrations of apelin and vascular endothelial growth factor after intravitreal bevacizumab in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Retina 2011;31(1):161-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuyama K, Ogata N, Matsuoka M, et al. Plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and pigment epithelium-derived factor before and after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. Br J Ophthalmol 2010;94(9):1215-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu WC, Lien R, Liao PJ, et al. Serum Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Related Factors After Intravitreous Bevacizumab Injection for Retinopathy of Prematurity. JAMA Ophthalmol 2015;133(4):391-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong L, Bhatt AR, Demny AB, et al. Pharmacokinetics of Bevacizumab and its Effects on Serum VEGF and IGF-1 in Infants with Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015;56(2):956-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato T, Wada K, Arahori H, et al. Serum concentrations of bevacizumab (avastin) and vascular endothelial growth factor in infants with retinopathy of prematurity. Am J Ophthalmol 2012;153(2):327-33. e321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darlow BA, Ells AL, Gilbert CE, et al. Are we there yet? Bevacizumab therapy for retinopathy of prematurity. Arc Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2013;98(2):F170-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avery RL. Bevacizumab (Avastin) for retinopathy of prematurity: wrong dose, wrong drug, or both? J AAPOS 2012;16(1):2-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sears JE. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and retinopathy of prematurity. Br J Ophthalmol 2008;92(11):1437-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds JD. Bevacizumab for retinopathy of prematurity. N Engl J Med 2011;364(7):677-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow CF, Priebe CJ, Mulliken JB, et al. Spastic diplegia as a complication of interferon Alfa-2a treatment of hemangiomas of infancy. J Pediatr 1998;132(3 Pt 1):527-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaud AP, Bauman NM, Burke DK, et al. Spastic diplegia and other motor disturbances in infants receiving interferon-alpha. Laryngoscope 2004;114(7):1231-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worle H, Maass E, Kohler B, Treuner J. Interferon alpha-2a therapy in haemangiomas of infancy: spastic diplegia as a severe complication. Eur J Pediatr 1999;158(4):344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson L, Bowen FWJr, Abbasi S, et al. Relationship of prolonged pharmacologic serum levels of vitamin E to incidence of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants with birth weight 1,500 grams or less. Pediatrics 1985;75(4):619-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis JM, Connor EM, Wood AJ. The need for rigorous evidence on medication use in preterm infants: is it time for a neonatal rule? JAMA 2012;308(14):1435-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar