406
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Infectious complications in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated in low-middle-income countries

, , , , , , , , & show all

References

  • Conter V, Bartram CR, Valsecchi MG, et al. Molecular response to treatment redefines all prognostic factors in children and adolescents with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results in 3184 patients of the AIEOP-BFM ALL 2000 study. Blood 2010;115:3206-14
  • Silverman LB, Stevenson KE, O’Brien JE, et al. Long-term results of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium protocols for children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (1985–2000). Leukemia 2010;24:320-34
  • Magrath I, Steliarova-Foucher E, Epelman S, et al. Paediatric cancer in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Oncol 2013;14:e104-16
  • Navarrete M, Rossi E, Brivio E, et al. Treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in central America: a lower-middle income countries experience. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:803-9
  • Pacheco C, Lucchini G, Valsecchi MG, et al. Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Nicaragua: long-term results in the context of an international cooperative program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:827-32
  • Gupta S, Bonilla M, Fuentes SL, et al. Incidence and predictors of treatment-related mortality in paediatric acute leukaemia in El Salvador. Br J Cancer 2009;100:1026-31
  • Gupta S, Antillon FA, Bonilla M, et al. Treatment-related mortality in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Central America. Cancer 2011;117:4788-95
  • Pui CH, Campana D, Pei D, et al. Treating childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia without cranial irradiation. N Engl J Med 2009;360:2730-41
  • Mandegari E, Fu L, Arambu C, et al. Mucormycosis rhinosinusitis at diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: diagnostics and management challenges in a low-middle-income country. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Hunger SP, Sung L, Howard SC. Treatment strategies and regimens of graduated intensity for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in low-income countries: A proposal. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:559-65
  • Kruger M, Hendricks M, Davidson A, et al. Childhood cancer in Africa. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:587-92
  • Hunger S, Reyes D, Negrin O, et al. Decreased Early Mortality and Increased Survivalwith Less Intensive Therapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) in the dominican republic (DR). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;57:761
  • Lucking V, Rosthoj S. Prediction of bacteremia in children with febrile episodes during chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2013;30:131-40
  • Katsimpardi K, Papadakis V, Pangalis A, et al. Infections in a pediatric patient cohort with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during the entire course of treatment. Support Care Cancer 2006;14:277-84
  • Gavidia R, Fuentes SL, Vasquez R, et al. Low socioeconomic status is associated with prolonged times to assessment and treatment, sepsis and infectious death in pediatric fever in El Salvador. PLoS One 2012;7:e43639
  • Kirby J, Ojha RP, Johnson KM, et al. Challenges in managing infections among pediatric cancer patients: Suboptimal national essential medicines lists for low and middle income countries. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Paganini HR, Aguirre C, Puppa G, et al. A prospective, multicentric scoring system to predict mortality in febrile neutropenic children with cancer. Cancer 2007;109:2572-9
  • Depasse J, Caniza MA, Quessar A, et al. Infections in hospitalized children and young adults with acute leukemia in Morocco. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:916-22
  • Hernandez OH, Lucas RE, Castaneda JL, et al. Surveillance of healthcare associated infections in pediatric cancer patients between 2004 and 2009 in a public pediatric hospital in Mexico city, Mexico. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2014;36:96-8
  • Paganini H, Staffolani V, Zubizarreta P, et al. Viridans streptococci bacteraemia in children with fever and neutropenia: a case-control study of predisposing factors. Eur J Cancer 2003;39:1284-9
  • Oliveira AL, de SM, Carvalho-Dias VM, et al. Epidemiology of bacteremia and factors associated with multi-drug-resistant gram-negative bacteremia in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007;39:775-81
  • Marcinak JF, Frank AL. Epidemiology and treatment of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2006;4:91-100
  • Srinivasan A, Seifried S, Zhu L, et al. Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in children with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:1216-20
  • Ali N, Adil SN, Shaikh MU. Bloodstream and central line isolates from hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: data from a developing country. Transpl Infect Dis 2014;16:98-105
  • Price V, Portwine C, Zelcer S, et al. Clostridium difficile infection in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: from the Canadian Infections in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Research Group. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013;32:610-13
  • See I, Iwamoto M, Allen-Bridson K, et al. Mucosal barrier injury laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection: results from a field test of a new National Healthcare Safety Network definition. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013;34:769-76
  • Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:1-45
  • Freifeld AG, Bow EJ, Sepkowitz KA, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:e56-93
  • Castagnola E, Caviglia I, Pescetto L, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility of Gram-negatives isolated from bacteremia in children with cancer. Implications for empirical therapy of febrile neutropenia. Future Microbiol 2015;10:357-65
  • Han SB, Bae EY, Lee JW, et al. Clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibilities of viridans streptococcal bacteremia during febrile neutropenia in patients with hematologic malignancies: a comparison between adults and children. BMC Infect Dis 2013;13:273
  • Strasheim W, Kock MM, Ueckermann V, et al. Surveillance of catheter-related infections: the supplementary role of the microbiology laboratory. BMC Infect Dis 2015;15:5
  • Kirby J, Dolendo M, Guimera D, et al. Predictors of wait-time for antibiotic initiation and association of wait-time with hospital length of stay and ICU admission among children with cancer at the Southern Philippines Medical Center. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:680-6
  • Hakim H, Flynn PM, Knapp KM, et al. Etiology and clinical course of febrile neutropenia in children with cancer. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2009;31:623-9
  • St Jude Children’s Research Hospital. International Outreach - Global Burden. 2015. Available from: www.stjude.org/global/international-outreach.htmlnternet [Last accessed 22 June 2015]
  • Kaur M, Gupta V, Gombar S, et al. Incidence, risk factors, microbiology of venous catheter associated bloodstream infections - A prospective study from a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015;33:248-54
  • Raad I, Chaftari AM. Advances in prevention and management of central line-associated bloodstream infections in patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59:Suppl 5:S340-3
  • Lehrnbecher T, Phillips R, Alexander S, et al. Guideline for the management of fever and neutropenia in children with cancer and/or undergoing hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:4427-38
  • Fazekas T, Eickhoff P, Rauch M, et al. Prevalence and clinical course of viral upper respiratory tract infections in immunocompromised pediatric patients with malignancies or after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2012;34:442-9
  • Vazquez JA, Maggiore CR, Cole P, et al. Ceftaroline Fosamil for the Treatment of Bacteremia Secondary to Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections or Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia. Infect Dis Clin Pract (Baltim Md) 2015;23:39-43
  • Hummel M, Rudert S, Hof H, et al. Diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage in febrile patients with hematologic malignancies and pulmonary infiltrates. Ann Hematol 2008;87:291-7
  • Levi ME, Eusterman VD. Oral infections and antibiotic therapy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2011;44:57-78, v
  • World Health Organiza. Oral Health. 2015. Available from: www.who.int/oral_health/strategies/cont/en/ [Last accessed 22 June 2015]
  • Lalla RV, Bowen J, Barasch A, et al. MASCC/ISOO clinical practice guidelines for the management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy. Cancer 2014;120:1453-61
  • Wilcox CM, Rodgers W, Lazenby A. Prospective comparison of brush cytology, viral culture, and histology for the diagnosis of ulcerative esophagitis in AIDS. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;2:564-7
  • Krones E, Hogenauer C. Diarrhea in the immunocompromised patient. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2012;41:677-701
  • El-Mahallawy HA, El-Din NH, Salah F, et al. Epidemiologic profile of symptomatic gastroenteritis in pediatric oncology patients receiving chemotherapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2004;42:338-42
  • McCarville MB, Adelman CS, Li C, et al. Typhlitis in childhood cancer. Cancer 2005;104:380-7
  • Schutze GE, Willoughby RE. Clostridium difficile infection in infants and children. Pediatrics 2013;131:196-200
  • Chen CY, Cheng A, Huang SY, et al. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of perianal infections in adult patients with acute leukemia. PLoS One 2013;8:e60624
  • Safdieh JE, Mead PA, Sepkowitz KA, et al. Bacterial and fungal meningitis in patients with cancer. Neurology 2008;70:943-7
  • Lee JK, Seok JY, Lee JH, et al. Incidence and risk factors of ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections in children: a study of 333 consecutive shunts in 6 years. J Korean Med Sci 2012;27:1563-8
  • Hoffman MJ, Stosor V. Central nervous system infections in cancer patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Cancer Treat Res 2014;161:253-98
  • Mishra P, Kumar R, Mahapatra M, et al. Tuberculosis in acute leukemia: a clinico-hematological profile. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) 2006;11:335-40
  • Stefan DC, Kruis AL, Schaaf HS, Wessels G. Tuberculosis in oncology patients. Ann Trop Paediatr 2008;28:111-16
  • Escobedo-Melendez G, Portillo-Gomez L, Andrade-Ramos MA, et al. Posterior fossa tuberculoma in a Huichol native Mexican child: a case report. BMC Res Notes 2014;7:919
  • Pai M, Zwerling A, Menzies D. Systematic review: T-cell-based assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: an update. Ann Intern Med 2008;149:177-84
  • Qin LL, Wang QR, Wang Q, et al. T-SPOT.TB for detection of tuberculosis infection among hematological malignancy patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013;14:7415-19
  • Palacios JJ, Ferro J, Ruiz PN, et al. Fully automated liquid culture system compared with Lowenstein-Jensen solid medium for rapid recovery of mycobacteria from clinical samples. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;18:265-73
  • World Health Organization. Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. 2014. Available from: www.who.int/ [Last accessed 25 March 2015]
  • Fardel O, Lecureur V, Loyer P, Guillouzo A. Rifampicin enhances anti-cancer drug accumulation and activity in multidrug-resistant cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1995;49:1255-60
  • Jenkins HE, Tolman AW, Yuen CM, et al. Incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis disease in children: systematic review and global estimates. Lancet 2014;383:1572-9
  • American Academy of Pediatrics. Tuberculosis. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, editors. Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 29th edition. American Academy of Pediatrics; Elk Grove Village, IL: 2012. p. 736-59
  • Stone AB, Schelonka RL, Drehner DM, et al. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected pediatric patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992;11:960-4
  • Suryanarayan K, Campbell J, Eskenazi AE. Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in pediatric acute leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2002;24:558-60
  • Apiwattankul N, Flynn PM, Hayden RT, Adderson EE. Infections Caused by Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria spp in Children and Adolescents with Cancer. J Ped Infect Dis 2015;4:104-13
  • Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, et al. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:367-416
  • Rubio PM, Sevilla J, Gonzalez-Vicent M, et al. Increasing incidence of invasive aspergillosis in pediatric hematology oncology patients over the last decade: a retrospective single centre study. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2009;31:642-6
  • Castagnola E, Caviglia I, Pistorio A, et al. Bloodstream infections and invasive mycoses in children undergoing acute leukaemia treatment: a 13-year experience at a single Italian institution. Eur J Cancer 2005;41:1439-45
  • Spellberg B, Walsh TJ, Kontoyiannis DP, et al. Recent advances in the management of mucormycosis: from bench to bedside. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1743-51
  • Castagnola E, Cesaro S, Giacchino M, et al. Fungal infections in children with cancer: a prospective, multicenter surveillance study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006;25:634-9
  • Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME, Franco-Paredes C, et al. The neglected tropical diseases of Latin America and the Caribbean: a review of disease burden and distribution and a roadmap for control and elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008;2:e300
  • Pullan RL, Smith JL, Jasrasaria R, Brooker SJ. Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010. Parasit Vectors 2014;7:37
  • French MD, Churcher TS, Gambhir M, et al. Observed reductions in Schistosoma mansoni transmission from large-scale administration of praziquantel in Uganda: a mathematical modelling study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010;4:e897
  • Humphries D, Nguyen S, Boakye D, et al. The promise and pitfalls of mass drug administration to control intestinal helminth infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2012;25:584-9
  • Hassanein SM, Abd-El-Latif MM, Hassanin OM, et al. Cryptosporidium gastroenteritis in Egyptian children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: magnitude of the problem. Infection 2012;40:279-84
  • Aksoy U, Erbay A, Akisu C, et al. Intestinal parasites in children with neoplasms. Turk J Pediatr 2003;45:129-32
  • Israels T, van de Wetering MD, Hesseling P, et al. Malnutrition and neutropenia in children treated for Burkitt lymphoma in Malawi. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:47-52
  • Israels T, Renner L, Hendricks M, et al. SIOP PODC: recommendations for supportive care of children with cancer in a low-income setting. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:899-904
  • Fakhar M, Asgari Q, Motazedian MH, Monabati A. Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Parasitol Res 2008;103:473-5
  • Fitzpatrick MA, Caicedo JC, Stosor V, Ison MG. Expanded infectious diseases screening program for Hispanic transplant candidates. Transpl Infect Dis 2010;12:336-41
  • Torres JP, Labrana Y, Ibanez C, et al. Frequency and clinical outcome of respiratory viral infections and mixed viral-bacterial infections in children with cancer, fever and neutropenia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012;31:889-93
  • Somerville LK, Ratnamohan VM, Dwyer DE, Kok J. Molecular diagnosis of respiratory viruses. Pathology 2015;47:243-9
  • Koskenvuo M, Mottonen M, Rahiala J, et al. Respiratory viral infections in children with leukemia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008;27:974-80
  • Kumar D, Humar A. Respiratory viral infections in transplant and oncology patients. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2010;24:395-412
  • El Saleeby CM, Somes GW, DeVincenzo JP, Gaur AH. Risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus disease in children with cancer: the importance of lymphopenia and young age. Pediatrics 2008;121:235-43
  • Salzer W, Dinndorf P, Dreyer Z, et al. Analysis of infectious complications in infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on the Children’s Cancer Group Protocol 1953: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2009;31:398-405
  • Feldman S, Hughes WT, Daniel CB. Varicella in children with cancer: Seventy-seven cases. Pediatrics 1975;56:388-97
  • Caniza MA, Hunger SP, Schrauder A, et al. The controversy of varicella vaccination in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;58:12-16
  • Alam MM, Qamar FN, Khan ZW, et al. Risk factors for complicated varicella infection in pediatric oncology patients at a tertiary health care facility in Pakistan. J Infect Dev Ctries 2014;8:215-20
  • Rahbarimanesh A, Ehsani M, Karahroudi M, et al. Cytomegalovirus disease in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the nontransplant setting: case series and review of the literature. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2014; Epub ahead of print
  • Samia L, Hamam R, Dbaibo G, et al. Cytomegalovirus retinitis in children and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Lebanon. Leuk Lymphoma 2014;55:1918-21
  • Chuansumrit A, Tangnararatchakit K, Sirachainan N, et al. Dengue infection in hematologic-oncologic pediatric patients: aggravation of anemia and bleeding risk. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2012;43:311-22
  • Ramzan M, Yadav SP, Dinand V, Sachdeva A. Dengue fever causing febrile neutropenia in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: an unknown entity. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2013;6:65-7
  • Mangada MM, Endy TP, Nisalak A, et al. Dengue-specific T cell responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained prior to secondary dengue virus infections in Thai schoolchildren. J Infect Dis 2002;185:1697-703
  • Samudio A, Figueredo D, Lassaletta A, et al. Building a national pediatric cancer center and network in paraguay: lessons for addressing challenges in a low-income country. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2015;37(5):383-90
  • Winters BD, Gurses AP, Lehmann H, et al. Clinical review: checklists - translating evidence into practice. Crit Care 2009;13:210
  • Olmsted MG, Geisen E, Murphy J, et al. Methodology U.S. News &World Report Best Children’s Hospitals 2014-15. Turn Know Into Pract 2014. Available from: www.usnews.com [Last accessed 23 March 2015]
  • Viscoli C, Varnier O, Machetti M. Infections in patients with febrile neutropenia: epidemiology, microbiology, and risk stratification. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40(Suppl 4):S240-5
  • Kurjak A, Breyer B. The use of ultrasound in developing countries. Ultrasound Med Biol 1986;12:611-21
  • Turcu R, Patterson MJ, Omar S. Influence of sodium intake on Amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity among extremely premature infants. Pediatr Nephrol 2009;24:497-505
  • Steinbach WJ, Roilides E, Berman D, et al. Results from a prospective, international, epidemiologic study of invasive candidiasis in children and neonates. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012;31:1252-7
  • World Health Organization. Core components for infection prevention and control programmes: Report of the second meeting of the Informal Network on Infection Prevention and Control in Health Care. 2009. Available from: http://apps.who.int/ [Last accessed 26 March 2015]
  • Allegranzi B, Bagheri NS, Combescure C, et al. Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2011;377:228-41
  • Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Storr J, et al. Infection control as a major World Health Organization priority for developing countries. J Hosp Infect 2008;68:285-92
  • Metzger KE, Rucker Y, Callaghan M, et al. The burden of mucosal barrier injury laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection among hematology, oncology, and stem cell transplant patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36:119-24
  • Apisarnthanarak A, Thongphubeth K, Yuekyen C, et al. Effectiveness of a catheter-associated bloodstream infection bundle in a Thai tertiary care center: a 3-year study. Am J Infect Control 2010;38:449-55
  • O’Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Am J Infect Control 2011;39(4 Suppl 1):S1-34
  • Qutob AF, Allen G, Gue S, et al. Implementation of a hospital oral care protocol and recording of oral mucositis in children receiving cancer treatment : a retrospective and a prospective study. Support Care Cancer 2013;21:1113-20
  • WHO, UNICEF, World Bank. State of the world’s vaccines and immunization. 3rd edition. World Health Organization, Geneva; 2009. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241563864_eng.pdf [Last accessed 22 June 2015]
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommended Immunization Schedule for Persons Aged 0 Through 18 Years. 2015. Available from: www.cdc.gov/ [Last accessed 26 March 2015]
  • Rubin LG, Levin MJ, Ljungman P, et al. 2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host. Clin Infect Dis 2014;58:309-18
  • Cheng FW, Leung TF, Chan PK, et al. Humoral immune response after post-chemotherapy booster diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine in pediatric oncology patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:248-53
  • Updated recommendations for use of VariZIG–United States, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:574-6
  • Updated guidance for palivizumab prophylaxis among infants and young children at increased risk of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatrics 2014;134:e620-38
  • Stern A, Green H, Paul M, et al. Prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in non-HIV immunocompromised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;10:CD005590
  • Madden RM, Pui CH, Hughes WT, et al. Prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with atovaquone in children with leukemia. Cancer 2007;109:1654-8
  • Maltezou HC, Petropoulos D, Choroszy M, et al. Dapsone for Pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis in children undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1997;20:879-81
  • Clark A, Hemmelgarn T, Danziger-Isakov L, Teusink A. Intravenous pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii/jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis in pediatric transplant patients. Pediatr Transplant 2015;19:326-31
  • Mustafa MM, Pappo A, Cash J, et al. Aerosolized pentamidine for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children with cancer intolerant or allergic to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:258-61
  • Lindemulder S, Albano E. Successful intermittent prophylaxis with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 2 days per week for Pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci) pneumonia in pediatric oncology patients. Pediatrics 2007;120:e47-51
  • Rungoe C, Malchau EL, Larsen LN, Schroeder H. Infections during induction therapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. the role of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMX-TMP) prophylaxis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;55:304-8
  • Castagnola E, Boni L, Giacchino M, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double blind placebo-controlled trial of amoxicillin/clavulanate for the prophylaxis of fever and infection in neutropenic children with cancer. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22:359-65
  • Bucaneve G, Micozzi A, Menichetti F, et al. Levofloxacin to prevent bacterial infection in patients with cancer and neutropenia. N Engl J Med 2005;353:977-87
  • Laoprasopwattana K, Khwanna T, Suwankeeree P, et al. Ciprofloxacin Reduces Occurence of Fever in Children With Acute Leukemia who Develop Neutropenia During Chemotherapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013;32:e94
  • Yeh TC, Liu HC, Hou JY, et al. Severe infections in children with acute leukemia undergoing intensive chemotherapy can successfully be prevented by ciprofloxacin, voriconazole, or micafungin prophylaxis. Cancer 2014;120:1255-62
  • Groll AH, Castagnola E, Cesaro S, et al. Fourth European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL-4): guidelines for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of invasive fungal diseases in paediatric patients with cancer or allogeneic haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Lancet Oncol 2014;15:e327-40
  • Science M, Robinson PD, MacDonald T, et al. Guideline for primary antifungal prophylaxis for pediatric patients with cancer or hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:393-400
  • Cordonnier C, Rovira M, Maertens J, et al. Voriconazole for secondary prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: results of the VOSIFI study. Haematologica 2010;95:1762-8
  • Kaya Z, Gursel T, Kocak U, et al. Invasive fungal infections in pediatric leukemia patients receiving fluconazole prophylaxis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:470-5
  • Morgenstern GR, Prentice AG, Prentice HG, et al. A randomized controlled trial of itraconazole versus fluconazole for the prevention of fungal infections in patients with haematological malignancies. U.K. Multicentre Antifungal Prophylaxis Study Group. Br J Haematol 1999;105:901-11
  • Glasmacher A, Prentice A, Gorschluter M, et al. Itraconazole prevents invasive fungal infections in neutropenic patients treated for hematologic malignancies: evidence from a meta-analysis of 3,597 patients. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:4615-26
  • Harper SA, Bradley JS, Englund JA, et al. Seasonal influenza in adults and children–diagnosis, treatment, chemoprophylaxis, and institutional outbreak management: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1003-32
  • American Academy of Pediatrics. Varicella-Zoster Infections. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, Long SS, editors. Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee of Infectious Diseases. 29th edition. American Academy of Pediatrics; Elk Grove Village, IL: 2012. p. 814-29
  • Shinjoh M, Takahashi T. Varicella zoster exposure on paediatric wards between 2000 and 2007: safe and effective post-exposure prophylaxis with oral aciclovir. J Hosp Infect 2009;72:163-8
  • Lubel JS, Angus PW. Hepatitis B reactivation in patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy: diagnosis and management. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;25:864-71
  • Hwang JP, Barbo AG, Perrillo RP. Hepatitis B reactivation during cancer chemotherapy: an international survey of the membership of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. J Viral Hepat 2015;22:346-52
  • Antillon F, Rossi E, Molina AL, et al. Nutritional status of children during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Guatemala. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:911-15
  • Lex C, Korholz D, Kohlmuller B, et al. Infectious complications in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T-cell lymphoma–a rationale for tailored supportive care. Support Care Cancer 2001;9:514-21
  • Long SS, Pickering LK, Prober CG. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases: expert consult. 4th edition. Elsevier/Saunders; Edinburgh, Scotlan: 2012
  • Feigin RD, Cherry JD, Demmler-Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL. Feigin & Cherry’s textbook of pediatric infectious diseases. 6th edition. Saunders Elsevier; Philadelphia, PA: 2009
  • Lexicomp®. Lexicomp online. Available from: http://online.lexi.com/lco/action/home; Lexicomp®. Pediatric & Neonatal Lexi-Drugs. Available from: http://webstore.lexi.com/Pediatric-Lexi-Drugs
  • Lexicomp®. Pediatric & neonatal lexi-drugs. Available from: http://webstore.lexi.com/Pediatric-Lexi-Drugs

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.