References
- Papers of special note have been highlighted as:
- •• of considerable interest
- Crowther M, Crowther MA. Antidotes for novel oral anticoagulants: current status and future potential. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015;35(8):1736–1745.
•• Review of future antidotes for DOACs
- Levy JH, Spyropoulos AC, Samama CM, et al. Direct oral anticoagulants: new drugs and new concepts. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;7(12):1333–1351.
•• State-of-the-art-Review outlining DOACs, mechanisms, tables, evidence, as well as snap shot of future reversal agents
- Pollack CV Jr, Reilly PA, Eikelboom J, et al. Idarucizumab for dabigatran reversal. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(6):511–520.
- Enriquez A, Lip GY, Baranchuk A. Anticoagulation reversal in the era of the non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants. Europace. 2015.
•• Review of upcoming reversal agents with figures, tables, and evidence
- Sarode R, Milling TJ Jr, Refaai MA, et al. Efficacy and safety of a 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in patients on vitamin K antagonists presenting with major bleeding: a randomized, plasma-controlled, phase IIIb study. Circulation. 2013;128(11):1234–1243.
- Beyer-Westendorf J, Forster K, Pannach S, et al. Rates, management, and outcome of rivaroxaban bleeding in daily care: results from the Dresden NOAC registry. Blood. 2014;124(6):955–962.
- Huttner HB, Schellinger PD, Hartmann M, et al. Hematoma growth and outcome in treated neurocritical care patients with intracerebral hemorrhage related to oral anticoagulant therapy: comparison of acute treatment strategies using vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma, and prothrombin complex concentrates. Stroke. 2006;37(6):1465–1470.
- American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blood Management. Practice guidelines for perioperative blood management: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blood Management*. Anesthesiology. 2015;122(2):241–275.
- Baglin TP, Keeling DM, Watson HG. Guidelines on oral anticoagulation (warfarin): third edition–2005 update. Br J Haematol. 2006;132(3):277–285.
- Baker RI, Coughlin PB, Gallus AS, et al. Warfarin reversal: consensus guidelines, on behalf of the Australasian Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Med J Aust. 2004;181(9):492–497.
- Ferraris VA, Brown JR, Despotis GJ, et al. 2011 update to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists blood conservation clinical practice guidelines. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91(3):944–982.
- Holbrook A, Schulman S, Witt DM, et al. Evidence-based management of anticoagulant therapy: antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2_suppl):e152S–e184S.
- Morgenstern LB, Hemphill JC 3rd, Anderson C, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2010;41(9):2108–2129.
- National Advisory Committee on Blood and Blood Products. Recommendations for use of prothrombin complex concentrates in Canada. 2011.
- Pernod G, Godier A, Gozalo C, et al. French clinical practice guidelines on the management of patients on vitamin K antagonists in at-risk situations (overdose, risk of bleeding, and active bleeding). Thromb Res. 2010;126(3):e167–e174.
- Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V, et al. Management of bleeding and coagulopathy following major trauma: an updated European guideline. Crit Care. 2013;17(2):R76.
- Steiner T, Kaste M, Forsting M, et al. Recommendations for the management of intracranial haemorrhage - part I: spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. The European Stroke Initiative Writing Committee and the Writing Committee for the EUSI Executive Committee. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006;22(4):294–316.
- Tazarourte K, Riou B, Tremey B, et al. Guideline-concordant administration of prothrombin complex concentrate and vitamin K is associated with decreased mortality in patients with severe bleeding under vitamin K antagonist treatment (EPAHK study). Crit Care. 2014;18(2):R81.
- Lu G, DeGuzman FR, Hollenbach SJ, et al. A specific antidote for reversal of anticoagulation by direct and indirect inhibitors of coagulation factor Xa. Nat Med. 2013;19(4):446–451.
- Hollenbach S, Lu G, Tan S, et al. PRT064445 but not recombinant FVIIa reverses rivaroxaban induced anticoagulation as measured by reduction in blood loss in a rabbit liver laceration model. Blood. 2012;120(Abstract 3414, 21).
- Hollenbach S, Tan S, Deguzman F, et al. PRT064445 reverses rivaroxaban induced anticoagulation in a rabbit liver laceration “treatment” model. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:24.
- Lu G, DeGuzman FR, Hollenbach SJ, et al. Reversal of low molecular weight heparin and fondaparinux anticoagulation by a recombinant antidote (r-antidote). Circulation. 2010;122(21).
- Dzik WS. Reversal of drug-induced anticoagulation: old solutions and new problems. Transfusion. 2012;52(Suppl 1):45S–55S.
- Crowther M, Kitt M, Lorenz T, et al. A phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of PRT4445, a novel, universal antidote for direct and indirect Factor Xa inhibitors. Presented at: The XXIV Congress of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis Congress; 2013 July 2; Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 2013.
- Crowther M, Vandana M, Kitt M, et al. A phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial demonstrating reversal of rivaroxaban-induced anticoagulation in healthy subjects by andexanet alfa (PRT064445), an antidote for FXa inhibitors. Presented at: The 55th American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting and Exposition; 2013 Dec 9; New Orleans, LA. 2013.
- Siegal DM, Curnutte JT, Connolly SJ, et al. Andexanet alfa for the reversal of factor Xa inhibitor activity. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2413–2424.
•• Phase 3 publication of Andexanet alfa, outlining safety and efficacy of this reversal agent in healthy, elderly volunteers
- Crowther M, Lu G, Conley P, et al. Sustained reversal of apixaban anticoagulation with andexanet alfa using a bolus plus infusion regimen in a phase 2 placebo controlled trial [abstract]. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:137.
- Crowther M, Levy GG, Lu G, et al. Reversal of enoxaparin-induced anticoagulation in healthy subjects by andexanet alfa (PRT064445), an antidote for direct and indirect FXa inhibitors. Presented at: The XXIV Congress of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis Congress; 2014 Jun 23; Milwaukee, WI. 2014.
- Crowther MA, Levy GG, Lu G, et al. ANNEXATM-A: a phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, demonstrating reversal of apixaban-induced anticoagulation in older subjects by andexanet alfa (PRT064445), a universal antidote for factor Xa (fXa) inhibitors [abstract]. Circulation. 2014;130:2105–2136.
- Babilonia K, Trujillo T. The role of prothrombin complex concentrates in reversal of target specific anticoagulants. Thromb J. 2014;12:8.
- Ansell JE, Bakhru SH, Laulicht BE, et al. Use of PER977 to reverse the anticoagulant effect of edoxaban. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(22):2141–2142.
- Levi M, Moore KT, Castillejos CF, et al. Comparison of three-factor and four-factor prothrombin complex concentrates regarding reversal of the anticoagulant effects of rivaroxaban in healthy volunteers. J Thromb Haemost. 2014;12(9):1428–1436.