8
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Polycystic ovary syndrome as a developmental disorder

, , &
Pages 775-787 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Barber TM, McCarthy MI, Wass JAH, Franks S. Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol.65(2), 137–145 (2006).
  • Essah PA, Wickham EP, Nestler JE. The metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol.50(1), 205–225 (2007).
  • Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Papavassiliou AG, Kandarakis SA, Chrousos GP. Pathophysiology and types of dyslipidemia in PCOS. Trends Endocrinol. Metab.18(7), 280–285 (2007).
  • Himelein MJ, Thatcher SS. Polycystic ovary syndrome and mental health: a review. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv.61(11), 723–732 (2006).
  • Boomsma CM, Eijkemans MJC, Hughes EG, Visser GHA, Fauser BCJM, Macklon NS. A meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum. Reprod. Update12(6), 673–683 (2006).
  • Azziz R, Woods KS, Reyna R, Key TJ, Knochenhauer ES, Yildiz BO. The prevalence and features of the polycystic ovary syndrome in an unselected population. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.89(6), 2745–2749 (2004).
  • Asunción M, Calvo RM, San Millán JL, Sancho J, Avila S, Escobar-Morreale HF. A prospective study of the prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected Caucasian women from Spain. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.85(7), 2434–2438 (2000).
  • Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Kouli CR, Bergiele AT et al. A survey of the polycystic ovary syndrome in the Greek island of Lesbos: hormonal and metabolic profile. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.84(11), 4006–4011 (1999).
  • Knochenhauer ES, Key TJ, Kahsar-Miller M, Waggoner W, Boots LR, Azziz R. Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected black and white women of the southern United Stated: a prospective study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.83(9), 3078–3082 (1998).
  • Zawadzki JK, Dunaif A. Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: towards a rational approach. In: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Dunaif A, Givens JR, Haseltine F, Merriam GR (Eds). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston, USA, 377–384 (1992).
  • The Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS consensus workshop group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum. Reprod.19(1), 41–47 (2004).
  • Broekmans FJ, Knauff EAH, Valkenburg O, Laven JS, Eijkemans MJ, Fauser BCJM. PCOS according to the Rotterdam consensus criteria: change in prevalence among WHO-II anovulation and association with metabolic factors. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol.113(10), 1210–1217 (2006).
  • Michelmore KF, Balen AH, Dunger DB, Vessey MP. Polycystic ovaries and associated clinical and biochemical features in young women. Clin. Endocrinol.51(6), 779–786 (1999).
  • Ehrmann DA. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med.352(12), 1223–1236 (2005).
  • Teede HJ, Hutchison SK, Zoungas S. The management of insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome. Trends Endocrinol. Metab.18(7), 273–279 (2007).
  • Sam S, Dunaif A. Polycystic ovary syndrome: syndrome XX? Trends Endocrinol. Metab.14(8), 365–370 (2003).
  • Elting MW, Korsen TJM, Schoemaker J. Obesity, rather than menstrual cycle pattern or follicle cohort size, determines hyperinsulinaemia, dyslipidaemia and hypertension in ageing women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol.55(6), 767–776 (2001).
  • Coviello AD, Legro RS, Dunaif A. Adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome have an increased risk of the metabolic syndrome associated with increasing androgen levels independent of obesity and insulin resistance. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.91(2), 492–497 (2006).
  • Ibáñez L, Dimartino-Nardi J, Potau N, Saenger P. Premature adrenarche – normal variant or forerunner of adult disease? Endocrin. Rev.21(6), 671–696 (2000).
  • Van Weissenbruch MM. Premature adrenarche, polycystic ovary syndrome and intrauterine growth retardation: does a relationship exist? Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes.14(1), 35–40 (2007).
  • Franks S. Adult polycystic ovary syndrome begins in childhood. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrin. Metab.16(2), 263–272 (2002).
  • Abbott DH, Dumesic DA, Franks S. Developmental origin of polycystic ovary syndrome – a hypothesis. J. Endocrinol.174(1), 1–5 (2002).
  • Dumesic DA, Abbott DH, Padmanabhan V. Polycystic ovary syndrome and its developmental origins. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord.8(2), 127–141 (2007).
  • Abbott DH, Barnett DK, Bruns CM, Dumesic DA. Androgen excess fetal programming of female reproduction: a developmental aetiology for polycystic ovary syndrome? Hum. Reprod. Update11(4), 357–374 (2005).
  • Sir-Petermann T, Hitchsfeld C, Maliqueo M et al. Birthweight in offspring of mothers with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Hum. Reprod.20(8), 2122–2126 (2005).
  • Barker DJP. The origins of the developmental origins theory. J. Int. Med.261(5), 412–417 (2007).
  • Barker DJP. The developmental origins of adult disease. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.23(6), 588S–595S (2004).
  • Ibáñez L, Jiménez R, de Zegher F. Early puberty-menarche after precocious pubarche: relation to prenatal growth. Pediatrics117(1), 117–121 (2006).
  • Ibáñez L, Potau N, Francois I, de Zegher F. Precocious pubarche, hyperinsulinism, and ovarian hyperandrogenism in girls: relation to reduced fetal growth. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.83(10), 3558–3562 (1998).
  • Ibáñez L, Potau N, Ferrer A, Rodriguez-Hierro D, Marcos MV, de Zegher F. Reduced ovulation rate in adolescent girls born small for gestational age. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.87(7), 3391–3393 (2002).
  • Ibáñez L, López-Bermejo A, Callejo J et al.Polycystic ovaries in nonobese adolescents and young women with ovarian androgen excess: relation to prenatal growth. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.93(1), 196–199 (2008).
  • Ibáñez L, Jaramillo A, Enríquez G et al. Polycystic ovaries after precocious pubarche: relation to prenatal growth. Hum. Reprod.22(2), 395–400 (2007).
  • De Zegher F, Ibáñez L. Prenatal growth restraint followed by catch-up of weight: a hyperinsulinemic pathway to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil. Steril.86(Suppl. 1), S4–S5 (2006).
  • Utriainen P, Jääskeläinen J, Romppanen J, Voutilainen R. Childhood metabolic syndrome and its components in premature adrenarche. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.92(11), 4282–4285 (2007).
  • Ibáñez L, Ong K, de Zegher F, Marcos MV, del Rio L, Dunger DB. Fat distribution in non-obese girls with and without precocious pubarche: central adiposity related to insulinaemia and androgenaemia from prepuberty to postmenarche. Clin. Endocrinol.58(3), 372–379 (2003).
  • Ibáñez L, Valls C, Potau N, Marcos MV, de Zegher F. Polycystic ovary syndrome after precocious pubarche: ontogeny of the low-birthweight effect. Clin. Endocrinol.55(5), 667–672 (2001).
  • Rosenfield RL. Clinical review: identifying children at risk for polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.92(3), 787–796 (2007).
  • Ibáñez L, de Zegher F. Low-dose flutamide-metformin therapy for hyperinsulinemic hyperandrogenism in non-obese adolescents and women. Hum. Reprod. Update12(3), 243–252 (2006).
  • Sadrzadeh S, Klip WAJ, Broekmans FJM et al.; and for the OMEGA Project group. Birthweight and age at menarche in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome or diminished ovarian reserve, in a retrospective cohort. Hum. Reprod.18(10), 2225–2230 (2003).
  • Ibáñez L, de Zegher F. Puberty after prenatal growth restraint. Horm. Res.65(Suppl. 3), 112–115 (2006).
  • Sloboda DM, Hart R, Doherty DA, Pennell CE, Hickey M. Age at menarche: influences of prenatal and postnatal growth. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.92(1), 46–50 (2007).
  • Van Hooff MHA, Voorhorst FJ, Kaptein MBM, Hirasing RA, Koppenaal C, Schoemaker J. Relationship of the menstrual cycle pattern in 14–17 year old adolescents with gynaecological age, body mass index and historical parameters. Hum. Reprod.13(8), 2252–2260 (1998).
  • Apter D. Development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.816, 9–21 (1997).
  • Van Hooff MHA, Voorhorst FJ, Kaptein MBH, Hirasing RA, Koppenaal C, Schoemaker J. Predictive value of menstrual cycle pattern, body mass index, hormone levels and polycystic ovaries at age 15 years for oligo-amenorrhoea at age 18 years. Hum. Reprod.19(2), 383–392 (2004).
  • Van Hooff MHA, Voorhorst FJ, Kaptein MBH, Hirasing RA, Koppenaal C, Schoemaker J. Endocrine features of polycystic ovary syndrome in a random population sample of 14–16 year old adolescents. Hum. Reprod.14(9), 2223–2229 (1999).
  • Wabitsch M, Hauner H, Heinze E et al. Body fat distribution and steroid hormone concentrations in obese adolescent girls before and after weight reduction. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.80(12), 3469–3475 (1995).
  • Marshall JC. Editorial: obesity in adolescent girls: is excess androgen the real bad actor? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.91(2), 393–395 (2006).
  • Glueck CJ, Morrison JA, Friedman LA, Goldenberg N, Stroop DM, Wang P. Obesity, free testosterone and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome and regularly cycling adolescents. Metabolism55(4), 508–514 (2006).
  • Silfen ME, Denburg MR, Manibo AM et al. Early endocrine, metabolic, and sonographic characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): comparison between nonobese and obese adolescents. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.88(10), 4682–4688 (2003).
  • Imani B, Eijkemans MJC, te Velde ER, Habbema JDF, Fauser BCJM. A nomogram to predict the probability of live birth after clomiphene citrate induction of ovulation in normogonadotropic oligoamenorrheic infertility. Fertil. Steril.77(1), 91–97 (2002).
  • Mulders AGMGJ, Laven JSE, Eijkemans MJC, Hughes EG, Fauser BCJM. Patient predictors for outcome of gonadotrophin ovulation induction in women with normogonadotrophic anovulatory infertility: a meta-analysis. Hum. Reprod. Update9(5), 429–449 (2003).
  • Homan GF, Davies M, Norman R. The impact of lifestyle factors on reproductive performance in the general population and those undergoing infertility treatment: a review. Hum. Reprod. Update13(3), 209–223 (2007).
  • Moran LJ, Brinkworth G, Noakes M, Norman RJ. Effects of lifestyle modification in polycystic ovarian syndrome. RBM Online12(5), 569–578 (2006).
  • Norman RJ, Noakes M, Wu R, Davies M, Moran L, Wang JX. Improving reproductive performance in overweight/obese women with effective weight management. Hum. Reprod. Update10(3), 267–280 (2004).
  • Crosignani PG, Colombo M, Vegetti W, Somigliana E, Gessati A, Ragni G. Overweight and obese anovulatory patients with polycystic ovaries: parallel improvements in anthropometric indices, ovarian physiology and fertility rate induced by diet. Hum. Reprod.18(9), 1928–1932 (2003).
  • Huber-Buchholz M-M, Carey DGP, Norman RJ. Restoration of reproductive potential by lifestyle modification in obese polycystic ovary syndrome: role of insulin sensitivity and luteinizing hormone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.84(4), 1470–1474 (1999).
  • Clark AM, Thornley B, Tomlinson L, Galletley C, Norman RJ. Weight loss in obese infertile women results in improvement in reproductive outcome for all forms of fertility treatment. Hum. Reprod.13(6), 1502–1505 (1998).
  • Tang T, Glanville J, Hayden CJ, White D, Barth JH, Balen AH. Combined lifestyle modification and metformin in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind multicentre study. Hum. Reprod.21(1), 80–89 (2006).
  • Siassakos D, Wardle P. Polycystic ovary syndrome and pregnancy outcome: red herring or red flag? Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol.114(8), 922–932 (2007).
  • Harskamp RE, Zeeman GG. Preeclampsia: at risk for remote cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Med. Sci.334(4), 291–295 (2007).
  • Bellamy L, Casas J-P, Hingorani AD, Williams DJ. Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ335, 974–985 (2007).
  • Kim C, Newton KM, Knopp RH. Gestational diabetes and the incidence of Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care25(10), 1862–1868 (2002).
  • Chang WY, Knochenhauer ES, Bartolucci AA, Azziz R. Phenotypic spectrum of polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical and biochemical characterization of the three major clinical subgroups. Fertil. Steril.83(6), 1717–1723 (2005).
  • Shroff R, Syrop CH, Davis W, Van Voorhis BJ, Dokras A. Risk of metabolic complications in the new PCOS phenotypes based on the Rotterdam criteria. Fertil. Steril.88(5), 1389–1395 (2007).
  • Dunaif A. Insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil. Steril.86(Suppl. 1), S13–S14 (2006).
  • Barber TM, Golding SJ, Alvey C et al. Global adiposity rather than abnormal regional fat distribution characterises women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.93(3), 999–1004 (2008).
  • Lo JC, Feigenbaum SL, Yang J, Pressman AR, Selby JV, Go AS. Epidemiology and adverse cardiovascular risk profile of diagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.91(4), 1357–1363 (2006).
  • Apridonidze T, Essah PA, Iuorno MJ, Nestler JE. Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(4), 1929–1935 (2005).
  • Glueck CJ, Papanna R, Wang P, Goldenberg N, Sieve-Smith L. Incidence and treatment of metabolic syndrome in newly referred women with confirmed polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism52(7), 908–915 (2003).
  • Vrbíková J, Cífková R, Jirkovská A et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in young Czech females with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum. Reprod.18(5), 980–984 (2003).
  • Welt CK, Gudmundsson JA, Arason G et al. Characterizing discrete subsets of polycystic ovary syndrome as defined by the Rotterdam criteria: the impact of weight on phenotype and metabolic features. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.91(12), 4842–4848 (2006).
  • Kauffman RP, Baker VM, DiMarino P, Gimpel T, Castracane VD. Polycystic ovarian syndrome and insulin resistance in white and Mexican American women: a comparison of two distinct populations. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.187(5), 1362–1369 (2002).
  • Carmina E, Bucchieri S, Esposito A et al. Abdominal fat quantity and distribution in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and extent of its relation to insulin resistance. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.92(7), 2500–2505 (2007).
  • Azziz R. Editorial: polycystic ovary syndrome, insulin resistance and molecular defects of insulin signaling. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.87(9), 4085–4093 (2002).
  • Book CB, Dunaif A. Selective insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.84(9), 3110–3116 (1999).
  • Vrbíková J, Dvorakova K, Grimmichova T et al. Prevalence of insulin resistance and prediction of glucose intolerance and Type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med.45(5), 639–644 (2007).
  • Elting MW, Korsen TJM, Bezemer PD, Schoemaker J. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiac complaints in a follow-up study of a Dutch PCOS population. Hum. Reprod.16(3), 556–560 (2001).
  • Ehrmann DA, Barnes RB, Rosenfield RL, Cavaghan MK, Imperial J. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Care22(1), 141–146 (1999).
  • Legro RS, Gnatuk CL, Kunselman AR, Dunaif A. Changes in Glucose tolerance over time in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a controlled study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(6), 3236–3242 (2005).
  • Westerveld HE, Hoogendoorn M, de Jong AWF, Goverde AJ, Fauser BCJM, Dallinga-Thie GM. Cardiometabolic abnormalities in the polycystic ovary syndrome: pharmacotherapeutic insights. Pharmacol. Ther.119(3), 223–241 (2008).
  • Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet365(9468), 1415–1428 (2005).
  • Legro RS. Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiovascular disease: a premature association? Endocr. Rev.24(3), 302–312 (2003).
  • Ehrmann DA, Liljenquist DR, Kasza K, Azziz R, Legro RA, Ghazzi MN; PCOS/Troglitazone Study Group. Prevalence and predictors of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.91(1), 48–53 (2006).
  • Legro RS, Azziz R, Ehrmann D, Gmerek Fereshetian A, O’Keefe M, Ghazzi MN; PCOS/Troglitazone Study Group. Minimal response of circulating lipids in women with polycystic ovary syndrome to improvement on insulin sensitivity with Troglitazone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.88(11), 5137–5144 (2003).
  • Kravariti M, Naka KK, Kalantaridou SN et al. Predictors of endothelial dysfunction in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(9), 5088–5095 (2005).
  • Valkenburg O, Steegers-Theunissen RPM, Smedts HPM et al. A more atherogenic serum lipoprotein profile is present in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a case–control study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.93(2), 470–476 (2008)
  • Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA285(19), 2486–2496 (2001).
  • Park HR, Choi Y, Lee H-J, Oh J-Y, Hong YS, Sung Y-A. The metabolic syndrome in young Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract.77(Suppl. 1), S243–S246 (2007).
  • Dokras A, Bochner M, Hollinrake E, Markham S, VanVoorhis B, Jagasia DH. Screening women with polycystic ovary syndrome for metabolic syndrome. Obstet. Gynecol.106(1), 131–137 (2005).
  • Carmina E, Napoli N, Longo RA, Rini GB, Lobo RA. Metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): lower prevalence in southern Italy than in the USA and the influence of criteria for the diagnosis of PCOS. Eur. J. Endocrinol.154(1), 141–145 (2006).
  • Soares EMM, Azevedo GD, Gadelha RGN, Lemos TMAM, Maranhão TMO. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components in Brazilian women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil. Steril.89(3), 649–655 (2008).
  • Raitakari OT, Celermajer DS. Flow-mediated dilatation. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.50(5), 397–404 (2000).
  • Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, Rosvall M, Sitzer M. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation115(4), 459–467 (2007).
  • Valabhji J, Elkeles RS. Non-invasive measurement of coronary heart disease using electron beam computed tomography. Curr. Opin. Lipidol.13(4), 409–414 (2002).
  • Sorensen MB, Franks S, Robertson C, Pennell DJ, Collins P. Severe endothelial dysfunction in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome is only partially explained by known cardiovascular risk factors. Clin. Endocrinol.65(5), 655–659 (2006).
  • Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Alexandraki K, Piperi C et al. Inflammatory and endothelial markers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur. J. Clin. Invest.36(10), 691–697 (2006).
  • Carmina E, Orio F, Palomba S et al. Endothelial dysfunction in PCOS: role of obesity and adipose hormones. Am. J. Med.119(4), 356.E1–356.E6 (2006).
  • Alexandraki K, Protogerou AD, Papaioannou TG et al. Early microvascular and macrovascular dysfunction is not accompanied by structural arterial injury in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hormones5(2), 126–136 (2006).
  • Orio F, Palomba S, Cascella T et al. Early impairment of endothelial structure and function in young normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.89(9), 4588–4593 (2004).
  • Tarkun I, Arslan BC, Cantürk Z, Türemen E, Sahin T, Duman C. Endothelial dysfunction in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: relationship with insulin resistance and low-grade chronic inflammation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.89(11), 5592–5596 (2004).
  • Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Moran LJ, Norman R, Clifton PM. Flow-mediated dilatation in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol.113(11), 1308–1314 (2006).
  • Cascella T, Palomba S, De Sio I et al. Visceral fat is associated with cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum. Reprod.23(1), 153–159 (2008).
  • Meyer C, McGrath BP, Cameron J, Kotsopoulos D, Teede HJ. Vascular dysfunction and metabolic parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(8), 4630–4635 (2005).
  • Talbott EO, Guzick DS, Sutton-Tyrrell K et al. Evidence for association between polycystic ovary syndrome and premature carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged women. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.20(11), 2414–1421 (2000).
  • Talbott EO, Zborowski JV, Boudreaux MY, McHugh-Pemu KP, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Guzick DS. The relationship between C-reactive protein and carotid intima-media wall thickness in middle-aged women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.89(12), 6061–6067 (2004).
  • Luque-Ramírez M, Mendieta-Azcona C, Álvarez-Blasco F, Escobar-Morreale H. Androgen excess is associated with the increased carotid intima-media thickness observed in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum. Reprod.22(12), 3197–3203 (2007).
  • Vryonidou A, Papatheodorou A, Tavridou A et al. Association of hyperandrogenemic and metabolic phenotype with carotid intima-media thickness in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(5), 2740–2746 (2005).
  • Vural B, Caliskan E, Turkoz E, Kilic T, Demirci A. Evaluation of metabolic syndrome frequency and premature carotid atherosclerosis in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum. Reprod.20(9), 2409–2413 (2005).
  • Lakhani K, Hardiman P, Seifalian AM. Intima-media thickness of elastic and muscular arteries of young women with polycystic ovaries. Atherosclerosis175(2), 353–359 (2004).
  • Talbott EO, Zborowski JV, Rager JR, Boudreaux MY, Edmundowicz DA, Guzick DS. Evidence for an association between metabolic cardiovascular syndrome and coronary and aortic calcification among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.89(11), 5454–5461 (2004).
  • Shroff R, Kerchner A, Maifeld M, Van Beek EJR, Jagasia D, Dokras A. Young obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome have evidence of early coronary atherosclerosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.91(12), 4609–4614 (2007).
  • Christian RC, Dumesic DA, Behrenbeck T, Oberg AL, Sheedy PF 2nd, Fitzpatrick LA. Prevalence and predictors of coronary artery calcification in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.88(6), 2562–2568 (2003).
  • Luque-Ramírez M, Álvarez-Blasco F, Mendieta-Azcona C, Botella-Carretero JI, Escobar-Morreale HF. Obesity is the major determinant of the abnormalities in blood pressure found in young women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.92(6), 2141–2148 (2007).
  • Chen M-J, Yang W-S, Yang J-H, Chen C-L, Ho H-N, Yang Y-S. Relationship between androgen levels and blood pressure in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hypertension49(6), 1442–1447 (2007).
  • Dahlgren E, Johansson S, Lindstedt G et al. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome wedge resected in 1956 to 1965: a long-term follow-up focusing on natural history and circulating hormones. Fertil. Steril.57(3), 505–513 (1992).
  • Birdsall MA, Farquhar CM. Polycystic ovaries in pre- and post-menopausal women. Clin. Endocrinol.44(3), 269–276 (1996).
  • Bili H, Laven J, Imani B, Eijkemans MJC, Fauser BCJM. Age-related differences in features associated with polycystic ovary syndrome in normogonadotrophic oligo-amenorrhoeic infertile women of reproductive years. Eur. J. Endocrinol.145(6), 749–755 (2001).
  • Winters SJ, Talbott E, Guzick DS, Zborowski J, McHugh KP. Serum testosterone levels decrease in middle age in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil. Steril.73(4), 724–729 (2000).
  • Cibula D, Cífková R, Fanta M, Poledne R, Zivny J, Skibová J. Increased risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease in perimenopausal women with a history of polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum. Reprod.15(4), 785–789 (2000).
  • Wild S, Pierpoint T, McKeigue P, Jacobs H. Cardiovascular disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long-term follow-up: a retrospective cohort study. Clin. Endocrinol.52(5), 595–600 (2000).
  • Dahlgren E, Janson PO, Johansson S, Lapidus L, Odén A. Polycystic ovary syndrome and risk of myocardial infarction. Evaluated from a risk factor model based on a prospective population study of women. Acta Obstet. Gynaecol. Scand.71(8), 599–604 (1992).
  • Pierpoint T, McKeigue PM, Isaacs AJ, Wild SH, Jacobs HS. Mortality of women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long-term follow-up. J. Clin. Epidemiol.51(7), 581–586 (1998).
  • Hardiman P, Pillay OS, Atiomo W. Polycystic ovary syndrome and endometrial cancer. Lancet361(9371), 1810–1812 (2003).
  • Wild RA. Long-term health consequences of PCOS. Hum. Reprod. Update8(3), 231–241 (2002).
  • Balen A. Polycystic ovary syndrome and cancer. Hum. Reprod. Update7(6), 522–525 (2001).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.