Guidelines for imaging focal lesions in liver cirrhosis

References

• Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J. Clin.55, 74–108 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llovet JM, Burroughs A, Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet362, 1907–1917 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lencioni R, Cioni D, Della Pina C, Crocetti L, Bartolozzi C. Imaging diagnosis. Semin. Liver Dis.25, 162–170 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lencioni R, Cioni D, Crocetti L, Della Pina C, Bartolozzi C. Magnetic resonance imaging of liver tumors. J. Hepatol.40, 162–171 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• International Working Party. Terminology of nodular hepatocellular lesions. Hepatology22, 983–993 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tornillo L, Carafa V, Sauter G et al. Chromosomal alterations in hepatocellular nodules by comparative genomic hybridization: high-grade dysplastic nodules represent early stages of hepatocellular carcinoma. Lab. Invest.82, 547–853 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lencioni R, Caramella D, Bartolozzi C, Di Coscio G. Long-term follow-up study of adenomatous hyperplasia in liver cirrhosis. Ital. J. Gastroenterol.26, 163–168 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seki S, Sakaguchi H, Kitada T et al. Outcomes of dysplastic nodules in human cirrhotic liver: a clinicopathological study. Clin. Cancer Res.6, 3469–3473 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borzio M, Fargion S, Borzio F et al. Impact of large regenerative, low grade and high grade dysplastic nodules in hepatocellular carcinoma development. J. Hepatol.39, 208–214 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roncalli M, Roz E, Coggi G et al. The vascular profile of regenerative and dysplastic nodules of the cirrhotic liver: implications for diagnosis and classification. Hepatology30, 1174–1178 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park YN, Yang CP, Fernandez GJ, Cubukcu O, Thung SN, Theise ND. Neoangiogenesis and sinusoidal ‘capillarization’ in dysplastic nodules of the liver. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.22, 656–662 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishak KG, Goodman ZD, Stocker JT. Tumors of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts. In: Atlas of Tumor Pathology. 3rd series. Fascicle 31. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, USA (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Bruix J, Sherman M; Practice Guidelines Committee, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology42, 1208–1236 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lencioni R, Cioni D, Bartolozzi C. Tissue harmonic and contrast-specific imaging: back to gray scale in ultrasound. Eur. Radiol.12, 151–165 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quaia E, Calliada F, Bertolotto M et al. Characterization of focal liver lesions with contrast-specific US modes and a sulfur hexafluoride-filled microbubble contrast agent: diagnostic performance and confidence. Radiology232, 420–430 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albrecht T, Blomley M, Bolondi L et al. EFSUMB Study Group. Guidelines for the use of contrast agents in ultrasound. Ultraschall Med.25, 249–256 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolau C, Catala V, Vilana R et al. Evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma using SonoVue, a second generation ultrasound contrast agent: correlation with cellular differentiation. Eur. Radiol.14, 1092–1099 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaiani S, Celli N, Piscaglia F et al. Usefulness of contrast-enhanced perfusional sonography in the assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma hypervascular at spiral computed tomography. J. Hepatol.41, 421–426 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bolondi L, Gaiani S, Celli N et al. Characterization of small nodules in cirrhosis by assessment of vascularity: the problem of hypovascular hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology42, 27–34 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim CK, Lim JH, Park CK, Choi D, Lim HK, Lee WJ. Neoangiogenesis and sinusoidal capillarization in hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation between dynamic CT and density of tumor microvessels. Radiology237, 529–534 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baron RL, Brancatelli G. Computed tomographic imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology127, S133–S143 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iannaccone R, Laghi A, Catalano C et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: role of unenhanced and delayed phase multi-detector row helical CT in patients with cirrhosis. Radiology234, 460–467 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsai TJ, Chau GY, Lui WY et al. Clinical significance of microscopic tumor venous invasion in patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery127, 603–608 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colli A, Fraquelli M, Casazza G et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography, spiral CT, magnetic resonance, and α-fetoprotein in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Am. J. Gastroenterol.101, 513–523 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rode A, Bancel B, Douek P et al. Small nodule detection in cirrhotic livers: evaluation with US, spiral CT, and MRI and correlation with pathologic examination of explanted liver. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr.25, 327–336 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ledinghen V, Laharie D, Lecesne R et al. Detection of nodules in liver cirrhosis: spiral computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging? A prospective study of 88 nodules in 34 patients. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.14, 159–165 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burrel M, Llovet JM, Ayuso C et al. Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group. MRI angiography is superior to helical CT for detection of HCC prior to liver transplantation: an explant correlation. Hepatology38, 1034–1042 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valls C, Cos M, Figueras J et al. Pretransplantation diagnosis and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: value of dual-phase helical CT. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.182, 1011–1017 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ronzoni A, Artioli D, Scardina R et al. Role of MDCT in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.189, 792–798 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brancatelli G, Baron RL, Peterson MS, Marsh W. Helical CT screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: frequency and causes of false-positive interpretation. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.180, 1007–1014 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeny PC, Grossholz M, Kaakaji K, Schmiedl UP. Significance of hyperattenuating and contrast-enhancing hepatic nodules detected in the cirrhotic liver during arterial phase helical CT in pre-liver transplant patients: radiologic-histopathologic correlation of explanted livers. Abdom. Imaging28, 333–346 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim T, Federle MP, Baron R et al. Discrimination of small hepatic hemangiomas from hypervascular malignant tumors smaller than 3 cm with three-phase helical CT. Radiology219, 699–706 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colagrande S, Centi N, Galdiero R, Ragozzino A. Transient hepatic intensity differences: part 2, those not associated with focal lesions. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.188, 160–166 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ito K, Fujita T, Shimizu A et al. Multiarterial phase dynamic MRI of small early enhancing hepatic lesions in cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis: differentiating between hypervascular hepatocellular carcinomas and pseudolesions. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.183, 699–705 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holland AE, Hecht EM, Hahn WY et al. Importance of small (< or = 20-mm). enhancing lesions seen only during the hepatic arterial phase at MR imaging of the cirrhotic liver: evaluation and comparison with whole explanted liver. Radiology237, 938–944 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krinsky GA, Lee VS, Theise ND et al. Transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis: sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging. Liver Transpl.8, 1156–1164 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lauenstein TC, Salman K, Morreira R et al. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI for tumor surveillance before liver transplantation: center-based experience. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.189, 663–670 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bartolozzi C, Crocetti L, Lencioni R, Cioni D, Della Pina C, Campani D. Biliary and reticuloendothelial impairment in hepatocarcinogenesis: the diagnostic role of tissue-specific MR contrast media. Eur. Radiol.17, 2519–2530 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojiro M, Nakashima O. Histopathologic evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma with special reference to small early stage tumors. Semin. Liver Dis.19, 287–296 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reimer P, Schneider G, Schima W. Hepatobiliary contrast agents for contrast-enhanced MRI of the liver: properties, clinical development and applications. Eur. Radiol.14, 559–578 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartolozzi C, Donati F, Cioni D, Crocetti L, Lencioni R. MnDPDP-enhanced MRI vs dual-phase spiral CT in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Eur. Radiol.10, 1697–1702 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grazioli L, Morana G, Caudana R et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation between gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MRI and pathologic findings. Invest. Radiol.35, 25–34 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huppertz A, Haraida S, Kraus A et al. Enhancement of focal liver lesions at gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging: correlation with histopathologic findings and spiral CT–initial observations. Radiology234, 468–478 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharitzer M, Schima W, Schober E et al. Characterization of hepatocellular tumors: value of mangafodipir-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr.29, 181–190 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Youk JH, Lee JM, Kim CS. MRI for detection of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of mangafodipir trisodium and gadopentetate dimeglumine contrast agents. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.183, 1049–1054 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka M, Nakashima O, Wada Y, Kage M, Kojiro M. Patomorphological study of Kupffer cells in hepatocellular carcinoma and hyperplastic nodular lesions in the liver. Hepatology24, 807–812 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lim JH, Choi D, Cho SK et al. Conspicuity of hepatocellular nodular lesions in cirrhotic livers at ferumoxides-enhanced MR imaging: importance of Kupffer cell number. Radiology220, 669–676 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim SH, Choi D, Kim SH et al. Ferucarbotran-enhanced MRI versus triple-phase MDCT for the preoperative detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.184, 1069–1076 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kwak HS, Lee JM, Kim YK, Lee YH, Kim CS. Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of ferumoxides-enhanced and gadolinium-enhanced dynamic three-dimensional volume interpolated breath-hold MR imaging. Eur. Radiol.15, 140–147 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang BK, Lim JH, Kim SH et al. Preoperative depiction of hepatocellular carcinoma: ferumoxides-enhanced MR imaging versus triple-phase helical CT. Radiology226, 79–85 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pauleit D, Textor J, Bachmann R et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: detection with gadolinium- and ferumoxides-enhanced MR imaging of the liver. Radiology222, 73–80 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forner A, Vilana R, Ayuso C et al. Diagnosis of hepatic nodules 20 mm or smaller in cirrhosis: Prospective validation of the noninvasive diagnostic criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology47(1), 97–104 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar