Morphological and molecular markers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

References

• Olson AL, Swigris JJ, Lezotte DC, Norris JM, Wilson CG, Brown KK. Mortality from pulmonary fibrosis increased in the United States from 1992 to 2003. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.176(3), 277–284 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghu G, Weycker D, Edelsberg J, Bradford WZ, Oster G. Incidence and prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.174(7), 810–816 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Thoracic Society. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis and treatment. International Consensus Statement. American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.161(2 Pt 1), 646–664 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghu G, Mageto YN, Lockhart D, Schmidt RA, Wood DE, Godwin JD. The accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of new-onset idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial lung disease: a prospective study. Chest116(5), 1168–1174 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunninghake GW, Zimmerman MB, Schwartz DA et al. Utility of a lung biopsy for the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.164(2), 193–196 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaherty KR, Thwaite EL, Kazerooni EA et al. Radiological versus histological diagnosis in UIP and NSIP: survival implications. Thorax58(2), 143–148 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch JP 3rd, Wurfel M, Flaherty K et al. Usual interstitial pneumonia. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med.22(4), 357–386 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross TJ, Hunninghake GW. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med.345(7), 517–525 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaherty KR, King TE Jr, Raghu G et al. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: what is the effect of a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.170(8), 904–910 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaherty KR, Andrei AC, King TE Jr et al. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: do community and academic physicians agree on diagnosis? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.175(10), 1054–1060 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selman M. From anti-inflammatory drugs through antifibrotic agents to lung transplantation: a long road of research, clinical attempts, and failures in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest122(3), 759–761 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bouros D, Antoniou KM. Current and future therapeutic approaches in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J.26(4), 693–702 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese F, Giacometti C, Rea F, Loy M, Valente M. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: primum movens: epithelial, endothelial or whatever. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis.22(Suppl. 1), S15–S23 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Tang YW, Johnson JE, Browning PJ et al. Herpesvirus DNA is consistently detected in lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J. Clin. Microbiol.4, 2633–2640 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Flaherty KR, Martinez FJ. Cigarette smoking in interstitial lung disease: concepts for the internist. Med. Clin. North Am.88(6), 1643–1653 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raghu G, Freudenberger TD, Yang S et al. High prevalence of abnormal acid gastro–oesophageal reflux in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J.27(1), 136–142 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selman M, Pardo A. Role of epithelial cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: from innocent targets to serial killers. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc.3(4), 364–372 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lawson WE, Loyd JE. The genetic approach in pulmonary fibrosis: can it provide clues to this complex disease? Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc.3(4), 345–349 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Du Bois RM. Genetic factors in pulmonary fibrotic disorders. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med.27(6), 581–588 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armanios MY, Chen JJ, Cogan JD et al. Telomerase mutations in families with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med.356(13), 1317–1326 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keogh BA, Crystal RG. Alveolitis: the key to the interstitial lung disorders. Thorax37(1), 1–10 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selman M, King TE, Pardo A; American Thoracic Society; European Respiratory Society; American College of Chest Physicians. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: prevailing and evolving hypotheses about its pathogenesis and implications for therapy. Ann. Intern. Med.134(2), 136–151 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bringardner BD, Baran CP, Eubank TD, Marsh CB. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Antioxid. Redox Signal.10(2), 287–301 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis BC, Liebler JM, Luby-Phelps K et al. Induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in alveolar epithelial cells by transforming growth factor-β1: potential role in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Pathol.166(5), 1321–1332 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis BC, Borok Z. TGF-β-induced EMT: mechanisms and implications for fibrotic lung disease. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol.293(3), L525–L534 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathan SD, Saggar R, Lynch JP 3rd. Lung transplantation for interstitial lung disorders. In: Lung and Heart–Lung Transplantation. Lynch JP 3rd, Ross D (Eds). Taylor and Francis, NY, USA 165–204 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Noth I, Martinez FJ. Recent advances in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest132(2), 637–650 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berbescu EA, Katzenstein AL, Snow JL, Zisman DA. Transbronchial biopsy in usual interstitial pneumonia. Chest129(5), 1126–1131 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson AG, Colby TV, du Bois RM, Hansell DM, Wells AU. The prognostic significance of the histologic pattern of interstitial pneumonia in patients presenting with the clinical entity of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.162(6), 2213–2217 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travis WD, Matsui K, Moss J, Ferrans VJ. Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: prognostic significance of cellular and fibrosing patterns: survival comparison with usual interstitial pneumonia and desquamative interstitial pneumonia. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.24(1), 19–33 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson AG, Wells AU. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia – nobody said it’s perfect. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.164(9), 1553–1554 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson AG, Fulford LG, Colby TV, du Bois RM, Hansell DM, Wells AU. The relationship between individual histologic features and disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.166(2), 173–177 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monaghan H, Wells AU, Colby TV, du Bois RM, Hansell DM, Nicholson AG. Prognostic implications of histologic patterns in multiple surgical lung biopsies from patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Chest125(2), 522–526 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrington CB, Gaensler EA, Coutu RE, FitzGerald MX, Gupta RG. Natural history and treated course of usual and desquamative interstitial pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med.298(15), 801–809 (1978).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon J, du Bois RM, Colby TV, Hansell DM, Nicholson AG. Clinical significance of respiratory bronchiolitis on open lung biopsy and its relationship to smoking related interstitial lung disease. Thorax54(11), 1009–1014 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouros D, Nicholson AC, Polychronopoulos V, du Bois RM. Acute interstitial pneumonia. Eur. Respir. J.15(2), 412–418 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travis WD, Fox CH, Devaney KO et al. Lymphoid pneumonitis in 50 adult patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis versus non-specific interstitial pneumonitis. Hum. Pathol.23(5), 529–541 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lazor R, Vandevenne A, Pelletier A, Leclerc P, Court-Fortune I, Cordier JF. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Characteristics of relapses in a series of 48 patients. The Groupe d’Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladles “Orphelines” Pulmonaires (GERM“O”P). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.162(2 Pt 1), 571–577 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia and other diffuse parenchymal lung diseases. In: Non-Neoplastic Disorders of the Lower Respiratory Tract (First series, Fascicle 2). Travis WD, Colby TV, Koss MN et al. (Eds). American Registry of Pathology and the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington DC, USA 49–231 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Flaherty KR, Travis WD, Colby TV et al. Histopathologic variability in usual and nonspecific interstitial pneumonias. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.164(9), 1722–1727 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn C, McDonald JA. The roles of the myofibroblast in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of sites of active extracellular matrix synthesis. Am. J. Pathol.138(5), 1257–1265 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuda Y, Basset F, Ferrans VJ, Yamanaka N. Significance of early intra-alveolar fibrotic lesions and integrin expression in lung biopsy specimens from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Hum. Pathol.26(1), 53–61 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn C, McDonald JA. The roles of the myofibroblast in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of sites of active extracellular matrix synthesis. Am. J. Pathol.138(5), 1257–1265 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateman ED, Turner-Warwick M, Haslam PL, Adelmann-Grill BC. Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: prediction of fibrogenic activity from immunohistochemical studies of collagen types in lung biopsy specimens. Thorax38(2), 93–101 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Specks U, Nerlich A, Colby TV, Wiest I, Timpl R. Increased expression of type VI collagen in lung fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.151(6), 1956–1964 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renzoni EA, Walsh DA, Salmon M et al. Interstitial vascularity in fibrosing alveolitis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.167(3), 438–443 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebina M, Shimizukawa M, Shibata N et al. Heterogeneous increase in CD34-positive alveolar capillaries in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.169(11), 1203–1208 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King TE Jr, Tooze JA, Schwarz MI, Brown KR, Cherniack RM. Predicting survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: scoring system and survival model. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.164(7), 1171–1181 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enomoto N, Suda T, Kato M et al. Quantitative analysis of fibroblastic foci in usual interstitial pneumonia. Chest130(1), 22–29 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese F, Lunardi F, Giacometti C et al. Overexpression of squamous cell carcinoma antigen in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: clinico–pathological correlations. Thorax DOI: thx.2007.088583v1 (2008) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miki H, Mio T, Nagai S et al. Fibroblast contractility: usual interstitial pneumonia and non-specific interstitial pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.162(6), 2259–2264 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagao T, Nagai S, Kitaichi M et al. Usual interstitial pneumonia: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis versus collagen vascular diseases. Respiration68(2), 151–159 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flaherty KR, Colby TV, Travis WD et al. Fibroblastic foci in usual interstitial pneumonia: idiopathic versus collagen vascular disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.167(10), 1410–1415 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos C, Montaño M, García-Alvarez J et al. Fibroblasts from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and normal lungs differ in growth rate, apoptosis, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases expression. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.24(5), 591–598 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cool CD, Groshong SD, Rai PR, Henson PM, Stewart JS, Brown KK. Fibroblast foci are not discrete sites of lung injury or repair: the fibroblast reticulum. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.174(6), 654–658 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozin GF, Gomes MM, Parra ER, Kairalla RA, de Carvalho CR, Capelozzi VL. Collagen and elastic system in the remodelling process of major types of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIP). Histopathology46(4), 413–421 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leick-Maldonado EA, Lemos M, Tibério IF et al. Differential distribution of elastic system fibers in control and bronchoconstricted intraparenchymatous airways in the guinea-pig lung. J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol.29(4), 427–434 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davies D, MacFarlane A, Darke CS, Dodge OG. Muscular hyperplasia (“cirrhosis”) of the lung and bronchial dilatations as features of chronic diffuse fibrosing alveolitis. Thorax21(3), 272–289 (1966).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Myers JL. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. In: Thurlbeck’s Pathology of the Lung (3rd Edition). Churg AM, Myers JL, Tazelaar HD, Wright JL (Eds). Thieme, NY, USA 563–600 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Parra ER, David YR, da Costa LR et al. Heterogeneous remodeling of lung vessels in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lung183(4) 291–300 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parra ER, Kairalla RA, de Carvalho CR, Capelozzi VL. Abnormal deposition of collagen/elastic vascular fibres and prognostic significance in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Thorax62(5), 428–437 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzenstein AL, Zisman DA, Litzky LA, Nguyen BT, Kotloff RM. Usual interstitial pneumonia: histologic study of biopsy and explant specimens. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.26(12), 1567–1577 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubbard R, Venn A, Lewis S et al. Lung cancer and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. A population-based cohort study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.161, 5–8 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park J, Kim DS, Shim TS et al. Lung cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J.17, 1216–1219 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aubry MC, Myers JL, Douglas WW et al. Primary pulmonary carcinoma in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Mayo Clin. Proc.77, 763–770 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyer EC, Liebow AA. Relationship of interstitial pneumonia honeycombing and atypical epithelial proliferation to cancer of the lung. Cancer18, 322–351 (1965).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasper M, Seidel D, Knels L et al. Early signs of lung fibrosis after in vitro treatment of rat lung slices with CdCl2 and TGF-β1. Histochem. Cell Biol.121(2), 131–140 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleeberger W, Versmold A, Rothämel T et al. Increased chimerism of bronchial and alveolar epithelium in human lung allograft undergoing chronic injury. Am. J. Pathol.162(5), 1487–1494 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gharaee-Kermani M, Gyetko MR, Hu B, Phan SH. New insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a potential role for stem cells in the lung parenchyma and implications for therapy. Pharm. Res.24(5), 819–841 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada M, Kubo H, Kobayashi S et al. Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells are important for lung repair after lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury. J. Immunol.172, 1266–1272 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhal BD, Joshi I, True AL et al. Fibroblasts isolated after fibrotic lung injury induce apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells in vitro. Am. J. Physiol.269, L819–L828 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagimoto N, Kuwano K, Nomoto Y, Kunitake R, Hara N. Apoptosis and expression of Fas/Fas ligand mRNA in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.16(1), 91–101 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbas-Filho JV, Ferreira MA, Sesso A, Kairalla RA, Carvalho CR, Capelozzi VL. Evidence of type II pneumocyte apoptosis in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IFP)/usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). J. Clin. Pathol.54(2), 132–138 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams GT, Smith CA. Molecular regulation of apoptosis: genetic controls on cell death. Cell74(5), 777–779 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuwano K, Kunitake R, Kawasaki M et al. P21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1 and p53 expression in association with DNA strand breaks in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.154, 477–483 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plataki M, Koutsopoulos AV, Darivianaki K, Delides G, Siafakas NM, Bouros D. Expression of apoptotic and antiapoptotic markers in epithelial cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest127(1), 266–274 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormack FX, King TE Jr, Bucher BL, Nielsen L, Mason RJ. Surfactant protein A predicts survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.152(2), 751–759 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuwano K, Hagimoto N, Kawasaki M et al. Essential roles of the Fas–Fas ligand pathway in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest.104(1), 13–19 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobashi N, Fujita J, Murota M et al. Elevation of anti-cytokeratin 18 antibody and circulating cytokeratin 18: anti-cytokeratin 18 antibody immune complexes in sera of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lung178(3), 171–179 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dobashi N, Fujita J, Ohtsuki Y et al. Circulating cytokeratin 8:anti-cytokeratin 8 antibody immune complexes in sera of patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Respiration67(4), 397–401 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uhal BD, Joshi I, Hughes WF, Ramos C, Pardo A, Selman M. Alveolar epithelial cell death adjacent to underlying myofibroblasts in advanced fibrotic human lung. Am. J. Physiol.275(6 Pt 1), L1192–L1199 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golan-Gerstl R, Wallach-Dayan SB, Amir G, Breuer R. Epithelial cell apoptosis by Fas ligand-positive myofibroblasts in lung fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.36(3), 270–275 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DosReis GA, Borges VM. Role of Fas-ligand induced apoptosis in pulmonary inflammation and injury. Curr. Drug Targets Inflamm. Allergy2(2), 161–167 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuwano K, Miyazaki H, Hagimoto N et al. The involvement of Fas–Fas ligand pathway in fibrosing lung diseases. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.20(1), 53–60 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeyama T, Kuwano K, Kawasaki M et al. Upregulation of Fas-signalling molecules in lung epithelial cells from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J.17(2), 180–189 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang R, Ramos C, Joshi I et al. Fas-induced apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells requires ANG II generation and receptor interaction. Am. J. Physiol.277(6 Pt 1), L1158–L1164 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagimoto N, Kuwano K, Inoshima I et al. TGF-β 1 as an enhancer of Fas-mediated apoptosis of lung epithelial cells. J. Immunol.168(12), 6470–6478 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudkowski JC, Barreiro E, Harfouche R et al. Roles of iNOS and nNOS in sepsis-induced pulmonary apoptosis. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol.286(4), L793–L800 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waghray M, Cui Z, Horowitz JC et al. Hydrogen peroxide is a diffusible paracrine signal for the induction of epithelial cell death by activated myofibroblasts. FASEB J.19(7), 854–856 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stridh H, Kimland M, Jones DP, Orrenius S, Hampton MB. Cytochrome c release and caspase activation in hydrogen peroxide- and tributyltin-induced apoptosis. FEBS Lett.429(3), 351–355 (1998); erratum in: FEBS Lett.437(1–2), 163 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uberti D, Yavin E, Gil S, Ayasola KR, Goldfinger N, Rotter V. Hydrogen peroxide induces nuclear translocation of p53 and apoptosis in cells of oligodendroglia origin. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res.65(2), 167–175 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Honda T, Uehara T, Sano K. Heterogeneous proliferation of type II pneumocytes in usual interstitial pneumonia. Pathology38(5), 433–436 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qunn L, Takemura T, Ikushima S et al. Hyperplastic epithelial foci in honeycomb lesions in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Virchows Arch.441(3), 271–278 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ulich TR, Yi ES, Longmuir K et al. Keratinocyte growth factor is a growth factor for type II pneumocytes in vivo. J. Clin. Invest.93(3), 1298–1306 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panos RJ, Patel R, Bak PM. Intratracheal administration of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor stimulates rat alveolar type II cell proliferation in vivo. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.15(5), 574–581 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mori M, Morishita H, Nakamura H et al. Hepatoma-derived growth factor is involved in lung remodeling by stimulating epithelial growth. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.30(4), 459–469 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mori M, Kida H, Morishita H et al. Microsatellite instability in transforming growth factor-β 1 type II receptor gene in alveolar lining epithelial cells of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.24(4), 398–404 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takahashi T, Munakata M, Ohtsuka Y et al. Expression and alteration of ras and p53 proteins in patients with lung carcinoma accompanied by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Cancer95(3), 624–633 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilosi M, Poletti V, Murer B et al. Abnormal re-epithelialization and lung remodeling in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: the role of δN-p63. Lab. Invest.82(10), 1335–1345 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murata K, Ota S, Niki T et al. p63 – key molecule in the early phase of epithelial abnormality in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Exp. Mol. Pathol.83(3), 367–376 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kato H. Expression and function of squamous cell carcinoma antigen. Anticancer Res.16(4b), 2149–2153 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider SS, Schick C, Fish KE et al. A serine proteinase inhibitor locus at 18q21.3 contains a tandem duplication of the human squamous cell carcinoma antigen gene. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA92(8), 3147–3151 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suminami Y, Nagashima S, Murakami A et al. Suppression of a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)-related serpin, SCC antigen, inhibits tumor growth with increased intratumor infiltration of natural killer cells. Cancer Res.61(5), 1776–1780 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selman M, Montano M, Ramos C, Chapela R. Concentration, biosynthesis and degradation of collagen in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax41(5), 355–359 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crouch E. Pathobiology of pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Physiol.259(4 Pt 1), L159–L184 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardo A, Selman M. Matrix metalloproteases in aberrant fibrotic tissue remodeling. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc.3(4), 383–388 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagase H, Woessner JF Jr. Matrix metalloproteinases. J. Biol. Chem.274(31), 21491–21494 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selman M, Ruiz V, Cabrera S et al. TIMP-1, -2, -3, and -4 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. A prevailing nondegradative lung microenvironment? Am. J. Physiol.279(3), L562–L574 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taipale J, Keski-Oja J. Growth factors in the extracellular matrix. FASEB J.11(1), 51–59 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowlkes JL, Winkler MK. Exploring the interface between metallo-proteinase activity and growth factor and cytokine bioavailability. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev.13(3), 277–287 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler MK, Fowlkes JL. Metalloproteinase and growth factor interactions: do they play a role in pulmonary fibrosis? Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.283(1), L1–L11 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang HY, Phan SH. Inhibition of myofibroblast apoptosis by transforming growth factor β1. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.21(6), 658–665 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broekelmann TJ, Limper AH, Colby TV, McDonald JA. Transforming growth factor β1 is present at sites of extracellular matrix gene expression in human pulmonary fibrosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA88(15), 6642–6646 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly M, Kolb M, Bonniaud P, Gauldie J. Re-evaluation of fibrogenic cytokines in lung fibrosis. Curr. Pharm. Des.9(1), 39–49 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyt DG, Lazo JS. Alterations in pulmonary mRNA encoding procollagens, fibronectin and transforming growth factor-β precede bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.246(2), 765–771 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonniaud P, Kolb M, Galt T et al. Smad3 null mice develop airspace enlargement and are resistant to TGF-β-mediated pulmonary fibrosis. J. Immunol.173(3), 2099–2108 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil N, O’Connor RN, Unruh HW et al. Increased production and immunohistochemical localization of transforming growth factor-β in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.5(2), 155–162 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil N, Parekh TV, O’Connor R et al. Regulation of the effects of TGF-β 1 by activation of latent TGF-β 1 and differential expression of TGF-β receptors (T β R-I and T β R-II) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax56(12), 907–915 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sime PJ, Xing Z, Graham FL, Csaky KG, Gauldie J. Adenovector-mediated gene transfer of active transforming growth factor-β1 induces prolonged severe fibrosis in rat lung. J. Clin. Invest.100(4), 768–776 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition in renal fibrogenesis: pathologic significance, molecular mechanism, and therapeutic intervention. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.15(1), 1–12 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmouliere A, Darby IA, Gabbiani G. Normal and pathologic soft tissue remodeling: role of the myofibroblast, with special emphasis on liver and kidney fibrosis. Lab. Invest.283(12), 1689–1707 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Crystal RG, Bitterman PB, Rennard SI, Hance AJ, Keogh BA. Interstitial lung diseases of unknown cause. Disorders characterized by chronic inflammation of the lower respiratory tract. N. Engl. J. Med.310(3), 154–166 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane MP, Strieter RM, Lynch JP 3rd, Belperio JA. Inflammation and angiogenesis in fibrotic lung disease. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med.27(6), 589–599 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mapel DW, Samet JM, Coultas DB. Corticosteroids and the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Past, present, and future. Chest110(4), 1058–1067 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter N, Collard HR, King TE Jr. Current perspectives on the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc.3(4), 330–338 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Selman M, Pardo A. The epithelial/fibroblastic pathway in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.29(3 Suppl.), S93–S97 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuo F, Kaminski N, Eugui E et al. Gene expression analysis reveals matrilysin as a key regulator of pulmonary fibrosis in mice and humans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA99(9), 6292–6297 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homolka J, Ziegenhagen MW, Gaede KI, Entzian P, Zissel G, Müller-Quernheim J. Systemic immune cell activation in a subgroup of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respiration70(3), 262–269 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoniou KM, Alexandrakis M, Tzanakis N et al. Induced sputum versus bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the evaluation of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respiration72(1), 32–38 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noguchi H, Kephart GM, Colby TV, Gleich GJ. Tissue eosinophilia and eosinophil degranulation in syndromes associated with fibrosis. Am. J. Pathol.140(2), 521–528 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt LW, Colby TV, Weiler DA, Sur S, Butterfield JH. Immunofluorescent staining for mast cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: quantification and evidence for extracellular release of mast cell tryptase. Mayo Clin. Proc.67, 941–948 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Obayashi Y, Yamadori I, Fujita J, Yoshinouchi T, Ueda N, Takahara J. The role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest112(5), 1338–1343 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agostini C, Siviero M, Semenzato G. Immune effector cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med.3(5), 348–355 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prasse A, Pechkovsky DV, Toews GB et al. A vicious circle of alveolar macrophages and fibroblasts perpetuates pulmonary fibrosis via CCL18. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.173(7), 781–792 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamadori I, Fujita J, Kajitani H et al. Lymphocyte subsets in lung tissues of non-specific interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis associated with collagen vascular disorders: correlation with CD4/CD8 ratio in bronchoalveolar lavage. Lung178(6), 361–370 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parra ER, Kairalla RA, Ribeiro de Carvalho CR, Eher E, Capelozzi VL. Inflammatory cell phenotyping of the pulmonary interstitium in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Respiration74(2), 159–169 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinarello CA. Interleukin-1. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev.8(4), 253–265 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugin J, Ricou B, Steinberg KP, Suter PM, Martin TR. Proinflammatory activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from patients with ARDS, a prominent role for interleukin-1. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.153(6 Pt 1), 1850–1856 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phan SH, Kunkel SL. Lung cytokine production in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Exp. Lung Res.18(1), 29–43 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston CJ, Piedboeuf B, Rubin P, Williams JP, Baggs R, Finkelstein JN. Early and persistent alterations in the expression of interleukin-1 α, interleukin-1 β and tumor necrosis factor a mRNA levels in fibrosis-resistant and sensitive mice after thoracic irradiation. Radiat. Res.145(6), 762–767 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb M, Margetts PJ, Anthony DC, Pitossi F, Gauldie J. Transient expression of IL-1β induces acute lung injury and chronic repair leading to pulmonary fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest.107(12), 1529–1536 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz LA, Lasky J, Hamilton RF Jr et al. Expression of TNF and the necessity of TNF receptors in bleomycin-induced lung injury in mice. Exp. Lung Res.24(6), 721–743 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Car BD, Meloni F, Luisetti M, Semenzato G, Gialdroni-Grassi G, Walz A. Elevated IL-8 and MCP-1 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.149(3 Pt 1), 655–659 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang K, Gharaee-Kermani M, Jones ML, Warren JS, Phan SH. Lung monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene expression in bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis. J. Immunol.153(10), 4733–4741 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore BB, Paine R 3rd, Christensen PJ et al. Protection from pulmonary fibrosis in the absence of CCR2 signaling. J. Immunol.167(8), 4368–4377 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gharaee-Kermani M, McCullumsmith RE, Charo IF, Kunkel SL, Phan SH. CC-chemokine receptor 2 required for bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Cytokine24(6), 266–276 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okuma T, Terasaki Y, Kaikita K et al. C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) deficiency improves bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by attenuation of both macrophage infiltration and production of macrophage-derived matrix metalloproteinases. J Pathol.204(5), 594–604 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agostini C, Gurrieri C. Chemokine/cytokine cocktail in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc.3(4), 357–363 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magro CM, Crowson AN. The cutaneous pathology associated with seropositivity for antibodies to SSA (Ro): a clinicopathologic study of 23 adult patients without subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Am. J. Dermatopathol.21(2), 129–137 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen S. Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis. Am. J. Med. Sci.317(1), 67–74 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steen VD, Medsger TA Jr. Severe organ involvement in systemic sclerosis with diffuse scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum.43(11), 2437–2444 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese F, Giacometti C, Valente M, Loy M, Rea F. Interstitial lung disease with cytomegalovirus and parvovirus B19 coinfection. Am J. Clin. Pathol.122(4), 614–615 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peao MN, Aguas AP, de Sa CM, Grande NR. Neoformation of blood vessels in association with rat lung fibrosis induced by bleomycin. Anat. Rec.238(1), 57–67 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keane MP, Arenberg DA, Lynch JP 3rd et al. The CXC chemokines, IL-8 and IP-10 regulate angiogenic activity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J. Immunol.159(3), 1437–1443 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lappi-Blanco E, Kaarteenaho-Wiik R, Soini Y, Risteli J, Pääkkö P. Intraluminal fibromyxoid lesions in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia are highly capillarized. Hum. Pathol.30(10), 1192–1196 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lappi-Blanco E, Soini Y, Kinnula V, Pääkkö P. VEGF and βFGF are highly expressed in intraluminal fibromyxoid lesions in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. J. Pathol.196(2), 220–227 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane MP, Belperio JA, Moore TA et al. Neutralization of the CXC chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. J. Immunol.162(9), 5511–5518 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strieter RM, Gomperts BN, Keane MP. The role of CXC chemokines in pulmonary fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest.117(3), 549–556 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar