An update on Middle East respiratory syndrome: 2 years later

References

• Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, et al. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1814-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Memish ZA, Alhakeem R, Stephens GM. Saudi Arabia and the emergence of a novel coronavirus. East Mediterr Health J 2013;19(Suppl 1):S7-11
   Google Scholar
• van Boheemen S, de Graaf M, Lauber C, et al. Genomic characterization of a newly discovered coronavirus associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in humans. MBio 2012;3:6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric RS, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): announcement of the Coronavirus Study Group. J Virol 2013;87(14):7790-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – update. Disease Outbreak News. 7 November 2014. [Accessed 10 November 2014]
   Google Scholar
• ECDC. Epidemiological update: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Available from: www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/press/news/_layouts/forms/News_DispForm.aspx?List=8db7286c-fe2d-476c-9133-18ff4cb1b568&ID=1102
   Google Scholar
• CCC. Saudi MOH. Available from: www.moh.gov.sa/en/CCC/PressReleases/Pages/Statistics-2014-09-18-002.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Al-Tawfiq JA, Memish ZA. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: epidemiology and disease control measures. Infect Drug Resist 2014;7:281-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assiri A, McGeer A, Perl TM, et al. Hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. N Engl J Med 2013;369(5):407-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assiri A, Al-Tawfiq JA, Al-Rabeeah AA, et al. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis 2013;13(9):752-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) summary and literature update as of 9 May 2014. Available from: www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/MERS_CoV_Update_09_May_2014.pdf?ua=1
   Google Scholar
• Drosten C, Muth D, Corman V, et al. An observational, laboratory-based study of outbreaks of MERS-Coronavirus in Jeddah and Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2014. Clin Infect Dis 2015;60(3):369-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. WHO risk assessment. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). 24 April 2014. Available from: www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/MERS_CoV_RA_20140424.pdf?ua=1
   Google Scholar
• Memish ZA, Zumla AI, Al-Hakeem RF, et al. Family cluster of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections. N Engl J Med 2013;368(26):2487-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omrani AS, Matin MA, Haddad Q, et al. A family cluster of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus infections related to a likely unrecognized asymptomatic or mild case. Int J Infect Dis 2013;17(9):e668-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Memish ZA, Cotten M, Watson SJ, et al. Community case clusters of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Hafr Al-Batin, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a descriptive genomic study. Int J Infect Dis 2014;23:63-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, Joint Kingdom of Saudi Arabia/WHO mission. Available from: www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/MERSCov_WHO_KSA_Mission_Jun13_pdf [Last accessed 14 July 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Cotten M, Watson SJ, Kellam P, et al. Transmission and evolution of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Saudi Arabia: a descriptive genomic study. Lancet 2013;382(9909):1993-2002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Memish ZA, Zumla AI, Assiri A. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections in healthcare workers. N Engl J Med 2013;369(9):884-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Abdallat MM, Payne DC, Alqasrawi S, et al. Hospital-associated outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a serologic, epidemiologic, and clinical description. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59(9):1225-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hijawi B, Abdallat M, Sayaydeh A, et al. Novel coronavirus infections in Jordan, April 2012: epidemiological findings from a retrospective investigation. East Mediterr Health J 2013;19(Suppl 1):S12-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. WHO concludes MERS-CoV mission in Saudi Arabia. Available from: www.emro.who.int/media/news/mers-cov-mission-saudi-arabia.html [Last accessed 15 July 2014]
   Google Scholar
• ECDC. Severe respiratory disease associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Ninth update, 24 April 2014. Available from: www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/Middle-East-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-risk-assessment-25-April-2014.pdf [Last accessed 15 July 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Al-Tawfiq JA, Zumla A, Memish ZA. Travel implications of emerging coronaviruses: SARS and MERS-CoV. Travel Med Infect Dis 2014;12(5):422-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Tawfiq JA, Zumla A, Memish ZA. Coronaviruses: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in travelers. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2014;27(5):411-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Tawfiq JA, Memish ZA. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: transmission and phylogenetic evolution. Trends Microbiol 2014;22(10):573-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Memish ZA, Al-Tawfiq JA, Assiri A, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014;33(9):904-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penttinen PM, Kaasik-Aaslav K, Friaux A, et al. Taking stock of the first 133 MERS coronavirus cases globally – Is the epidemic changing? Euro Surveill 2013;18:39
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The WHO MERS-CoV Research Group. State of knowledge and data gaps of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in humans. PLoS Curr 2013;5
   Google Scholar
• Saad M, Omrani AS, Baig K, et al. Clinical aspects and outcomes of 70 patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis 2014;29:301-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – update, 13 June. 2014. Available from: www.who.int/csr/don/2014_06_13_mers/en/ [Last accessed 16 July 2014]
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – update, 26 June. 2014. Available from: www.who.int/csr/don/2014_06_26/en/ [Last accessed 16 July 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Eckerle I, Müller MA, Kallies S, et al. In-vitro renal epithelial cell infection reveals a viral kidney tropism as a potential mechanism for acute renal failure during Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus infection. Virol J 2013;10:359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Memish ZA, Al-Tawfiq JA, Makhdoom HQ, et al. Respiratory tract samples, viral load, and genome fraction yield in patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome. J Infect Dis 2014;210(10):1590-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zumla A, Al-Tawfiq JA, Enne VI, et al. Rapid point of care diagnostic tests for viral and bacterial respiratory tract infections-needs, advances, and future prospects. Lancet Infect Dis 2014;14(11):1123-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aburizaiza AS, Mattes FM, Azhar EI, et al. Investigation of anti-middle East respiratory syndrome antibodies in blood donors and slaughterhouse workers in Jeddah and Makkah, Saudi Arabia, fall 2012. J Infect Dis 2014;209(2):243-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gierer S, Hofmann-Winkler H, Albuali WH, et al. Lack of MERS coronavirus neutralizing antibodies in humans, eastern province, Saudi Arabia. Emerg Infect Dis 2013;19(12):2034-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drosten C, Meyer B, Müller MA, et al. Transmission of MERS-coronavirus in household contacts. N Engl J Med 2014;371(9):828-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotten M, Watson SJ, Zumla AI, et al. Spread, circulation, and evolution of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. MBio 2014;5:1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epidemic. Molecular Epidemiology and Evolution of Viral Pathogens. Emergence, Evolution and Epidemiology. Available from: http://epidemic.bio.ed.ac.uk/coronavirus_analysis
   Google Scholar
• Corman VM, Ithete NL, Richards LR, et al. Rooting the phylogenetic tree of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus by characterization of a conspecific virus from an African bat. J Virol 2014;88(19):11297-303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reusken CB, Haagmans BL, Müller MA, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study. Lancet Infect Dis 2013;13(10):859-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reusken CBEM, Messadi L, Feyisa A, et al. Geographic distribution of MERS coronavirus among dromedary camels, Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20(8):1370-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haagmans BL, Al Dhahiry SH, Reusken CB, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: an outbreak investigation. Lancet Infect Dis 2014;14(2):140-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perera RA, Wang P, Gomaa MR, et al. Seroepidemiology for MERS coronavirus using microneutralisation and pseudoparticle virus neutralisation assays reveal a high prevalence of antibody in dromedary camels in Egypt, June 2013. Euro Surveill 2013;18:36
   Google Scholar
• Meyer B, Müller MA, Corman VM, et al. Antibodies against MERS coronavirus in dromedary camels, United Arab Emirates, 2003 and 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20(4):552-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu DK, Poon LL, Gomaa MM, et al. MERS coronaviruses in dromedary camels, Egypt. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20(6):1049-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowotny N, Kolodziejek J. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels, Oman, 2013. Euro Surveill 2014;19:16
   Google Scholar
• Alexandersen S, Kobinger GP, Soule G, Wernery U. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus antibody reactors among camels in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, in 2005. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014;61(2):105-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reusken CB, Ababneh M, Raj VS, et al. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) serology in major livestock species in an affected region in Jordan, June to September 2013. Euro Surveill 2013;18(50):20662
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corman VM, Jores J, Meyer B, et al. Antibodies against MERS Coronavirus in Dromedary Camels, Kenya, 1992-2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20(8):1319-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller MA, Corman VM, Jores J, et al. MERS coronavirus neutralizing antibodies in camels, eastern Africa, 1983–1997. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20(12):2093-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Memish ZA, Cotten M, Meyer B, et al. Human infection with MERS coronavirus after exposure to infected camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20(6):1012-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azhar EI, El-Kafrawy SA, Farraj SA, et al. Evidence for camel-to-human transmission of MERS coronavirus. N Engl J Med 2014;370(26):2499-505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adney DR, van Doremalen N, Brown VR, et al. Replication and shedding of MERS-CoV in upper respiratory tract of inoculated dromedary camels. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20(12):1999-2005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drosten C, Seilmaier M, Corman VM, et al. Clinical features and virological analysis of a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2013;13(9):745e51
   Google Scholar
• Hall AJ, Tokars JI, Badreddine SA, et al. Healthcare worker contact with MERS patient, Saudi Arabia. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20(12):2148-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Memish ZA, Al-Tawfiq JA, Makhdoom HQ, et al. Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014;20(5):469-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pebody RG, Chand MA, Thomas HL, et al. The United Kingdom public health response to an imported laboratory-confirmed case of a novel coronavirus in September 2012. Euro Surveill 2012;17:20292
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mailles A, Blanckaert K, Chaud P, et al. First cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-to-human transmission, France, May 2013. Euro Surveill 2013;18:20502
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CCC. Saudi MOH. Available from: www.moh.gov.sa/en/CoronaNew/PressReleases/Pages/default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• WHO. WHO Statement on the third meeting of the IHR Emergency committee concerning Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2013;88:435-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ECDC. Available from: www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/press/news/_lay-outs/forms/News_DispForm.aspx?List=8db7286c-fe2d- 476c-9133-18ff4cb1b568&ID=1002
   Google Scholar
• CDC. Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for hospitalized patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. MERSCoV 15 May 2014. Available from: www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/infectionprevention-control.html#infection-prevention
   Google Scholar
• Chan JF-W, Chan K-H, Choi GK-Y, et al. Differential cell line susceptibility to the emerging novel human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012: implications for disease pathogenesis and clinical manifestation. J Infect Dis 2013;207:1743-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raj VS, Mou H, Smits SL, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC. Nature 2013;495:251-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Du L, Liu C, et al. Receptor usage and cell entry of bat coronavirus HKU4 provide insight into bat-to-human transmission of MERS coronavirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014;111(34):12516-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsch K, Winkler M, Meyer B, et al. The spike protein of the emerging betacoronavirus EMC uses a novel coronavirus receptor for entry, can be activated by TMPRSS2 and is targeted by neutralizing antibodies. J Virol 2013;87:5502-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gierer S, Müller MA, Heurich A, et al. Inhibition of proprotein convertases abrogates processing of the middle eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein in infected cells but does not reduce viral infectivity. J Infect Dis 2015;211(6):889-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millet JK, Whittaker GR. Host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus after two-step, furin-mediated activation of the spike protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014;111(42):15214-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian Z, Dominguez SR, Holmes KV. Role of the spike glycoprotein of human Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in virus entry and syncytia formation. PLoS One 2013;8(10):e76469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirato K, Kawase M, Matsuyama S. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection mediated by the transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2. J Virol 2013;87(23):12552-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrensch F, Winkler M, Pöhlmann S. IFITM proteins inhibit entry driven by the MERS-coronavirus spike protein: evidence for cholesterol-independent mechanisms. Viruses 2014;6(9):3683-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zumla A, Memish ZA, Maeurer M, et al. Emerging novel and antimicrobial-resistant respiratory tract infections: new drug development and therapeutic options. Lancet Infect Dis 2014;14(11):1136-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman CM, Frieman MB. Treating MERS-CoV during an outbreak. Lancet Infect Dis 2014;14(11):1030-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Tawfiq JA, Momattin H, Dib J, Memish ZA. Ribavirin and interferon therapy in patients infected with the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: an observational study. Int J Infect Dis 2014;20:42-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omrani AS, Saad MM, Baig K, et al. Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2014;14(11):1090-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du L, Kou Z, Ma C, et al. A truncated receptor-binding domain of MERS-CoV spike protein potently inhibits MERS–CoV infection and induces strong neutralizing antibody responses: implication for developing therapeutics and vaccines. PLoS One 2013;8:e81587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao G, Du L, Ma C, et al. A safe and convenient pseudovirus-based inhibition assay to detect neutralizing antibodies and screen for viral entry inhibitors against the novel human coronavirus MERS-CoV. Virol J 2013;10:266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma C, Li Y, Wang L, et al. Intranasal vaccination with recombinant receptor-binding domain of MERS-CoV spike protein induces much stronger local mucosal immune responses than subcutaneous immunization: implication for designing novel mucosal MERS vaccines. Vaccine 2014;32:2100-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du L, Zhao G, Kou Z, et al. Identification of a receptor-binding domain in the S protein of the novel human coronavirus Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an essential target for vaccine development. J Virol 2013;87:9939-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mou H, Raj VS, van Kuppeveld FJM, et al. The receptor binding domain of the new Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus maps to a 231-residue region in the spike protein that efficiently elicits neutralizing antibodies. J Virol 2013;87:9379-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Deng Y, Wen B, et al. The amino acids 736-761 of the MERS-CoV spike protein induce neutralizing antibodies: implications for the development of vaccines and antiviral agents. Viral Immunol 2014;27(10):543-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lan J, Deng Y, Chen H, et al. Tailoring subunit vaccine immunity with adjuvant combinations and delivery routes using the Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV) receptor-binding domain as an antigen. PLoS One 2014;9(11):e112602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali MT, Morshed MM, Gazi MA, et al. Computer aided prediction and identification of potential epitopes in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike (S) glycoprotein of MERS-CoV. Bioinformation 2014;10(8):533-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gardner LM, MacIntyre CR. Unanswered questions about the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). BMC Res Notes 2014;7:358
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Memish ZA, Assiri AM, Al-Tawfiq JA. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) viral shedding in the respiratory tract: an observational analysis with infection control implications. Int J Infect Dis 2014;29:307-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar