References
- Papers of special note have been highlighted as:
- • of interest
- •• of considerable interest
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• Exemplifies urban–rural difference in asthma prevalence in developing countries.
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• Exemplify that increase in asthma prevalence may be leveling off in the UK.
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• Exemplify that increase in asthma prevalence may be leveling off in the UK.
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• Exemplify that increase in asthma prevalence may be leveling off in the UK.
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• Exemplify that increase in asthma prevalence may be leveling off in Switzerland.
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• Exemplify that increase in asthma prevalence may be leveling off in Germany.
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• No further increase in asthma prevalence in Australian children.
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• No further increase in asthma prevalence in Australian children.
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•• Detailed review on changes in asthma prevalence worldwide. Focus mainly on children and teenagers. Net effect worldwide: still an increase.
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•• Excellent review of asthma prevalence trends and risk factors for asthma.
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- European Respiratory Society. The European Lung White Book. Respiratory health and disease in Europe. Gibson GJ, Loddenkemper R, Sibille Y, et al., editors. Sheffield (UK): European Respiratory Society Publications; 2013.
•• Summary of respiratory diseases including asthma in Europe including prevalence and burden of disease.
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•• Key-paper describing changes in prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases among children and teenagers worldwide
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• Excellent review of asthma prevalence and risk factors
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• The ECRHS´ cohort follow-up survey. Increase in diagnosed asthma but not in symptoms.
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- Larsson L, Boëthius G, Uddenfeldt M. Differences in utilisation of asthma drugs between two neighbouring Swedish provinces: relation to prevalence of obstructive airway disease. Thorax. 1994;49(1):41–49.
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- Paoletti P, Carmignani G, Viegi G. Prevalence of asthma and asthmatic symptoms in a general population sample of north Italy. Eur Respir J. 1989;2(6S):527–531.
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- Woolcock AJ, Peat JK, Salome CM, et al., et al Prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and asthma in a rural adult population. Thorax. 1987;42:361–368.
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- Meren M, Jannus-Pruljan L, Loit H-M, et al. Asthma, chronic bronchitis and respiratory symptoms among adults in Estonia. Respir Med. 2001;95:954–964.
- Pallasaho P, Lundback B, Meren M, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for asthma and chronic bronchitis in the capitals Helsinki, Stockholm, and Tallinn. Respir Med. 2002;96(10):759–769.
• Exemplifies difference in prevalence of diagnosed asthma between Eastern and Western Europe although similar prevalence of symptoms common in asthma.
- Kainu A, Pallasaho P, Piirila P, et al. Increase in prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma in Helsinki during the Finnish asthma programme: improved recognition of asthma in primary care? A cross-sectional cohort study. Prim Care Respir J. 2013;22(1):64–71.
• Increase in prevalence of diagnosed asthma but not in symptoms common in asthma among adults in Helsinki, Finland.
- Ekerljung L, Andersson A, Sundblad BM, et al. Has the increase in the prevalence of asthma and respiratory symptoms reached a plateau in Stockholm, Sweden? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010;14(6):764–771.
- Backman H, Hedman L, Jansson SA, et al. Prevalence trends in respiratory symptoms and asthma in relation to smoking—two cross-sectional studies ten years apart among adults in northern Sweden. World Allergy Organ J. 2014;7(1):1.
• Increase in prevalence of diagnosed asthma but not in symptoms common in asthma among adults in northern Sweden.
- Björnsson E, Plaschke P, Norrman E, et al. Symptoms related to asthma and chronic bronchitis in three areas of Sweden. Eur Respir J. 1994;7(12):2146–2153.
- Lötvall J, Ekerljung L, Ronmark ep, et al. West Sweden Asthma Study: prevalence trends over the last 18 years argues no recent increase in asthma. Respir Res. 2009;10:e94.
• Increase in prevalence of diagnosed asthma but not in symptoms common in asthma among adults in south-west of Sweden.
- Bjerg A, Ekerljung L, Middelveld R, et al. Increased prevalence of symptoms of rhinitis but not of asthma between 1990 and 2008 in Swedish adults: comparisons of the ECRHS and GA(2)LEN surveys. PLoS One. 2011;6(2):e16082.
- Wilson DH, Adams RJ, Tucker D, et al. Trends in asthma prevalence and population changes in South Australia, 1990-2003. Med J Aust. 2006;184:226–229.
• Since late 1990s, no further increase in prevalence of asthma in asthma among South Australian adults.
- Browatzki A, Ulrik CS, Lange P. Prevalence and severity of self-reported asthma in young adults, 1976–2004. Eur Respir J. 2009;34(5):1046–1051.
- de Marco R, Cappa V, Accordini S, et al. Trends in the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis in Italy between 1991 and 2010. Eur Respir J. 2012;39:883–892.
•• Increase in prevalence of asthma and some increase in symptoms common in asthma according to three nationwide Italian studies.
- de Marco R, Verlato G, Zanolin ME, et al. Nonresponse bias in EC Respiratory Health Survey in Italy. Eur Respir J. 1994;7:2139–2245.
- de Marco R, Poli A, Ferrari M, et al. The impact of climate and traffic-related NO2 on the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis in Italy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002;32:1405–1412.
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- James AL, Knuiman MW, Divitini ML, et al. Changes in the prevalence of asthma in adults since 1966: the Busselton health study. Eur Respir J. 2010;35(2):273–278.
• Major increase in prevalence of asthma over four decades but less so regarding symptoms. However, no data about changes after the millennium shift
- QRESEARCH and the Information Centre for health and social care. Primary care epidemiology of allergic disorders: analysis using QRESEARCH database 2001-2006 [Internet]. Final Report to the Information Centre and Department of Health. 2007 [cited 2015 Nov 16]. Available from: http://www.qresearch.org/Public_Documents/HSCIC%20allergies%20report%20from%20QRESEARCH%20.pdf
- Arif AA, Delclos GL, Lee ES, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of asthma and wheezing among US adults: an analysis of the NHANES III data. Eur Respir J. 2003;21(5):827–833.
- Gershon AS, Guan J, Wang C, et al. Trends in asthma prevalence and incidence in Ontario, Canada, 1966-2005: A population study. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172:728–736.
- Burr ML, Wat D, Evans C, et al. Asthma prevalence in 1973, 1998 and 2003. Thorax. 2006;61:296–299.
- Meren M, Raukas-Kivioja A, Jannus-Pruljan L, et al. Low prevalence of asthma in westernizing countries—myth or reality? Prevalence of asthma in Estonia—report from the “FinEsS” study. J Asthma. 2005;42:359–365.
• Exemplifies under-diagnosis of adult asthma in Eastern Europe.
- Laatikainen T, Von Hertzen L, Koskinen JP, et al. Allergy gap between Finnish and Russian Karelia on increase. Allergy. 2011;66(7):886–892.
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- Larsson M, Hallström J, Frisk M, et al. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure during childhood is associated with increased prevalence of asthma in adults. Chest. 2001;120:711–717.
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- Rönmark E, Bjerg A, Perzanowski M, et al. Major increase in allergic sensitization in school children from 1996 to 2006 in Northern Sweden. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124(2):357–363.
• Major increase in asthma prevalence of allergic sensitization may precede increase in asthma prevalence.
- Akasawa A, Akashi M, Aota A, et al. The first nationwide survey of asthma prevalence in Japan using ISAAC and ECRHS questionnaire. J All Clin Immunol. 2007;119(S):e170.
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- Ehrlich RI, White N, Norman R, et al. Wheeze, asthma diagnosis and medication use: a national adult survey in a developing country. Thorax. 2005;60:895–901.
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- Erhabor GE, Agbroko SO, Bamigboye P, et al. Prevalence of asthma symptoms among university students 15 to 35 years of age in Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State. J Asthma. 2006;43:161–164.
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- The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee. Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAAC. Lancet. 1998;351:1225–1232.