Pharmacological treatment of refractory breathlessness

References

• Edmonds P, Karlsen S, Khan S, Addington-Hall J. A comparison of the palliative care needs of patients dying from chronic respiratory diseases and lung cancer. Palliat. Med.15, 287–295 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muers MF, Round CE. Palliation of symptoms in non-small cell lung cancer: a study by the yorkshire regional cancer organisation thoracic group. Thorax48(4), 339–343 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathers C, Locar D. Updated projections of global mortality and burden of disease 2002–2030. Data sources, methods and results. Evidence and information for policy WHO (2005).
   Google Scholar
• American Thoracic Society. Dyspnea – mechanisms, assessment and management: a consensus statement. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.159, 321–340 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comroe JH. Some theories on the mechanism of dyspnea In: Breathlessness: Proceedings of an International Symposium Held on 7 and 8 April 1965 Under the Auspices of the University of Manchester. (Volume 1–7). Blackwell Scientific, London, UK (1966).
   Google Scholar
• Moosavi SH, Paydarfar D, Shea SA. Suprapontine control of breathing. In: Pharmacology and Pathophysiology of the Control of Breathing. Ward D, Dahan A, Teppema L (Eds). Taylor and Francis Group, NY, USA Z 71–102 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• O’Donnell DE, Banzett RB, Carrieri-Kohlman et al. Pathophysiology of dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a roundtable. Am. Thoracic Society4, 145–168 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartzstein RM, Lahive K, Pope A, Weinberger SE, Weiss JW. Cold facial stimulation reduces breathlessness induced in normal subjects. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.136, 58–61 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon PM, Basner RC, Weinberger SE, Fencl V, Weiss JW, Schwartzstein RM. Oral mucosal stimulation modulates intensity of breathlessness induced in normal subjects. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.144, 419–422 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shea SA, Andres LP, Shannon DC, Guz A, Banzett RB. Respiratory sensations in subjects who lack a ventilatory response to CO2. Respir. Physiol.93, 203–219 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O‘Donnell DE, Webb KA. Exertional breathlessness in patients with chronic airflow limitation. The role of lung hyperinflation. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.148, 1351–1357 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell DE, Bertley JC, Chau LK, Webb KA. Qualitative aspects of exertional breathlessness in chronic airflow limitation: pathophysiologic mechanisms. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.155, 109–115 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman AP, Ledlie JF. Dyspnea. Bull. Eur. Physiopathol. Respir.15, 789–804 (1979).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campbell EJ, Howell JB. The sensation of breathlessness. Br. Med. Bull.19, 36–40 (1963).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning HL, Schwartzstein RM. Pathophysiology of dyspnea. N. Engl. J. Med.333, 1547–1553 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth S, Moosavi SH et al. The etiology and management of intractable breathlessness in patients with advanced cancer: with a systematic review of pharmacological and inhaled therapy. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol.5(2), 90–100 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Leupoldt A, Dahme B. The cortical substrate for dyspnoea perception. Chest128, 345–354 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Leupoldt A, Sommer T, Kegat S et al. The unpleasantness of perceived dyspnea is processed in the anterior insula and amygdala. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.177(9), 1026–1032 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augustine JR. Circuitry and functional aspects of the insular lobe in primates including humans. Brain Res. Rev.22, 229–244 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanamori T, Kunitake T et al. Responses of neurons in the insular cortex to gustatory, visceral, and nociceptive stimuli in rats. J. Neurophysiol.79, 2535–2545 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray SA, Kendall M, Boyd K. Illness trajectories and palliative care. BMJ330, 1007–1011 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth S, Kelly M et al. Does oxygen help dyspnoea in cancer patients? Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med.153, 1515–1518 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings AL, Davies AN, Higgins JP, Gibbs JS, Broadley KE. A systematic review of the use of opioids in the management of dyspnoea. Thorax57, 939–944 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abernethy A, Currow DC, Frith P, Fazekas BS, McHugh A, Bui C. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover trial of sustained release morphine for the management of refractory dyspnoea. BMJ327, 523–528 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson MA, Woodcock AA, Geddes DM. Dihydrocodeine for breathlessness in ‘pink puffers’. BMJ286, 675–677 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD Executive Summary. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.176, 532–555 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson MJ, McDonagh TA, Harkness A, McKay SE, Dargie HJ. Morphine for the relief of breathlessness in patients with chronic heart failure – a pilot study. Eur. J. Heart Fail.4, 753–756 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyspnoea in Advanced Disease. Booth S, Dudgeon D (Eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Rocker G, Sinuff T, Horton R, Hernandez P. Advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: innovative approaches to palliation. J. Palliat. Med.10, 783–797 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemens KE, Klaschik E. Clinical experience with transdermal and orally administered opioids in palliative care patients – a retrospective study. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol.37(4), 302–309 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyne PJ, Viswanathan R, Smith TJ. Nebulized fentanyl citrate improves patients’ perception of breathing, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation in dyspnea. J. Pain Symptom Manage.23, 157–160 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benitez-Rosario MA, Martin AS, Feria M. Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in the management of dyspnea crises in cancer patients. J. Pain Symptom Manage.30(5), 395–397 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dudgeon D. Breathlessness in advanced cancer. In: Dyspnoea in Advanced Disease. Booth S, Dudgeon D (Eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK 75–98 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Argyropoulou P, Patakas D, Koukou A et al. Buspirone effect on breathlessness and exercise performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration60, 216–220 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh NP, Despars JA, Stansbury DW et al. Effects of buspirone on anxiety levels and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic airflow obstruction and mild anxiety. Chest103, 800–804 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gysels M, Bausewein C, Higginson IJ. Experiences of breathlessness: a systematic review of the qualitative literature. Palliat. Support. Care5(3), 281–302 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eimer M, Cable T, Gal P et al. Effects of clorazcpate on breathlessness and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. J. Fam. Pract.21, 359–362 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woodcock AA, Gross ER, Geddes DM. Drug treatment of breathlessness: contrasting effects of diazepam and promethazine in pink puffers. BMJ283, 343–346 (1981a).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill PA, Morton PB, Stark RD. Chlorpromazine – a specific effect on breathlessness? Br. J. Pharmacol.19, 793–797 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• Man GCW, Hsu K, Sproule BJ. Effect of alprazolam on exercise and dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest90, 832–836 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice KL, Kronenberg RS, Hedemark LL, Niewoehner DE. Effects of chronic administration of codeine and promethazine on breathlessness and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Br. J. Dis. Chest81, 287–292 (1987).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ventafridda V, Spoldi E, De Conno F. Control of dyspnea in advanced cancer patients. Chest98, 1544–1545 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McIver B, Walsh D, Nelson K. The use of chlorpromazine for symptom control in dying cancer patients. J. Pain Symptom Manage.9, 341–345 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navigante AH, Cerchietti LCA, Castro MA, Lutteral MA, Cabalar ME. Midazolam as adjunct therapy to morphine in the alleviation of severe dyspnea perception in patients with advanced cancer. J. Pain Symptom Manage.31, 38–47 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis CL. ABC of palliative care. Breathlessness, cough, and other respiratory problems. Br. Med. J.315, 931–934 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brenes GA. Anxiety and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prevalence, impact, and treatment. Psychosomatic Med.65, 963–970 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller RA, Lundberg DB, Breese GR, Hedner J, Hedner T, Jonason J. The neuropharmacology of respiratory control. Pharmacol. Rev.34, 255–285 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zigmund AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia67, 361–370 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone P, Kurowski A, Tookman A. Nebulized frusemide for dyspnoea. Palliat. Med.8, 258 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shimoyama N, Shimoyama M. Nebulized furosemide as a novel treatment for dyspnea in terminal cancer patients. J. Pain Symptom Manage.23(1), 73–76 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohara H, Ueoka H, Aoe K et al. The effect of nebulized furosemide in terminally ill cancer patients with dyspnoea. J. Pain Symptom Manage.26(4), 962–967 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishino T, Ide T, Sudo T, Sato J. Inhaled furosemide greatly alleviates the sensation of experimentally induced dyspnea. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.161(6), 1963–1967 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moosavi SH, Binks AP, Lansing RW, Topulos GP, Banzett RB, Schwartzstein RM. Effect of inhaled furosemide on air hunger induced in healthy humans. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol.156, 1–8 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventresca PG, Nicol GM, Barnes PJ et al. Inhaled furosemide inhibits cough induced by low chloride content solutions but not by capsaicin. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis.142, 143–146 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianco S, Vaghi A, Robuschi M, Pasargiklian M. Prevention of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by inhaled frusemide. Lancet2, 252–255 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong KC, Kor AC, Chong WF, Earnest A, Wang YT. Effects of inhaled furosemide on exertional dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.169, 1028–1033 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen D, Amjadi K, Harris-McAllister V, Webb KA, O’Donnell DE. Mechanisms of dyspnoea relief and improved exercise endurance after furosemide inhalation in COPD. Thorax63(7), 606–613 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinckley JB. Inhaled furosemide in the treatment of acute exacerbations of asthma. Acad. Emerg. Med.7, 1167 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manning HL, Shea SA, Schwartzstein RM, Lansing RW, Brown R, Banzett RB. Reduced tidal volume increases ‘air hunger’ at fixed PCO2 in ventilated quadriplegics. Respir. Physiol.90, 19–30 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Banzett RB, Lansing RW, Evans KC, Shea SA. Stimulus-response characteristics of CO2-induced air hunger in normal subjects. Respir. Physiol.103, 19–31 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Welsh MJ. Electrolyte transport by airway epithelia. Physiol. Rev.67, 1143–1184 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzone SB, McGovern AE. Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporters and Cl- channels regulate citric acid cough in guinea pigs. J. Appl. Physiol.101, 635–643 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sudo T, Hayashi F, Nishino T. Responses of tracheobronchial receptors to inhaled furosemide in anesthetized rats. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.162, 971–975 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laveneziana P, Galarducci A, Binazzi B, Stendardi L, Duranti R, Scano G. Inhaled furosemide does not alleviate respiratory effort during flow-limited exercise in healthy subjects. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther.21, 196–200 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MRC Working Party. Long term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Lancet1, 681–686 (1981).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domiciliary Oxygen Therapy Services. Clinical guidelines and advice for prescribers. A report of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 49, (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Leach RM, Bateman NT. Domiciliary oxygen therapy. Br. J. Hosp. Med.51, 47–54 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eaton T, Garrett JE, Young P et al. Ambulatory oxygen improves quality of life of COPD patients: a randomised controlled study. Eur. Resp. J.20, 306–312 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruera E, de Stoutz N, Velasco-Leiva A, Schoeller T, Hanson J. Effects of oxygen on dyspnoea in hypoxaemia terminal-cancer patients. Lancet342, 13–14 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philip J, Gold M, Milner A, Di Iulio J, Miller B, Spruyt O. A randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of the effect of oxygen on dyspnea in patients with advanced cancer. J. Pain Symptom Manage.32, 541–549 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uronis HE, Currow DC, McCrory DC, Samsa GP, Abernethy AP. Oxygen for relief of dyspnoea in mildly- or non-hypoxaemic patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Cancer98, 294–299 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth S, Wade R. Oxygen or air for Palliation of breathlessness in advanced cancer. J. R. Soc. Med.96, 215–218 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth S, Wade R, Johnson M et al. The use of oxygen in the palliation of breathlessness. A report of the expert working group of the Scientific Committee of the Association of Palliative Medicine. Resp. Med.98(1), 66–77 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spathis A, Wade R, Booth S. Oxygen in the palliation of breathlessness. In: Dyspnoea in Advanced Disease. Booth S, Dudgeon D (Eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Currow D, Fazekas B, Abernethy A. Oxygen use – patients define symptomatic benefit discerningly. J. Pain Symptom Manage.34(2), 113–114 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laude EA, Duffy NC, Baveystock C et al. The effect of helium and oxygen on exercise performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized crossover trial. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.173(8), 865–870 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmedzai SH, Laude E, Robertson A, Troy G, Vora V. A double blind, randomised, controlled Phase II trial of Heliox28 gas mixture in lung cancer patients with dyspnoea on exertion. Br. J. Cancer90, 366–371 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallet RH. The role of inhaled opioids and furosemide for the treatment of dyspnea. Resp. Care52, 900–910 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uronis HE, Currow DC, Abernethy AP. Palliative management of refractory dyspnea in COPD. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis.1(3), 289–304 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abernethy A, Uronis H, Wheeler JL, Currow D. Pharmacological management of breathlessness in advanced disease. Prog. Palliat. Care DOI: 10.1007/s00520-008-0562-6 (2008) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adams L, Lane R, Shea SA, Cockcroft A, Guz A. Breathlessness during different forms of ventilatory stimulation: a study of mechanisms in normal subjects and respiratory patients. Clin. Sci. (Lond.)69, 663–672 (1985).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banzett RB, Lansing RW, Reid MB, Adams L, Brown R. ‘Air hunger’ arising from increased PCO2 in mechanically ventilated quadriplegics. Respir. Physiol.76, 53–67 (1989).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Banzett RB, Lansing RW, Brown R et al. ‘Air hunger’ from increased PCO2 persists after complete neuromuscular block in humans. Respir. Physiol.81, 1–17 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen Z, Eldridge FL, Wagner PG. Respiratory-associated rhythmic firing of midbrain neurones in cats: relation to level of respiratory drive. J. Physiol.437, 305–325 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Eldridge FL, Wagner PG. Respiratory-associated thalamic activity is related to level of respiratory drive. Respir. Physiol.90, 99–113 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gandevia SC, Killian K, McKenzie DK et al. Respiratory sensations, cardiovascular control, kinaesthesia and transcranial stimulation during paralysis in humans. J. Physiol.470, 85–107 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spengler CM, Banzett RB, Systrom DM, Shannon DC, Shea SA. Respiratory sensations during heavy exercise in subjects without respiratory chemosensitivity. Respir. Physiol.114, 65–74 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moosavi SH, Golestanian E, Binks AP, Lansing RW, Brown R, Banzett RB. Hypoxic and hypercapnic drives to breathe generate equivalent levels of air hunger in humans. J. Appl. Physiol.94, 141–154 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moosavi SH, Banzett RB, Butler JP. Time course of air hunger mirrors the biphasic ventilatory response to hypoxia. J. Appl. Physiol.97, 2098–2103 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell EJ, Gandevia SC, Killian KJ, Mahutte CK, Rigg JR. Changes in the perception of inspiratory resistive loads during partial curarization. J. Physiol.309, 93–100 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandevia SC. The perception of motor commands or effort during muscular paralysis. Brain105, 151–159 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• el-Manshawi A, Killian KJ, Summers E, Jones NL. Breathlessness during exercise with and without resistive loading. J. Appl. Physiol.61, 896–905 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demediuk BH, Manning H, Lilly J et al. Dissociation between dyspnea and respiratory effort. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.146, 1222–1225 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lansing RW, Im BS, Thwing JI, Legedza AT, Banzett RB. The perception of respiratory work and effort can be independent of the perception of air hunger. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.162, 1690–1696 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moosavi SH, Topulos GP, Hafer A et al. Acute partial paralysis alters perceptions of air hunger, work and effort at constant P(CO2) and V(E). Respir. Physiol.122, 45–60 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Killian KJ, Mahutte CK, Campbell EJ. Resistive load detection during passive ventilation. Clin. Sci. (Lond.)59, 493–495 (1980).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Killian KJ, Gandevia SC, Summers E, Campbell EJ. Effect of increased lung volume on perception of breathlessness, effort, and tension. J. Appl. Physiol.57(3), 686–691 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eldridge FL, Chen Z. Respiratory-associated rhythmic firing of midbrain neurons is modulated by vagal input. Respir. Physiol.90, 31–46 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harty HR, Mummery CJ, Adams L et al. Ventilatory relief of the sensation of the urge to breathe in humans: are pulmonary receptors important? J. Physiol.490(Pt 3), 805–815 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vovk A, Binks AP. Raising end-expiratory volume relieves air hunger in mechanically ventilated healthy adults. J. Appl. Physiol.103, 779–786 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Binks AP, Moosavi SH, Banzett RB, Schwartzstein RM. ‘Tightness’ sensation of asthma does not arise from the work of breathing. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.165, 78–82 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burki NK, Dale WJ, Lee LY. Intravenous adenosine and dyspnea in humans. J. Appl. Physiol.98, 180–185 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burki NK, Alam M, Lee LY. The pulmonary effects of intravenous adenosine in asthmatic subjects. Respir. Res.7, 139 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burki NK, Sheatt M, Lee LY. Effects of airway anesthesia on dyspnea and ventilatory response to intravenous injection of adenosine in healthy human subjects. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther.21, 208–213 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li W, Daems E, Van de Woestijne KP, et al. Air hunger and ventilation in response to hypercapnia: effects of repetition and anxiety. Physiol. Behav.88, 47–54 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alpher VS, Nelson RB 3rd, Blanton RL. Effects of cognitive and psychomotor tasks on breath-holding span. J. Appl. Physiol.61, 1149–1152 (1986).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Von Leopoldt A, Mertz C, Kegat S, Burmester SDB. The impact of emotions on the sensory and affective dimension of perceived dyspnea. Psychophysiology43, 382–386 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• von Leupoldt A, Seemann N, Gugleva T, Dahme B. Attentional distraction reduces the affective but not the sensory dimension of perceived dyspnea. Respir. Med.101, 839–844 (2007a).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Leupoldt A, Taube K, Schubert-Heukeshoven S, Magnussen H, Dahme B. Distractive auditory stimuli reduce the unpleasantness of dyspnea during exercise in patients with COPD. Chest132, 1506–1512 (2007b).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minowa Y, Ide T, Nishino T. Effects of inhaled furosemide on CO2 ventilatory responsiveness in humans. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther.15, 363–368 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone P Rix, Kurowska A, Tookman. Re: nebulized furosemide for dyspnea in terminal cancer patients. J. Pain Symptom. Manage.24, 274–275 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar