Homocysteine and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

References

• McCully KS. Vascular pathology of homocysteinemia: implications for the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Amer J Pathol 1969;56:111-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson NAJ, Neill DW. Metabolic abnormalities detected in a survey of mentally backward individuals in Northern Ireland. Arch Dis Child 1962;37:505-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudd SH, Finkelstein JD, Irrevere F, Laster L. Homocystinuria – an enzymatic defect. Science 1964;143:1443-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Case records of the massachusetts general hospital, case 19471. New Engl J Med 1933;209:1063-6
   Google Scholar
• Shih VE, Efron ML. Pyridoxine unresponsive homocystinuria.Final diagnosis of MGH Case 19471. N Engl J Med 1970;283:1206-8
   Google Scholar
• Mudd SH, Levy HL, Abeles RH. A derangement in the metabolism of vitamin B12 leading to homocystinuria, cystathioninuria and methylmalonicaciduria. BiochemBiophys Res Commun 1969;35:121-6
   Google Scholar
• Kanwar YS, Manaligod JR, Wong WK. Morphologic studies in a patient with homocystinuria due to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. Pediatr Res 1976;10:598-609
   Google Scholar
• McCully KS. Homocysteine theory of arteriosclerosis: development and current status. In: Gotto AMJr, Paoletti R, editors. Atherosclerosis Reviews. Volume 11. Raven Press; New York: 1983. pp. 157-246
   Google Scholar
• McCully KS. Hyperhomocysteinemia and arteriosclerosis: historical aspects. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005;43:980-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCully KS. Importance of homocysteine-induced abnormalities of proteoglycan structure in arteriosclerosis. Amer J Pathol 1970;59:181-93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCully KS. Macromolecular basis for homocysteine-induced changes in proteoglycan structure in growth and arteriosclerosis. Amer J Pathol 1972;66:83-95
   Google Scholar
• McCully KS. Homocysteine thiolactone metabolism in malignant cells. Cancer Res 1976;36:3198-202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCully KS. Chemical pathology of homocysteine. II. Carcinogenesis and homocysteine thiolactone metabolism. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1994;24:27-59
   Google Scholar
• McCully KS, Vezeridis MP. Chemopreventive and antineoplastic activity of N-homocysteine thiolactonylretinamide. Carcinogenesis 1987;8:1559-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCully KS, Vezeridis MP. Chemopreventive effect of N-homocysteine thiolactonylcobalamin on carcinogenesis by ethyl carbamate in mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1989;191:346-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazimir M, Wilson FR. Prevention of homocysteine induced atherogenesis in rats. Res Commun Molec Pathol Pharmacol 2002;5-6:179-98
   Google Scholar
• McCully KS. Chemical pathology of homocysteine. IV. Excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2009;39:219-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCully KS. The active site of oxidative phosphorylation and the origin of hyperhomocysteinemia in aging and dementia. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2015;45; In Press
   Google Scholar
• Naruszewicz M, Mirkiewicz E, Olszewski AJ, McCully KS. Thiolation of low-density lipoprotein by homocysteine thiolactone causes increased aggregation and altered interaction with cultured macrophages. Nutr Metab Cardiovas Dis 1994;4:70-7
   Google Scholar
• Skarnes RC. In vivo interaction of endotoxin with a plasma lipoprotein having esterase activity. J Bacteriol 1968;95:2013-34
   Google Scholar
• Ott SJ, El Mokhtari NE, Musfeldt M, et al. Detection of diverse bacterial signatures in atherosclerotic lesions of patients with coronary heart disease. Circulation 2006;113:929-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravnskov U, McCully KS. Infections may be causal in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Amer J Med Sci 2012;344:391-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravnskov U, McCully KS. Vulnerable plaque formation from obstruction of vasa vasorum by homocysteinylated and oxidized lipoprotein aggregates complexed with microbial remnants and LDL autoantibodies. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2009;39:3-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCully KS. N-homocysteine thiolactonylretinamide and use thereof as an antineoplastic agent. US4618685; 1986
   Google Scholar
• McCully KS. N-homocysteine thiolactonylretinamidocobalamin and methods of use therof. US4926931; 1990
   Google Scholar
• Kazimir M, Wilson FR. Method for synthesis of N-homocysteine thiolactonylretinamide. US6054595; 2000
   Google Scholar
• Kazimir M, Wilson FR. Method for synthesis of N-homocysteine thiolactonylretinamidocobalamin and uses thereof. US6287818; 2001
   Google Scholar
• McCully KS. Thioretinacoozonide and enhanced biological activity of thioretinacoozonide in combination with interferon. US5565558; 1996
   Google Scholar
• McCully KS. Enhanced liposomal thioretinacoozonide compositions and liposomal carrier. US 6696082; 2004
   Google Scholar
• McCully KS. Compositions and method for utilization of thioretinamide in therapy of degenerative diseases of aging. US201113067504 2011
   Google Scholar
• McCully KS. Chemical pathology of homocysteine. V. Thioretinamide, thioretinaco, and cystathionine synthase function in degenerative diseases. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2011;41:301-14
   Google Scholar
• Carballal S, Madzelan P, Zinola CF, et al. Dioxygen reactivity and heme redox potential of truncated human cystathionine β-synthase. Biochemistry 2008;47:3194-202
   Google Scholar
• Ingenbleek Y, McCully KS. Vegetarianism produces subclinical malnutrition, hyperhomocysteinemia and atherogenesis. Nutrition 2012;28:148-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCully KS. Homocysteine metabolism in scurvy. growth and arteriosclerosis.Nature 1971;231:391-2
   Google Scholar
• Kim J, Hong SJ, Park JH, et al. Expression of cystathionine β-synthase is downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and associated with poor prognosis. Oncol Rep 2009;21:1449-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beard J. The enzymatic treatment of cancer and its scientific basis. Chatto& Windaus; London: 1911. Republished by New Spring Press; New York: 2010; with a foreword by Nicholas Gonzalez
   Google Scholar
• Acevedo HF, Tong J, Hartsock RJ. Human chorionic gonadotropin-beta subunit gene expression in cultured human fetal and cancer cells of different types and origins. Cancer 1995;76:1467-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak JF, Trynka F. Proenzyme therapy of cancer. Anticancer Res 2005;25:1157-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez N, Isaacs L. The trophoblast and the origins of cancer. New Spring Press; New York; 2009
   Google Scholar
• Perla-Kajan J, Twardowski T, Jakubowski H. Mechanisms of homocysteine toxicity in humans. Amino Acids 2007;32:561-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krebs ETJr. The nitrilosides in plants and animals. In: The nitrilosides in the prevention and control of cancer. McNaughton Foundation; Los Angeles: 1966. pp. 1-21
   Google Scholar
• Tylleskar T, Banea M, Bikangi N, et al. Cassava cyanogens and konzo, an upper motoneuron disease found in Africa. Lancet 1992;339:208-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tor-Agbidye J, Palmer VS, Lasarev MR, et al. Bioactivation of cyanide to cyanate in sulfur amino acid deficiency: relevance to neurological disease in humans subsisting on cassava. Toxicol Sci 1999;50:228-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson KR, Whitfield NL. Hydrogen sulfide and oxygen sensing in the cardiovascular system. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010;12:1219-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen U, Basu P, Abe OA, et al. Hydrogen sulfide ameliorates hyperhomocysteinemia-associated chronic renal failure. Amer J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009;297:F410-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang L, Geng B, Yu F, et al. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits myocardial injury induced by homocysteine in rats. Amino Acids 2008;34:573-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamat PK, Kalani S, Givvimani PB, et al. Hydrogen sulfide attenuates neurodegeneration and neurovascular dysfunction induced by intracerebral-administered homocysteine in mice. Neuroscience 2013;252:302-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson K, Judra M, Furne J. Differentiation of the roles of sulfide oxidase and rhodanese in the detoxification of sulfide by the colonic mucosa. Dig Dis Sci 2008;53:277-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havlik RJ, Feinleib M. editors. Proceedings of the conference on the decline in coronary heart disease mortality. National Institutes of Health Publication; Bethesda: 1979. pp. 79-1610
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder HA. Losses of vitamins and trace minerals resulting from processing and preservation of foods. Amer J Clin Nutr 1971;24:562-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selhub J, Jacques PF, Wilson PWF, et al. Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population. J Amer Med Assoc 1993;270:2693-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacques PF, Selhub J, Boston AG, et al. The effect of folic acid fortification on plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1449-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCully KS. Homocysteine, vitamins, and vascular disease prevention. Amer J Clin Nutr 2007;86(Suppl):1563S-8S
   Google Scholar
• Yang Q, Friedman JM, Botto LD. Improvement in stroke mortality in Canada and the United States, 1990 to 2002. Circulation 2006;113:1335-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toole JF, Malinow MR, Chambless LE, et al. Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death. The Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trial. J Amer Med Assoc 2004;291:565-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonaa KH, Njolstad I, Ueland PM, et al. Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1578-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonn E, Yusuf S, Malcolm JA, et al. Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE2) Investigators. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1567-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamison RL, Hartigan P, Kaufman JS, et al. Effect of homocysteine lowering on mortality and vascular disease in advanced chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Amer Med Assoc 2007;298:1163-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence JD, Bang H, Chambless LE, Stampfer MJ. Vitamin intervention for stroke prevention trial. An efficacy analysis. Stroke 2005;36:2404-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence JD. B vitamin therapy for homocysteine: renal function and vitamin B12 determine vascular outcomes. ClinChem Lab Med 2013;51:633-7
   Google Scholar
• Spence JD, Stampfer MJ. Understanding the complexity of homocysteine lowering with vitamins.The potential role of subgroup analyses. J Amer Med Assoc 2011;306:2610-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House AA, Eliasziw M, Cattran DC, et al. Effect of B-vitamin therapy on progression of diabetic nephropathy.A randomized controlled trial. J Amer Med Assoc 2010;303:1603-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence JD, House AA, Eliasziw M. B-vitamin therapy for diabetic nephropathy: reply. J Amer Med Assoc 2010;303:636-7
   Google Scholar
• Loscalzo J. Homocysteine trials – clear outcomes for complex reasons. New Eng J Med 2006;354:1629-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamler JS, Simon DI, Osborne J, et al. S-Nitrosylation of proteins with nitric oxide: synthesis and characterization of biologically active compounds. Proc Natl AcadSci USA 1992;89:444-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamler JS, Osborne JA, Jaraki O, et al. Adverse vascular effects of homocysteine are modulated by endothelium-derived relaxing factor and related oxides of nitrogen. J Clin Invest 1993;91:308-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama K, Yoshida A, Takeda A, et al. Abnormal cyanide metabolism in uraemic patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997;12:1622-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama K, Ito A, Yamamoto J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of the effect of short-term coadministration of methylcobalamin and folate on serum ADMA concentration in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis. Amer J Kid Dis 2010;55:1069-78
   Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Zhao X, Jin H, et al. Role of hydrogen sulfide in the development of atherosclerotic lesions in apo-lipoprotein E knockout mice.ArteriosclerThrombVascBiol. 2009;29:173-9
   Google Scholar
• Wald DS, Bestwick JP, Wald NJ. Homocysteine as a cause of ischemic heart disease: the door remains open. Clin Chem 2012;58:1488-90
   Google Scholar
• McCully KS. editor. Homocysteine: biosynthesis and health implications. Nova Science; New York: 2014
   Google Scholar
• McCully KS. Pioneer of the homocysteine theory. Nova Science; New York: 2013
   Google Scholar
• Graham I, Refsum H, Rosenberg IH, et al. editors. Homocysteine metabolism: from basic science to clinical medicine. Kluwer; Boston: 1997
   Google Scholar
• Stacey M. The fall and rise of Kilmer McCully. New York Times Magazine; August 10 1997
   Google Scholar
• McCully KS. The homocysteine revolution. Keats; New Canaan: 1997
   Google Scholar
• McCully KS, McCully M. The heart revolution. The extraordinary discovery that finally laid the cholesterol myth to rest. HarperCollins; New York; 1999
   Google Scholar