Can a fixed-ratio combination of insulin degludec and liraglutide help Type 2 diabetes patients to optimize glycemic control across the day?

References

• International Diabetes Federation. Last updated 2012. Diabetes Atlas Update 2012. Available from: www.idf.org/sites/default/files/attachments/5E_IDFAtlasPoster_2012_EN.pdf?utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=IDF%20Diabetes%20Atlas%202012%20Update&utm_content=IDF%20Diabetes%20Atlas%202012%20Update+Preview+CID_720a5262162f1f585ba9fc8ca39fef30&utm_source=campaignmonitor&utm_term=English [Last accessed on June 2014]
   Google Scholar
• WHO Fact sheet. Available from: www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/ [Last accessed on June 2014]
   Google Scholar
• Hemmingsen B, Lund SS, Gluud C, et al. Targeting intensive glycaemic control versus targeting conventional glycaemic control for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;11:CD008143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanefeld M, Duetting E, Bramlage P. Cardiac implications of hypoglycaemia in patients with diabetes - a systematic review. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013;12:135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach: position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care 2012;35(6):1364-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vora J. Combining incretin-based therapies with insulin: realizing the potential in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013;36(Suppl 2):S226-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiter LA, Ceriello A, Davidson JA, et al. Postprandial glucose regulation: new data and new implications. Clin Ther 2005;27(Suppl B):S42-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blak BT, Smith HT, Hards M, et al. Optimization of insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: beyond basal insulin. Diabet Med 2012;29(7):e13-20
   Google Scholar
• Curtis B, Lage MJ. Glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes who initiate basal insulin: a retrospective cohort study. J Med Econ 2014;17(1):21-31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peyrot M, Barnett AH, Meneghini LF, Schumm-Draeger PM. Insulin adherence behaviours and barriers in the multinational Global Attitudes of Patients and Physicians in Insulin Therapy study. Diabet Med 2012;29(5):682-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuddihy RM, Philis-Tsimikas A, Nazeri A. Type 2 diabetes care and insulin intensification: is a more multidisciplinary approach needed? Results from the MODIFY survey. Diabetes Educ 2011;37(1):111-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunt T, Snoek FJ. Barriers to insulin initiation and intensification and how to overcome them. Int J Clin Pract Suppl 2009;164:6-10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polinski JM, Connolly JG, Curtis BH, et al. Patterns and trends in insulin intensification among patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Prim Care Diabetes 2014;8(2):101-9
   Google Scholar
• Nauck MA, Kleine N, Orskov C, et al. Normalization of fasting hyperglycaemia by exogenous glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36 amide) in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1993;36(8):741-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauck MA, Niedereichholz U, Ettler R, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 inhibition of gastric emptying outweighs its insulinotropic effects in healthy humans. Am J Physiol 1997;273(5 Pt 1):E981-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst JJ. Incretin hormones and the satiation signal. Int J Obes 2013;37(9):1161-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauck M, Stöckmann F, Ebert R, Creutzfeldt W. Reduced incretin effect in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 1986;29(1):46-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund A, Knop FK, Vilsbøll T. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: differences and similarities. Eur J Intern Med 2014;25:407-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buse JB, Bergenstal RM, Glass LC, et al. Use of twice-daily exenatide in Basal insulin treated patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2011;154(2):103-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVries JH, Bain SC, Rodbard HW, et al. Sequential intensification of metformin treatment in type 2 diabetes with liraglutide followed by randomized addition of basal insulin prompted by A1C targets. Diabetes Care 2012;35(7):1446-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahrén B. Insulin plus incretin: a glucose-lowering strategy for type 2-diabetes. World J Diabetes 2014;5(1):40-51
   Google Scholar
• Jonassen I, Havelund S, Hoeg-Jensen T, et al. Design of the novel protraction mechanism of insulin degludec, an ultra-long-acting basal insulin. Pharm Res 2012;29(8):2104-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gough SC, Harris S, Woo V, Davies M. Insulin degludec: overview of a novel ultra long-acting basal insulin. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013;15(4):301-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigato M, Fadini GP. Comparative effectiveness of liraglutide in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2014;7:107-20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ratner RE, Gough SC, Mathieu C, et al. Hypoglycaemia risk with insulin degludec compared with insulin glargine in type 2 and type 1 diabetes: a pre-planned meta-analysis of phase 3 trials. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013;15(2):175-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buse JB, Rosenstock J, Sesti G, et al. Liraglutide once a day versus exenatide twice a day for type 2 diabetes: a 26-week randomised, parallel-group, multinational, open-label trial (LEAD-6). Lancet 2009;374(9683):39-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buse JB, Nauck M, Forst T, et al. Exenatide once weekly versus liraglutide once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes (DURATION-6): a randomised, open-label study. Lancet 2013;81(9861):117-24
   Google Scholar
• Kapitza C, Forst T, Coester HV, et al. Pharmacodynamic characteristics of lixisenatide once daily versus liraglutide once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes insufficiently controlled on metformin. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013;15(7):642-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dungan KM, Povedano ST, Forst T, et al. Once-weekly dulaglutide versus once-daily liraglutide in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes (AWARD-6): a randomised, open-label, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2014;384(9951):1349-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathieu C, Rodbard HW, Cariou B, et al. A comparison of adding liraglutide versus a single daily dose of insulin aspart to insulin degludec in subjects with type 2 diabetes (BEGIN: VICTOZA ADD-ON). Diabetes Obes Metab 2014;16(7):636-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gough SC, Bode B, Woo V, et al. Efficacy and safety of a fixed-ratio combination of insulin degludec and liraglutide (IDegLira) compared with its components given alone: results of a phase 3, open-label, randomised, 26-week, treat-to-target trial in insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014;2(11):885-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garber A, Henry R, Ratner R, et al. Liraglutide versus glimepiride monotherapy for type 2 diabetes (LEAD-3 Mono): a randomised, 52-week, phase III, double-blind, parallel-treatment trial. Lancet 2009;373(9662):473-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marre M, Shaw J, Brändle M, et al. Liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analogue, added to a sulphonylurea over 26 weeks produces greater improvements in glycaemic and weight control compared with adding rosiglitazone or placebo in subjects with Type 2 diabetes (LEAD-1 SU). Diabet Med 2009;26:268-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauck M, Frid A, Hermansen K, et al. Efficacy and safety comparison of liraglutide, glimepiride, and placebo, all in combination with metformin, in type 2 diabetes: the LEAD (liraglutide effect and action in diabetes)-2 study. Diabetes Care 2009;32(1):84-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell-Jones D, Vaag A, Schmitz O, et al. Liraglutide vs insulin glargine and placebo in combination with metformin and sulfonylurea therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (LEAD-5 met+SU): a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2009;52(10):2046-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinman B, Gerich J, Buse JB, et al. Efficacy and safety of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide in combination with metformin and thiazolidinedione in patients with type 2 diabetes (LEAD-4 Met+TZD). Diabetes Care 2009;32(7):1224-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratley RE, Nauck M, Bailey T, et al. Liraglutide versus sitagliptin for patients with type 2 diabetes who did not have adequate glycaemic control with metformin: a 26-week, randomised, parallel-group, open-label trial. Lancet 2010;375(9724):1447-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gough SCL, Buse JB, Woo VC, et al. One-year efficacy and safety of IDegLira in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2014;63(Suppl 1):A17: Abstract 65-OR
   Google Scholar
• Buse JB, Vilsbøll T, Thurman J, et al. Contribution of liraglutide in the fixed-ratio combination of insulin degludec and liraglutide (IDegLira). Diabetes Care 2014;37(11):2926-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar