Challenges in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: glass half empty or half full?

References

• Watts GF, Ooi EM, Chan DC. Demystifying the management of hypertriglyceridaemia. Nat Rev Cardiol 2013;10:648-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegele RA, Ginsberg HN, Chapman MJ, et al. The polygenic nature of hypertriglyceridaemia: implications for definition, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014;2:655-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy MJ, Sheng X, MacDonald TM, Wei L. Hypertriglyceridemia and acute pancreatitis. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173:162-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahebkar A, Chew GT, Watts GF. Recent advances in pharmacotherapy for hypertriglyceridemia. Prog Lipid Res 2014;56:47-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Gill R, Pedersen TL, et al. Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein lipolysis releases neutral and oxidized FFAs that induce endothelial cell inflammation. J Lipid Res 2009;50:204-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH, et al. ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; pii:S0735–1097(13)06028–2
   Google Scholar
• Chapman MJ, Ginsberg HN, Amarenco P, et al. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence and guidance for management. Eur Heart J 2011;32:1345-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The AIM-HIGH investigators. Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy. N Engl J Med 2011;365:2255-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage J. HPS2-THRIVE: Randomized placebo-controlled trial of ER Niacin and laropiprant in 25,673 patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease. American College of Cardiology Annual Scientific Sessions. San Francisco, 2013
   Google Scholar
• Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, et al. Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1237-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999;341:410-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study. Secondary prevention by raising HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2000;102:21-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keech A, Simes RJ, Barter P, et al. Effects of longterm fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:1849-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ACCORD Study Group, Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC, et al. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1563-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott R, O’Brien R, Fulcher G, et al. Effects of fenofibrate treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in 9,795 individuals with type 2 diabetes and various components of the metabolic syndrome: the fenofibrate intervention and event lowering in diabetes (FIELD) study. Diabetes Care 2009;32:493-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tandon N, Ali MK, Narayan KM. Pharmacologic prevention of microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus: implications of the results of recent clinical trials in type 2 diabetes. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2012;12:7-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson MH, Johnson J, Rooney MW, et al. A novel omega-3 free fatty acid formulation has dramatically improved bioavailability during a low-fat diet compared with omega-3-acid ethyl esters: the ECLIPSE (Epanova® compared to Lovaza® in a pharmacokinetic single-dose evaluation) study. J Clin Lipidol 2012;6:573-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantyne CM, Bays HE, Kastelein JJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (AMR101) therapy in statin-treated patients with persistent high triglycerides (from the ANCHOR study). Am J Cardiol 2012;110:984-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki KC, Orloff DG, Nicholls SJ, et al. A highly bioavailable omega-3 free fatty acid formulation improves the cardiovascular risk profile in high-risk, statin-treated patients with residual hypertriglyceridemia (the ESPRIT trial). Clin Ther 2013;35:1400-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Study of AMR101 to evaluate its ability to reduce cardiovascular events in high risk patients with hypertriglyceridemia and on statin. The primary objective is to evaluate the effect of 4 g/Day AMR101 for preventing the occurrence of a first major cardiovascular event. (REDUCE-IT). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01492361
   Google Scholar
• Outcomes Study to Assess STatin Residual Risk Reduction With EpaNova in HiGh CV Risk PatienTs With Hypertriglyceridemia (STRENGTH). Available from: www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02104817
   Google Scholar
• A Study With Aleglitazar in Patients With a Recent Acute Coronary Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01042769
   Google Scholar
• Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results - A Long Term Evaluation (LEADER®). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01179048
   Google Scholar
• Exenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Lowering Trial (EXSCEL): A Trial To Evaluate Cardiovascular Outcomes After Treatment With Exenatide Once Weekly In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01144338
   Google Scholar
• Sahebkar A, Watts GF. New LDL-cholesterol lowering therapies: pharmacology, clinical trials, and relevance to acute coronary syndromes. Clin Ther 2013;35(8):1082-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• http://newsroom.heart.org/news/cholesterol-lowering-drug-with-different-action-adds-to-statins-reduction-of-cardiovascular-risk Cannon CP (presenter): Cholesterol-lowering drug with different action adds to statin’s reduction of cardiovascular risk. American Heart Association Meeting Report Abstract LBCT.02. [Last accessed 30 March 2015]
   Google Scholar