Colistin: efficacy and safety in different populations

References

• Falagas ME, Kasiakou SK. Colistin: the revival of polymyxins for the management of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1333–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, et al. Colistin: the re-emerging antibiotic for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Lancet Infect Dis 2006;6:589–601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim LM, Ly N, Anderson D, et al. Resurgence of colistin: a review of resistance, toxicity, pharmacodynamics, and dosing. Pharmacotherapy 2010;30:1279–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couet W, Grégoire N, Gobin P, et al. Pharmacokinetics of colistin and colistimethate sodium after a single 80–mg intravenous dose of CMS in young healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011;89:875–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grégoire N, Mimoz O, Mégarbane B, et al. New colistin population pharmacokinetic data in critically ill patients suggesting an alternative loading dose rationale. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58:7324–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Milne RW, Nation RL, et al. Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulphonate and colistin in rats following an intravenous dose of colistin methanesulphonate. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;53:837–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchand S, Gobin P, Brillault J, et al. Aerosol therapy with colistin methanesulfonate: a biopharmaceutical issue illustrated in rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:3702-7
   Google Scholar
• Bergen PJ, Li J, Nation RL. Dosing of colistin-back to basic PK/PD. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2011;11:464–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar S, DeSantis ER, Kuper J. Resurgence of colistin use. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007;64:2462-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Milne RW, Nation RL, et al. New colistin population pharmacokinetic data in critically ill patients suggesting an alternative loading dose rationale. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58:7324-30
   Google Scholar
• Plachouras D, Karvanen M, Friberg LE, et al. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of colistin methanesulfonate and colistin after intravenous administration in critically ill patients with infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:3430–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortwine JK, Kaye KS, Li J, et al. Colistin: Understanding and Applying Recent Pharmacokinetic Advances. Pharmacotherapy 2014. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Garonzik SM, Li J, Thamlikitkul V, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate and formed colistin in critically ill patients from a multicenter study provide dosing suggestions for various categories of patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:3284–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grégoire N, Mimoz O, Mégarbane B, et al. New colistin population pharmacokinetic data in critically ill patients suggesting an alternative loading dose rationale. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58:7324–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couet W, Grégoire N, Marchand S, et al. Colistin pharmacokinetics: the fog is lifting. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;18:30–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markou N, Markantonis SL, Dimitrakis E, et al. Colistin serum concentrations after intravenous administration in critically ill patients with serious multidrug-resistant, gram-negative bacilli infections: a prospective, open-label, uncontrolled study. Clin Ther 2008;30:143–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grégoire N, Mimoz O, Mégarbane B, et al. New colistin population pharmacokinetic data in critically ill patients suggesting an alternative loading dose rationale. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58:7324–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hengzhuang W1, Wu H, Ciofu O, Song Z, Høiby N. In vivo pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of colistin and imipenem in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56:2683–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luque S, Grau S, Valle M, et al. Differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of colistimethate sodium (CMS) and colistin between three different CMS dosage regimens in a critically ill patient infected by a multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013;42:178–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colistimethate sodium injection [package insert]. APP Pharmaceuticals LLC; Schaumburg: 2008
   Google Scholar
• Sorlí L, Luque S, Grau S, et al. Trough colistin plasma level is an independent risk factor for nephrotoxicity: a prospective observational cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2013;13:380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Kasiakou SK, Kofteridis DP, et al. Effectiveness and nephrotoxicity of intravenous colistin for treatment of patients with infections due to polymyxin-only-susceptible (POS) gram-negative bacteria. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006;25:596–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Rizos M, Bliziotis IA, et al. Toxicity after prolonged (more than four weeks) administration of intravenous colistin. BMC Infect Dis 2005;5:1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalfino L, Puntillo F, Mosca A, et al. High-dose, extended-interval colistin administration in critically ill patients: is this the right dosing strategy? A preliminary study. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54:1720–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko HJ, Jeon MH, Choo Ej, et al. Early acute kidney injury is a risk factor that predicts mortality in patients treated with colistin. Nephron Clin Pract 2011;11:c284–8
   Google Scholar
• Kwon JA, Lee JE, Huh W, et al. Predictors of acute kidney injury associated with intravenous colistin treatment. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010;35:473–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallel H, Bahloul M, Hergafi L, et al. Colistin as a salvage therapy for nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria in the ICU. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006;28:366–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karli A, Paksu MS, Karadag A, et al. Colistin use in pediatric intensive care unit for severe nosocomial infections: experience of an university hospital. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2013;12:32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocco M, Montini L, Alessandri E, et al. Risk factors for acute kidney injury in critically ill patients receiving high intravenous doses of colistin methanesulfonate and/or other nephrotoxic antibiotics: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care 2013;17:R174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartzell JD, Neff R, Ake J, et al. Nephrotoxicity associated with intravenous colistin (colistimethate sodium) treatment at a tertiary care medical center. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1724–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pogue JM, Lee J, Marchaim D, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for colistin-associated nephrotoxicity in a large academic health system. Clin Infect Dis 2011;53:879–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Rafailidis PI, Kasiakou SK, et al. Effectiveness and nephrotoxicity of colistin monotherapy vs colistin-meropenem combination therapy for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006;12. 1227–30
   Google Scholar
• Zaidi ST, Al Omran S, Al Aithan AS, et al. Efficacy and safety of low-dose colistin in the treatment for infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. J Clin Pharm Ther 2014;39:272–6
   Google Scholar
• Koomanachai P, Tiengrim S, Kiratisin P, et al. Efficacy and safety of colistin (colistimethate sodium) for therapy of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Int J Infect Dis 2007;11:402–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betrosian AP, Frantzeskaki F, Xanthaki A, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose ampicillin/sulbactam vs colistin as monotherapy for the treatment of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Infect 2008;56:432–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydemir H, Akduman D, Piskin N, et al. Colistin vs the combination of colistin and rifampicin for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia. Epidemiol Infect 2013;141:1214–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamma PD, Lee CK. Use of colistin in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009;28:534–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deryke CA, Crawford AJ, Uddin N, et al. Colistin dosing and nephrotoxicity in a large community teaching hospital. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:4503–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doshi NM, Mount KL, Murphy CV. Nephrotoxicity associated with intravenous colistin in critically ill patients. Pharmacotherapy 2011;31:1257–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauthier TP, Wolowich WR, Reddy A, et al. Incidence and predictors of nephrotoxicity associated with intravenous colistin in overweight and obese patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56:2392–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durante-Mangoni E, Signoriello G, Andini R, et al. Colistin and rifampicin compared with colistin alone for the treatment of serious infections due to extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:349–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins JM, Haynes K, Gallagher JC. Emergent renal dysfunction with colistin pharmacotherapy. Pharmacotherapy 2013;33:812–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkan II, Dogan M, Durdu B, et al. Colistin nephrotoxicity increases with age. Scand J Infect Dis 2014;46:678–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akajagbor DS, Wilson SL, Shere-Wolfe KD, et al. Higher incidence of acute kidney injury with intravenous colistimethate sodium compared with polymyxin B in critically ill patients at a tertiary care medical center. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:1300–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrosillo N, Giannella M, Antonelli M, et al. Clinical experience of colistin-glycopeptide combination in critically ill patients infected with Gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58:851–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Averbuch D, Horwitz E, Strahilevitz J, et al. Colistin is relatively safe in hematological malignancies and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients. Infection 2013;41:991–7
   Google Scholar
• Pintado V, San Miguel LG, Grill F, et al. Intravenous colistin sulphomethate sodium for therapy of infections due to multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. J Infect 2008;56:185–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durakovic N, Radojcic V, Boban A, et al. Efficacy and safety of colistin in the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with hematologic malignancy: a matched pair analysis. Intern Med 2011;50:1009–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Z, Wang J, Nation RL, et al. Renal disposition of colistin in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53:2857–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dai C, Li J, Tang S, et al. Colistin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice involves the mitochondrial, death receptor, and endoplasmic reticulum pathways. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58:4075–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eadon MT, Hack BK, Alexander JJ, et al. Cell cycle arrest in a model of colistin nephrotoxicity. Physiol Genomics 2013;45:877–88
   Google Scholar
• Rattanaumpawan P, Ungprasert P, Thamlikitkul V. Risk factors for colistin-associated nephrotoxicity. J Infect 2011;62:187–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuon FF, Rigatto MH, Lopes CK, et al. Risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients treated with polymyxin B or colistin methanesulfonate sodium. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014;43:349–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul M, Bishara J, Levcovich A, et al. Effectiveness and safety of colistin: prospective comparative cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65:1019–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis JR, Lewis SA. Colistin interactions with the mammalian urothelium. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004;286:C913–22
   Google Scholar
• Cheng CY, Sheng WH, Wang JT, et al. Safety and efficacy of intravenous colistin (colistin methanesulphonate) for severe multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010;35:297–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodise TP, Lomaestro B, Graves J, et al. Larger vancomycin doses (at least four grams per day) are associated with an increased incidence of nephrotoxicity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:1330–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Lee KH, Yoo S, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of colistin-induced nephrotoxicity. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009;34:434–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montero M, Horcajada JP, Sorlí L, et al. Effectiveness and safety of colistin for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Infection 2009;37:461–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turkoglu M, Dizbay M, Ciftçi A, et al. Colistin therapy in critically ill patients with chronic renal failure and its effect on development of renal dysfunction. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012;39:142–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mostardeiro MM, Pereira CA, Marra AR, et al. Nephrotoxicity and efficacy assessment of polymyxin use in 92 transplant patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013;57:1442–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valour F, Dutronc H, Dinh A, et al. Difficult-to-treat Gram-negative bone and joint infections: efficacy and safety of prolonged intravenous colistin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013;41:197–9
   Google Scholar
• Yousef JM, Chen G, Hill PA, et al. Ascorbic acid protects against the nephrotoxicity and apoptosis caused by colistin and affects its pharmacokinetics. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012;67:452–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousef JM, Chen G, Hill PA, et al. Melatonin attenuates colistin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:4044–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozyilmaz E, Ebinc FA, Derici U, et al. Could nephrotoxicity due to colistin be ameliorated with the use of N-acetylcysteine? Intensive Care Med 2011;37:141–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghlissi Z, Hakim A, Sila A, et al. Evaluation of efficacy of natural astaxanthin and vitamin E in prevention of colistin-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat model. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2014;37:960–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Kasiakou SK. Toxicity of polymyxins: a systematic review of the evidence from old and recent studies. Crit Care 2006;10:R27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch-Weser J, Sidel VW, Federman EB, et al. Adverse effects of sodium colistimethate. Manifestations and specific reaction rates during 317 courses of therapy. Ann Intern Med 1970;72:857–68
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tamma PD, Newland JG, Pannaraj PS, et al. The use of intravenous colistin among children in the United States: results from a multicenter, case series. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013;32:17–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoor K, Jajoo M, Dublish S, et al. Intravenous colistin for multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections in critically ill pediatric patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013;14:e268–72
   Google Scholar
• Kofteridis DP, Alexopoulou C, Valachis A, et al. Aerosolized plus intravenous colistin versus intravenous colistin alone for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a matched case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51:1238–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spapen H, Jacobs R, Van Gorp V, et al. Renal and neurological side effects of colistin in critically ill patients. Ann Intensive Care 2011;1:14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha A, Soriano SM, Song M, et al. Intravenous colistin-induced acute respiratory failure: A case report and a review of literature. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci 2014;4:266–70
   Google Scholar
• Iosifidis E, Antachopoulos C, Ioannidou M, et al. Colistin administration to pediatric and neonatal patients. Eur J Pediatr 2010;169:867–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Sideri G, Vouloumanou EK, et al. Intravenous colistimethate (colistin) use in critically ill children without cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009;28:123–7
   Google Scholar
• Dimitriades K, Morrow BM, Jeena P. A retrospective study on the effects of colistin therapy in children with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial pathogens: impact of HIV status on outcome. Arch Dis Child 2014;99:262–6
   Google Scholar
• Celebi S, Hacimustafaoglu M, Koksal N, et al. Colistimethate sodium therapy for multidrug-resistant isolates in pediatric patients. Pediatr Int 2010;52:410–4
   Google Scholar
• Karbuz A, Özdemir H, Yaman A, et al. The use of colistin in critically ill children in a pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014;33:e19–24
   Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Vouloumanou EK, Rafailidis PI. Systemic colistin use in children without cystic fibrosis: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009;33:503.e1–503.e13
   Google Scholar
• Paksu MS, Paksu S, Karadag A, et al. Old agent, new experience: colistin use in the paediatric Intensive Care Unit–a multicentre study. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012;40:140–4
   Google Scholar
• Jajoo M, Kumar V, Jain M, et al. Intravenous colistin administration in neonates. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011;30:218–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosanova M, Epelbaum C, Noman A, et al. Use of colistin in a pediatric burn unit in Argentina. J Burn Care Res 2009;30:612–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ganapathy H, Pal SK, Teare L, et al. Use of colistin in treating multi-resistant Gram-negative organisms in a specialised burns unit. Burns 2010;36:522–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goverman J, Weber JM, Keaney TJ, et al. Intravenous colistin for the treatment of multi-drug resistant, gram-negative infection in the pediatric burn population. J Burn Care Res 2007;28:421–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branski LK, Al-Mousawi A, Rivero H, et al. Emerging infections in burns. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2009;10:389–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho YS, Yim H, Yang HT, et al. Use of parenteral colistin for the treatment of multiresistant Gram-negative organisms in major burn patients in South Korea. Infection 2012;40:27–33
   Google Scholar
• Karvanen M, Plachouras D, Friberg LE, et al. Colistin methanesulfonate and colistin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients receiving continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013;57:668–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koomanachai P, Landersdorfer CB, Chen G, et al. Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate and formed colistin in end-stage renal disease patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58:440–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honore PM, Jacobs R, Joannes-Boyau O, et al. Continuous renal replacement therapy allows higher colistin dosing without increasing toxicity. J Transl Intern Med 2013;1:6-8
   Google Scholar
• Honoré PM, Jacobs R, Joannes-Boyau O, et al. Continuous renal replacement therapy-related strategies to avoid colistin toxicity: a clinically orientated review. Blood Purif 2014;37:291-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jitmuang A, Nation RL, Koomanachai P, et al. Extracorporeal clearance of colistin methanesulphonate and formed colistin in end-stage renal disease patients receiving intermittent haemodialysis: implications for dosing. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; Epub ahead of print
   Google Scholar
• Hachem RY, Chemaly RF, Ahmar CA, et al. Colistin is effective in treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cancer patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:1905–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healy DP, Sombun AD, Gardner JC, et al. Pharmacokinetics of colistin in an adolescent boy with extensive burn injury. J Burn Care Res 2011;32:e7–11
   Google Scholar
• Kunin CM, Bugg A. Binding of polymyxin antibiotics to tissues: the major determinant of distribution and persistence in the body. J Infect Dis 1971;124:394–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imberti R, Cusato M, Villani P, et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetics and BAL concentration of colistin in critically Ill patients after IV colistin methanesulfonate administration. Chest 2010;138:1333–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korbila IP, Michalopoulos A, Rafailidis PI, et al. Inhaled colistin as adjunctive therapy to intravenous colistin for the treatment of microbiologically documented ventilator-associated pneumonia: a comparative cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010;16:1230–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tumbarello M, De Pascale G, Trecarichi EM, et al. Effect of aerosolized colistin as adjunctive treatment on the outcomes of microbiologically documented ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by colistin-only susceptible gram-negative bacteria. Chest 2013;144:1768–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurjar M. Colistin for lung infection: an update. J Intensive Care 2015;3:3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W S Yapa S, Li J, Patel K, et al. Pulmonary and systemic pharmacokinetics of inhaled and intravenous colistin methanesulfonate in cystic fibrosis patients: targeting advantage of inhalational administration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58:2570–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratjen F, Rietschel E, Kasel D, et al. Pharmacokinetics of inhaled colistin in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;57:306–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gales AC, Jones RN, Sader HS. Contemporary activity of colistin and polymyxin B against a worldwide collection of Gram-negative pathogens: results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2006–09). J Antimicrob Chemother 2011;66:2070–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu Q, Luo R, Bodin L, et al. Nebulized Antibiotics Study Group. Efficacy of high-dose nebulized colistin in ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Anesthesiology 2012;117:1335–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Siempos II, Rafailidis PI, et al. Inhaled colistin as monotherapy for multidrug-resistant gram (-) nosocomial pneumonia: a case series. Respir Med 2009;103:707–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalopoulos A, Fotakis D, Virtzili S, et al. Aerosolized colistin as adjunctive treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: a prospective study. Respir Med 2008;102:407–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rattanaumpawan P, Lorsutthitham J, Ungprasert P, et al. Randomized controlled trial of nebulized colistimethate sodium as adjunctive therapy of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Gram-negative bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65:2645–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu WJ, Wang F, Tang L, et al. Colistin for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014;44:477–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang CH, Tsai CM, Wu TH, et al. Colistin inhalation monotherapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia of Acinetobacter baumannii in prematurity. Pediatr Pulmonol 2014;49:381–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicari G, Bauer SR, Neuner EA, et al. Association between colistin dose and microbiologic outcomes in patients with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2013;56:398–404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson RL, Burns JL, Ramsey BW. Pathophysiology and management of pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:918–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenza G, Radike K, Schoen C, et al. Resistance to tobramycin and colistin in isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from chronically colonized patients with cystic fibrosis under antimicrobial treatment. Scand J Infect Dis 2010;42:885–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen T, Pedersen SS, Garne S, et al. Colistin inhalation therapy in cystic fibrosis patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 1987;19:831–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littlewood KJ, Higashi K, Jansen JP, et al. A network meta-analysis of the efficacy of inhaled antibiotics for chronic Pseudomonas infections in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2012;11:419–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan G, Singh M, Dwan K. Inhaled antibiotics for long-term therapy in cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;10.1002/14651858
   Google Scholar
• Hodson ME, Gallagher CG, Govan JR. A randomised clinical trial of nebulised tobramycin or colistin in cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2002;20:658–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoniu SA, Cojocaru I. Inhaled colistin for lower respiratory tract infections. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012;9:333–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motaouakkil S, Charra B, Hachimi A, et al. Colistin and rifampicin in the treatment of nosocomial infections from multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J Infect 2006;53:274–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domínguez-Ortega J, Manteiga E, Abad-Schilling C, et al. Induced tolerance to nebulized colistin after severe reaction to the drug. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2007;17:59–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergen PJ, Forrest A, Bulitta JB, et al. Clinically relevant plasma concentrations of colistin in combination with imipenem enhance pharmacodynamic activity against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa at multiple inocula. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:5134-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassetti M, Repetto E, Righi E, et al. Colistin and rifampicin in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;61:417-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirijatuphat R, Thamlikitkul V. Preliminary study of colistin versus colistin plus fosfomycin for treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58:5598–601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewan A, Shoukat M. Evaluation of risk of nephrotoxicity with high dose, extended-interval colistin administration. Indian J Crit Care Med 2014;18:427–30
   Google Scholar
• Kasiakou SK, Michalopoulos A, Soteriades ES, et al. Combination therapy with intravenous colistin for management of infections due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in patients without cystic fibrosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:3136–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reina R, Estenssoro E, Sáenz G, et al. Safety and efficacy of colistin in Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas infections: a prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med 2005;31:1058–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar