697
Views
128
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The link between allergic rhinitis and asthma: the united airways disease

, , , , &
Pages 413-423 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Passalacqua G, Ciprandi G, Canonica GW. The nose–lung interaction: united airways disease. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol.1, 7–14 (2001).
  • Bousquet J, van Cauwenberge P. ARIA. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma. Position paper in cooperation with WHO. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.108(Suppl. 5), S23–S35 (2001).
  • The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema. Lancet351, 1225–1232 (1998).
  • Moller C, Dreborg S, Ferdousi HA et al. Pollen immunotherapy reduces the development of asthma in children with seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis (the PAT study). J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.109, 251–256 (2002).
  • Dykewicz MS. 7. Rhinitis and sinusitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.111(Suppl. 2), S520–S529 (2003).
  • Moscato G, Siracusa A. Rhinitis guidelines and implications for occupational rhinitis. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol.9(2), 110–115 (2009).
  • Crimi E, Milanese M, Oddera S et al. Inflammatory and mechanical factors of allergen-induced bronchoconstriction in mild asthma and rhinitis. J. Appl. Physiol.91, 1029–1034 (2001).
  • Bousquet J, Vignola AM, Demoly P. Links between rhinitis and asthma. Allergy58, 691–706 (2003).
  • Yawn BP, Yunginger JW, Wollan PC et al. Allergic rhinitis in Rochester, Minnesota, residents with asthma: frequency and impact on health care charges. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.103, 54–59 (1999).
  • Kocevar VS, Bisgaard H, Johsson L et al. Variations in pediatric asthma hospitalization rates and costs between and within Nordic countries. Chest125, 1680–1684 (2004).
  • Simons FER. Allergic rhinobronchitis: the asthma–allergic rhinitis link. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.104, 534–540 (1994).
  • Settipane G, Settipane RJ, Hagy GW. Long term risk factors for developing asthma amd allergic rhinitis: a 23 year follow up study of college students. Allergy Proc.15, 21–25 (1994).
  • Anderson HR, Pottier AC, Strachan DP. Asthma from birth to age 23: incidence and relationship to prior and concurrent atopic status. Thorax47, 537–542 (1992).
  • Jenkins MA, Hopper JL, Flander LB et al. The associations between childhood asthma, and atopy, and parental asthma, hay fever and smoking. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol.7, 67–76 (1993).
  • Burgess JA, Walters EH, Byrnes GB et al. Childhood allergic rhinitis predicts asthma incidence and persistence to middle age: a longitudinal study. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.120(4), 863–869 (2007).
  • Lombardi C, Passalacqua G, Gargioni S et al. The natural history of respiratory allergy: a follow up study of 99 patients up to 10 years. Respir. Med.95(1), 9–12 (2001).
  • Cirillo I, Vizzaccaro A, Tosca MA et al. Prevalence and treatment of allergic rhinitis in Italian conscripts. Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol.35, 204–207 (2003).
  • Braman SS, Barrows AA, DeCotiis BA et al. Airways hyperresponsiveness in allergic rhinitis. A risk factor for asthma. Chest91, 671–674 (1987).
  • Kapsali T, Horowitz E, Togias A. Rhinitis is ubiquitous in allergic asthmatics. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.99, S138 (1999).
  • Leynaert B, Bousquet J, Neukirch C et al. Perennial rhinitis: an independent risk factor for asthma in nonatopic subjects. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.104, 301–304 (1999).
  • Shaaban R, Zureik M, Soussan D et al. Rhinitis and onset of asthma: a longitudinal population-based study. Lancet372(9643), 1049–1057 (2008).
  • Valero A, Pereira C, Loureiro C et al. Interrelationship between skin sensitization, rhinitis, and asthma in patients with allergic rhinitis: a study of Spain and Portugal. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol.19(3), 167–172 (2009).
  • Taegtmeyer AB, Steurer-Stey C, Spertini F et al. Allergic rhinitis in patients with asthma: the Swiss LARA (Link Allergic Rhinitis in Asthma) survey. Curr. Med. Res. Opin.25(5), 1073–1080 (2009).
  • Rachelefsky GS, Goldber M, Katz RM et al. Sinus disease in children with respiratory allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.61, 310–314 (1999).
  • Annaesi-Maesano I. Epidemiological evidence of the occurrence of rhinitis and sinusitis in asthma. Allergy54(Suppl. 57), 7–13 (1978).
  • De Benedictis FM, Miraglia de Giudice M. Rhinitis, sinusitis, asthma: a common link. Paediatr. Respir. Rev.2, 358–364 (2001).
  • Tosca A, Riccio A, Marseglia G et al. Nasal endoscopy in asthmatic children: assessment of rhinosinusitis and adenoiditis incidence, correlations with cytology and microbiology. Clin. Exp. Allergy31(4), 609–615 (2001).
  • Undem BJ, McAlexander M, Hunter DD. Neurobiology of the upper and lower airways. Allergy54(Suppl. 57), 81–93 (1999).
  • Sluder G. Asthma as a nasal reflex. JAMA73, 589–591 (1919).
  • Littell NT, Carlisle CC, Millman RP, Braman SS. Changes in airways resistance following nasal provocation. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.141, 580–583 (1990).
  • Corren J, Adinoff A, Irvin C. Changes in bronchial responsiveness following nasal provocation with allergens. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.89, 611–618 (1992).
  • Small P, Bisken N. The effects of allergen-induced nasal provocation on pulmonary function in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Am. J. Rhinol.3, 17–20 (1989).
  • Okuda M. Functional heterogeneity of airways mast cells. Allergy54(Suppl. 57), 50–62 (1999).
  • James A, Carrol N. Airway smooth muscle in health and disease: methods of measurement and relation to function. Eur. Resp. J.15, 782–789 (2000).
  • Gunst SJ, Tang DD. The contractile apparatus and mechanical properties of air smooth muscle. Eur. Resp. J.15, 600–616 (2000).
  • McLane ML, Nelson JA, Lenner KA et al. Integrated response of the upper and lower respiratory tract of asthmatic subjects to frigid air. J. Appl. Physiol.88, 1043–1050 (2000).
  • Denburgh J. The nose, the lung and the bone marrow in allergic inflammation. Allergy54, 73–80 (1999).
  • Sehmi R, Wood LJ, Watson R et al. Allergen-induced increase in IL-5 receptor a subunit expression on bone marrow-derived CD34+ cells from asthmatic subjects. A novel marker of progenitor cell commitment towards eosinophilic differentiation. J. Clin. Invest.100, 2466–2475 (1997).
  • Gaspar Elsas MI, Joseph D, Elsas P, Vargaftig BB. Rapid increase in bone marrow eosinophil production and responses to eosinopoietic interleukin triggered by intranasal allergen challenge. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.17, 404–413 (1997).
  • Lopuhaa CE, Koopmans JG, Jansen HM, Van der Zee JS. Similar levels of nitric oxide in exhaled air in nonasthmatic rhinitis and asthma after bronchial allergen challenge. Allergy58, 300–305 (2003).
  • Bachert C, Van Kempen M, Van Cauwenberge P. Regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol.118, 375–379 (1999).
  • Smith CH, Barker JW, Lee TH. Adhesion molecules in allergic inflammation. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.148(6 Pt 2), S75–S78 (1993).
  • Ciprandi G, Pronzato C, Ricca V et al. Allergen-specific challenge induces intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1 or CD54) on nasal epithelial cells in allergenic subjects. Relationships with early and late inflammatory phenomena. Am. Rev. Respir. Crit. Care Med.150, 1653–1659 (1994).
  • Vignola AM, Campbell A, Chanez P et al. HLA DR and ICAM 1 expression in asthma and chronic bronchitis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.148, 689–694 (1993).
  • Beasley R, Roche WR, Roberts JA, Holgate ST. Cellular events in the bronchi in mild asthma after bronchial provocation. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.139, 806–817 (1989).
  • Jeffery PK, Wardlaw AJ, Nelson FC et al. Bronchial biopsies in asthma. An ultrastructural quantitative study and correlation with hyperreactivity. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.140, 1745–1753 (1989).
  • Ciprandi G, Buscaglia S, Pesce GP et al. Minimal persistent inflammation is present at mucosal level in asymptomatic rhinitic patients with allergy due to mites. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.96, 971–979 (1995).
  • Ricca V, Landi M, Ferrero E et al. Minimal persistent inflammation is also present in patients with pollen allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.105, 54–63 (2000).
  • Greve JM, Davis G, Meyer AM et al. The major human rhinovirus receptor is ICAM-1. Cell56, 839 (1989).
  • Johnston SL, Pattermore PK, Sanderson G et al. The relationship between upper respiratory infections and hospital admissions for asthma: a time-trend analysis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.154, 654–660 (1996).
  • Johnston SL, Pattermore PK, Sanderson G et al. A longitudinal study on the role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in school children in the community. Br. Med. J.310, 1225–1229 (1995).
  • Papi A, Papadopulos NG, Degitz K et al. Corticosteroids inhibit rinoviruses induced intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and promoter activation on respiratory epithelial cells. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.105, 318–326 (2000).
  • Papadopoulos NG, Bates PJ, Bardin PG et al. Rhinoviruses infect the lower airways. J. Infect. Dis.181, 1875–1884 (2000).
  • Blaiss MS. Rhinitis–asthma connection: epidemiologic and pathophysiologic basis. Allergy Asthma Proc.26(1), 35–40 (2005).
  • Wang Y, Bai C, Li K, Adler KB, Wang X. Role of airway epithelial cells in development of asthma and allergic rhinitis. Respir. Med.102(7), 949–955 (2008).
  • Sehmi R, Wood LJ, Watson R et al. Allergen induced increase in IL-5 receptor α-subunit expression on bone marrow-derived CD34+ cells from asthmatic subjects. A novel marker of progenitor cell committment towards eosinophilic differentiation. J. Clin. Invest.100, 2466–2475 (1997).
  • Alvarez MJ, Olaguibel JM, Garcia BE et al. Airway inflammation in asthma and perennial allergic rhinitis. Relationship with nonspecific bronchial responsiveness and maximal airway narrowing. Allergy55, 355–362 (2000).
  • Amsdale EH, Morris MM, Roberts RS, Hargreave FE. An original and rigorous study that helps to elucidate the relationship between rhinitis and bronchial responsiveness. Asymptomatic bronchial hyperresponsiveness in rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.75, 573–577 (1985).
  • Riccio MM, Proud D. Evidence that enhanced nasal activity to bradikynin in patients with symptomatic allergy is mediated by neural reflexes. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.97, 1252–1263 (1996).
  • Togias A. Unique mechanistic features of allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.105, S599–S604 (2000).
  • Tatar M, Plevkova J, Brozmanova M, Pecova R, Kollarik M. Mechanisms of the cough associated with rhinosinusitis. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther.22(2), 121–126 (2009).
  • Ciprandi G, Cirillo I, Vizzaccaro A, Monardo M, Tosca MA. Early bronchial airflow impairment in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis and bronchial hyperreactivity. Respir. Med.99(12), 1606–1612 (2005).
  • Cirillo I, Vizzaccaro A, Tosca MA et al. Bronchial hyperreactivity and spirometric impairment in patients with allergic rhinitis. Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis.63(2), 79–83 (2005).
  • Cirillo I, Pistorio A, Tosca M, Ciprandi G. Impact of allergic rhinitis on asthma: effects on bronchial hyperreactivity. Allergy64(3), 439–444 (2009).
  • Ciprandi G, Cirillo I, Pistorio A, La Grutta S, Tosca M. Impact of allergic rhinitis on asthma: effects on bronchodilation testing. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.101(1), 42–46 (2008).
  • Marseglia GL, Cirillo I, Vizzaccaro A et al. Role of forced expiratory flow at 25–75% as an early marker of small airways impairment in subjects with allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc.28(1), 74–78 (2007).
  • Ciprandi G, Cirillo I, Klersy C et al. Role of FEF25–75 as an early marker of bronchial impairment in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Am. J. Rhinol.20(6), 641–647 (2006).
  • Ciprandi G, Cirillo I, Pistorio A. Impact of allergic rhinitis on asthma: effects on spirometric parameters. Allergy63, 255–260 (2008).
  • Ciprandi G, Cirillo I. The lower airway pathology of rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.119(6), 1557–1558; author reply 1558–1559 (2007).
  • Pedersen PA, Weeke ER. Asthma and allergic rhinitis in the same patients. Allergy38, 25–29 (1983).
  • Braunstahl G, Kleinjan A, Overbeek SE et al. Segmental bronchial provocation induces nasal inflammation in allergic rhinitis patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.161, 2051–2057 (2000).
  • Braunstahl G, Overbeek SE, Kleinjan A et al. Nasal provocation induces adhesion molecule expression and tissue eosinophilia in upper and lower airways. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.107, 469–476 (2001).
  • Marcucci F, Passalacqua G, Canonica GW et al. Lower airway inflammation before and after house dust mite nasal challenge: an age and allergen exposure-related phenomenon. Respir. Med.101(7), 1600–1608 (2007).
  • Silvestri M, Battistini E, Defilippi AC et al. Early decrease in nasal eosinophil proportion after nasal allergen challenge correlates with baseline bronchial reactivity to methacholine in children sensitized to house dust mites. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol.15(4), 266–276 (2005).
  • Ciprandi G, Vizzaccaro A, Cirillo I, Tosca M, Massolo A, Passalacqua G. Nasal eosinophils display the best correlation with symptoms, pulmonary function and inflammation in allergic rhinitis. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol.136(3), 266–272 (2005).
  • Ciprandi G, Milanese M, Tosca MA, Cirillo I, Vizzaccaro A, Ricca V. Nasal eosinophils correlate with FEV1 in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis associated to asthma. Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol.36(10), 363–365 (2004).
  • Moscato G, Pala G, Perfetti L, Frascaroli M, Pignatti P. Clinical and inflammatory features of occupational asthma caused by persulphate salts in comparison with asthma associated with occupational rhinitis. Allergy (Epub ahead of print) (2009).
  • Bachar O, Gustafsson J, Jansson L, Adner M, Cardell LO. Lipopolysaccharide administration to the allergic nose contributes to lower airway inflammation. Clin. Exp. Allergy37(12), 1773–1780 (2007).
  • Bresciani M, Paradis L, Des Roches A et al. Rhinosinusitis in severe asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.107, 763–780 (2001).
  • Smart BA. Is rhinosinusitis a cause of asthma? Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol.30(3), 153–164 (2006).
  • Bachert C, Patou J, Van Cauwenberge P. The role of sinus disease in asthma. Curr. Opin Allergy Clin. Immunol.6(1), 29–36 (2006).
  • Tosca MA, Riccio A, Marseglia G et al. Nasal endoscopy in asthmatic children: assessment of rhinosinusitis and adenoiditis incidence, correlations with cytology and microbiology. Clin. Exp. Allergy31(4), 609–615 (2001).
  • Riccio AM, Tosca MA, Cosentino C et al. Cytokine pattern in allergic and non-allergic chronic rhinosinusitis in asthmatic children. Clin. Exp. Allergy32, 422–426 (2002).
  • Tosca MA, Cosentino C, Pallestrini E et al. Medical treatment reverses cytokine pattern in allergic and nonallergic chronic rhinosinusitis in asthmatic children. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol.14, 238–241 (2003).
  • Brinke A, Grootendorst DC, Schmidt JT et al. Chronic sinusitis in severe asthma is related to sputum eosinophilia. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.109, 621–626 (2002).
  • Bullens DM. Measuring T cell cytokines in allergic upper and lower airway inflammation: can we move to the clinic? Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets6(2), 81–90 (2007).
  • Durham SR. Effect of intranasal corticosteroid treatment on asthma in children and adults. Allergy54(Suppl. 57), 124–131 (1999).
  • Corren J, Adinoff AD, Buckmeier AD, Irwin CG. Nasal beclomethasone prevents the seasonal increase in bronchial responsiveness in patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.90, 250–256 (1992).
  • Foresi A, Pelucchi A, Gherson G et al. Once daily intranasal fluticasone propionate (200 micrograms) reduce nasal symptoms and inflammation but also attenuates the increase in bronchial responsiveness during the pollen season in allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.98, 274–282 (1996).
  • Watson WT, Becker AB, Simons FER. Treatment of allergic rhinitis with intranasal corticosteroids in patients with mild asthma: effect on lower airway responsiveness. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.91, 97–101 (1993).
  • Taramarcaz P, Gibson PG. Intranasal corticosteroids for asthma control in people with coexisting asthma and rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.3, CD003570 (2003).
  • Nathan RA, Yancey SW, Waitkus-Edwards K et al. Fluticasone propionate nasal spray is superior to montelukast for allergic rhinitis while neither affects overall asthma control. Chest128, 1910–1920 (2005).
  • Stelmach R, do Patrocinio TNM, Ribeiro M, Cukier A. Effect of treating allergic rhinitis with corticosteroids in patients with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma. Chest128, 3140–3147 (2005).
  • Adams RJ, Fuhlbrigge AL, Finkelstein JA et al. Intranasal steroids and the risk of emergency department visits for asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.109, 636–642 (2002).
  • Crystal-Peters J, Neslusan C, Crown WH et al. Treating allergic rhinitis in patients with comorbid asthma: the risk of asthma-related hospitalizations and emergency department visits. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.109, 57–62 (2002).
  • Corren J, Manning BE, Thompson SF, Hennessy S, Strom BL. Rhinitis therapy and the prevention of hospital care for asthma: a case–control study. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.113, 415–419 (2002).
  • Pedersen W, Hjuler I, Bisgaard H, Mygind N. Nasal inhalation of budesonide from a spacer in children with perennial rhinitis and asthma. Allergy53(4), 383–387 (1998).
  • Mygind N, Bisgaard H, Dahl R. Simultaneous treatment of rhinitis and asthma by nasal inhalation of corticosteroid from a spacer. Allergy54(Suppl. 57), 132–135 (1999).
  • Shaikh WA. Exhaling a budesonide inhaler through the nose results in a significant reduction in dose requirement of budesonide nasal spray in patients having asthma with rhinitis. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol.9(1), 45–49 (1999).
  • Greiff L, Andersson M, Svensson C et al. Effects of orally inhaled budesonide in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Eur. Respir. J.11(6), 1268–1273 (1998).
  • Sandrini A, Ferreira IM, Jardim JR, Zamel N, Chapman KR. Effect of nasal triamcinolone acetonide on lower airway inflammatory markers in patients with allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.111, 313–320 (2003).
  • Grieff L, Andersson M, Svensson C et al. Effects of orally inhaled budesonide in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Eur. Respir. J.11, 1268–1273 (1998).
  • Grant JA, Nicodemus CF, Findlay SR et al. Cetirizine in patients with seasonal rhinitis and concomitant asthma: prospective, randomized controlled trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.95, 923–932 (1995).
  • Pasquali M, Baiardini I, Rogkakou A et al. Levocetirizine in persistent allergic rhinitis and asthma: effects on symptoms, quality of life and inflammatory parameters. Clin. Exp. Allergy36(9), 1161–1167 (2006).
  • Aubier M, Neukirch C, Peiffer C, Melac M. Effect of cetirizine on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and asthma. Allergy56, 35–42 (2001).
  • Reinartz SM, Overbeek SE, Kleinjan A et al. Desloratadine reduces systemic allergic inflammation following nasal provocation in allergic rhinitis and asthma patients. Allergy60, 1301–1307 (2005).
  • Baena-Cagnani CE, Berger WE, DuBuske LM et al. Comparative effects of desloratadine versus montelukast on asthma symptoms and use of β 2-agonists in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and asthma. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol.130, 307–313 (2003).
  • Corren J, Harris AG, Aaronson D et al. Efficacy and safety of loratadine plus pseudoephedrine in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.100, 781–788 (1997).
  • Roquet Al, Dahlen B, Kumlin M et al. Combined antagonism of leukotriene and histamine produces a predominant inhibition of allergen-induced early and late phase airway obstruction in asthmatics. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.155, 1856–1863 (1997).
  • Meltzer EO, Malmstrom K, Lu S et al. Concomitant montelukast and loratadine as treatment for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.105, 917–922 (2000).
  • Ciprandi G, Ricca V, Tosca MA et al. Continuous antihistamine treatment controls allergic inflammation and reduces respiratory morbidity in children with mite allergy. Allergy54, 358–365 (1999).
  • Ciprandi G, Tosca MA, Passalacqua G, Canonica GW. Long term cetirizine treatment reduces allergic symptoms and supplemental medication use in children with mite allergy. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.87(3), 222–226 (2001).
  • ETAC Study Group. Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in double blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Pediatr. Allergy3, 116–124 (1998).
  • De Benedictis FM, Franceschini F, Hill D et al.; EPAAC Study Group. The allergic sensitization in infants with atopic eczema from different countries. Allergy64(2), 295–303 (2009).
  • Wilson AM, O’Byrne PM, Parameswaran K. Leukotriene receptor antagonists for allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Med.116, 338–344 (2004).
  • Philip G, Nayak AS, Berger WE et al. The effect of montelukast on rhinitis symptoms in patients with asthma and seasonal allergic rhinitis. Curr. Med. Res. Opin.20, 1549–1558 (2004).
  • Wilson AM, Dempsey OJ, Sims EJ, Lipworth BJ. A comparison of topical budesonide and oral montelukast in seasonal allergic rhinitis and asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy31, 616–624 (2001).
  • Moller C, Dreborg S, Ferdousi HA et al. Pollen immunotherapy reduces the development of asthma in children with seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis (the PAT-study). J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.109, 251–256 (2002).
  • Niggemann B, Jacobsen L, Dreborg S et al. Five-year follow-up on the PAT study: specific immunotherapy and long-term prevention of asthma in children. Allergy61, 855–859 (2006).
  • Togias A. Rhinitis and asthma: evidence for respiratory system integration. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.111, 1171–1183 (2003).
  • Jacobsen L, Niggemann B, Dreborg S et al.; The PAT investigator group. Specific immunotherapy has long-term preventive effect of seasonal and perennial asthma: 10-year follow-up on the PAT study. Allergy62(8), 943–948 (2007).
  • Novembre E, Galli E, Landi F et al. Coseasonal sublingual immunotherapy reduces the development of asthma in children with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.114, 851–857 (2004).
  • Chang J, Hong CS. The effect of immunotherapy on nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness in bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. Yonsei Med. J.42, 106–113 (2001).
  • Walker SM, Pajno GB, Lima MT, Wilson DR, Durham SR. Grass pollen immunotherapy for seasonal rhinitis and asthma: a randomized, controlled trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.107, 87–93 (2001).
  • Grembiale RD, Camporota L, Naty S, Tranfa CM, Djukanovic R, Marsico SA. Effects of specific immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis individuals with bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.162, 2048–2052 (2000).
  • Polosa R, Li Gotti F, Mangano G, Mastruzzo C, Pistorio MP, Crimi N. Monitoring of seasonal variability in bronchial hyper-responsiveness and sputum cell counts in non-asthmatic subjects with rhinitis and effect of specific immunotherapy. Clin. Exp. Allergy33, 873–881 (2003).
  • Lombardi C, Gargioni S, Venturi S, Zoccali P, Canonica GW, Passalacqua G. Controlled study of preseasonal immunotherapy with grass pollen extract in tablets: effect on bronchial hyperreactivity. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol.11, 41–45 (2001).
  • Wilson DR, Lima MT, Durham SR. Sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis: systematic review and metaanalysis. Allergy60, 4–12 (2005).
  • Penagos M, Passalacqua G, Compalati E et al. Metaanalysis of the efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy in the treatment of allergic asthma in pediatric patients, 3 to 18 years of age. Chest133(3), 599–609 (2008).
  • Canonica GW, Compalati E. Minimal persistent inflammation in allergic rhinitis: implications for current treatment strategies. Clin. Exp. Immunol.158(3), 260–271 (2009).
  • Oliveira CA, Sole D, Naspitz CK et al. Improvement of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic children treated for concomitant sinusitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.79, 70–74 (1997).
  • Goldstein MF, Grundfast SK, Dunsky EH et al. Effect of functional endoscopic sinus surgery on bronchial asthma outcomes. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.125, 314–319 (1999).
  • Ikeda K, Tanno N, Tamura G et al. Endoscopic sinus surgery improves pulmonary function in patients with asthma associated with chronic sinusitis. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol.108, 355–359 (1999).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.