Diagnosis and treatments of hirsutism: where are we?

References

• Young R, Sinclair R. Hirsuites II: treatment. Australas. J. Dermatol.39(3), 151–157 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair R, Banfield C, Dawber D. Hirsutes. In: Handbook of Diseases of the Hair and Scalp. Sinclair RD, Banfield CC, Dawber RPR (Eds). Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK, 38–48 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• De Berker D, Messenger A, Sinclair R. Disorders of hair. In: Rook’s Textbook of Dermatology. Burns T, Breathnach S, Cox N, Griffiths C (Eds). Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex, UK, 66.80–66.89 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Karrer-Voegeli S, Rey F, Reymond MJ, Meuwly JY, Gaillard RC, Gomez F. Androgen dependence of hirsutism, acne, and alopecia in women: retrospective analysis of 228 patients investigated for hyperandrogenism. Medicine (Baltimore)88(1), 32–45 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JJ, Chae SJ, Choi YM et al. Assessment of hirsutism among Korean women: results of a randomly selected sample of women seeking pre-employment physical check-up. Hum. Reprod.26(1), 214–220 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinclair R, Green J. Skin manifestation of polycystic ovary syndrome. In: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Kovacs G, Norman R (Eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 106–112 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Yazdabadi A, Sinclair R. Hirsutism: from Brazil to a place near you. Expert Opin. Pharmacother.11(2), 177–183 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randall VA. Androgens and hair growth. Dermatol. Ther.21(5), 314–328 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouboulis CC, Chen WC, Thornton MJ, Qin K, Rosenfield R. Sexual hormones in human skin. Horm. Metab. Res.39(2), 85–95 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randall VA, Hibberts NA, Thornton MJ et al. The hair follicle: a paradoxical androgen target organ. Horm. Res.54(5–6), 243–250 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sinclair R. Male androgenetic alopecia. J. Mens Health Gend.1, 319–327 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Elliott K, Stephenson TJ, Messenger AG. Differences in hair follicle dermal papilla volume are due to extracellular matrix volume and cell number: implications for the control of hair follicle size and androgen responses. J. Invest. Dermatol.113(6), 873–877 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Scott E, Ekel T. Geometric relationships between the matrix of the hair bulb and its dermal papilla in normal and alopecic scalp. J. Invest. Dermatol.31(5), 281–287 (1958).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoo HG, Won CH, Lee SR et al. Expression of androgen and estrogen receptors in human scalp mesenchymal cells in vitro. Arch. Dermatol. Res.298(10), 505–509 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Zuuren EJ, Pijl H. Hirsutism. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd.151(42), 2313–2318 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Oliveira A, Sampaio B, Teixeira A, Castro-Correia C, Fontoura M, Luis Medina J. Polycystic ovary syndrome: challenges in adolescence. Endocrinol. Nutr.57(7), 328–336 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Wehr E, Pilz S, Schweighofer N et al. Association of hypovitaminosis D with metabolic disturbances in polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur. J. Endocrinol.161(4), 575–582 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koivunen R, Pouta A, Franks S et al. Fecundability and spontaneous abortions in women with self-reported oligo-amenorrhea and/or hirsutism: Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study. Hum. Reprod.23(9), 2134–2139 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blume-Peytavi U, Garcia-Bartels N. Evidence-based treatment of hirsutism. In: Evidence-Based Dermatology. Williams H, Bigby M, Diepgen T, Herxheimer A, Naldi L, Rzany B (Eds). Blackwell Publishing, London, UK, 527–535 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Wagner RF Jr. Medical and technical issues in office electrolysis and thermolysis. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol.19(6), 575–577 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olsen EA. Methods of hair removal. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.40(2 Pt 1), 143–155; quiz 156–147 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahimi OA, Avram MM, Hanke CW, Kilmer SL, Anderson RR. Laser hair removal. Dermatol. Ther.24(1), 94–107 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haedersdal M, Wulf HC. Evidence-based review of hair removal using lasers and light sources. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.20(1), 9–20 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drosner M, Adatto M. Photo-epilation: guidelines for care from the European Society for Laser Dermatology (ESLD). J. Cosmet. Laser Ther.7(1), 33–38 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orringer JS, Hammerberg C, Lowe L et al. The effects of laser-mediated hair removal on immunohistochemical staining properties of hair follicles. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.55(3), 402–407 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kopera D. Hair reduction: 48 months of experience with 800nm diode laser. J. Cosmet. Laser Ther.5(3–4), 146–149 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wheeland R. Simulated consumer use of a battery-powered, hand-held, portable diode laser (810 nm) for hair removal: a safety, efficacy and ease-of-use study. Lasers Surg. Med.39(6), 476–493 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gold MH, Foster A, Biron JA. Low-energy intense pulsed light for hair removal at home. J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol.3(2), 48–53 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Alster TS, Tanzi EL. Effect of a novel low-energy pulsed-light device for home-use hair removal. Dermatol. Surg.35(3), 483–489 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soltes B. Intense pulsed light therapy. Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am.37(4), 489–499 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Haak CS, Nymann P, Pedersen AT et al. Hair removal in hirsute women with normal testosterone levels: a randomized controlled trial of long-pulsed diode laser vs. intense pulsed light. Br. J. Dermatol.163(5), 1007–1013 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Lumachi F, Basso SM. Medical treatment of hirsutism in women. Curr. Med. Chem.17(23), 2530–2538 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Smith SR, Piacquadio DJ, Beger B, Littler C. Eflornithine cream combined with laser therapy in the management of unwanted facial hair growth in women: a randomized trial. Dermatol. Surg.32(10), 1237–1243 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf JE Jr, Shander D, Huber F et al. Randomized, double-blind clinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of topical eflornithine HCl 13.9% cream in the treatment of women with facial hair. Int. J. Dermatol.46(1), 94–98 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muderris I, Bayram F, Guven M. A prospective, randomized trial comparing flutamide (250 mg/d) and finasteride (5 mg/d) in the treatment of hirsutism. Fertil. Steril.73(5), 984–987 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann R. A 4-month, open-label study evaluating the efficacy of eflornithine 11.5% cream in the treatment of unwanted facial hair in women using TrichoScan. Eur. J. Dermatol.18(1), 65–70 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamzavi I, Tan E, Shapiro J, Lui H. A randomized bilateral vehicle-controlled study of eflornithine cream combined with laser treatment versus laser treatment alone for facial hirsutism in women. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.57(1), 54–59 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsantali A, Shapiro J. Management of hirsutism. Skin Therapy Lett.14(7), 1–3 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Ober KP, Hennessy JF. Spironolactone therapy for hirsutism in a hyperandrogenic woman. Ann. Intern. Med.89(5 Pt 1), 643–644 (1978).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown J, Farquhar C, Lee O, Toomath R, Jepson RG. Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2), CD000194 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Christy NA, Franks AS, Cross LB. Spironolactone for hirsutism in polycystic ovary syndrome. Ann. Pharmacother.39(9), 1517–1521 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans DJ, Burke CW. Spironolactone in the treatment of idiopathic hirsutism and the polycystic ovary syndrome. J. R. Soc. Med.79(8), 451–453 (1986).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelestimur FEH, Unlühizarci K, Bayram F, Sahin Y. A comparison between spironolactone and spironolactone plus finasteride in the treatment of hirsutism. Eur. J. Endocrinol.150(3), 351–354 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelestimur F, Sahin Y. Comparison of Diane 35 and Diane 35 plus spironolactone in the treatment of hirsutism. Fertil. Steril.69(1), 66–69 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes BR, Cunliffe WJ. Tolerance of spironolactone. Br. J. Dermatol.118(5), 687–691 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathnayake D, Sinclair R. Use of spironolactone in dermatology. Skinmed8(6), 328–332 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• van der Spuy ZM, Le Roux PA. Cyproterone acetate for hirsutism. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (4), CD001125 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Vasilakis-Scaramozza C, Jick H. Risk of venous thromboembolism with cyproterone or levonorgestrel contraceptives. Lancet358(9291), 1427–1429 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakryc EM, Motta EL, Soares JM Jr, Haidar MA, De Lima GR, Baracat EC. The benefits of finasteride for hirsute women with polycystic ovary syndrome or idiopathic hirsutism. Gynecol. Endocrinol.17(1), 57–63 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghetti P, Tosi F, Tosti A et al. Comparison of spironolactone, flutamide, and finasteride efficacy in the treatment of hirsutism: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.85(1), 89–94 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumachi F, Rondinone R. Use of cyproterone acetate, finasteride, and spironolactone to treat idiopathic hirsutism. Fertil. Steril.79(4), 942–946 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayram F, Muderris II, Guven M, Kelestimur F. Comparison of high-dose finasteride (5 mg/day) versus low-dose finasteride (2.5 mg/day) in the treatment of hirsutism. Eur. J. Endocrinol.147(4), 467–471 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tartagni M, Schonauer M, Cicinelli E et al. Intermittent low-dose finasteride is as effective as daily administration for the treatment of hirsute women. Fertil. Steril.82(3), 752–755 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beigi A, Sobhi A, Zarrinkoub F. Finasteride versus cyproterone acetate-estrogen regimens in the treatment of hirsutism. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet.87(1), 29–33 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unluhizarci K, Ozel D, Tanriverdi F, Karaca Z, Kelestimur F. A comparison between finasteride, flutamide, and finasteride plus flutamide combination in the treatment of hirsutism. J. Endocrinol. Invest.32(1), 37–40 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castelo-Branco C, Moyano D, Gomez O, Balasch J. Long-term safety and tolerability of flutamide for the treatment of hirsutism. Fertil. Steril.91(4), 1183–1188 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swiglo BA, Cosma M, Flynn DN et al. Clinical review: antiandrogens for the treatment of hirsutism: a systematic review and metaanalyses of randomized controlled trials. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.93(4), 1153–1160 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanam M, Ziba O. Desogestrel+ethinylestradiol versus levonorgestrel+ethinylestradiol. Which one has better affect on acne, hirsutism, and weight change. Saudi Med. J.32(1), 23–26 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Naka KK, Kalantaridou SN, Kravariti M et al. Effect of the insulin sensitizers metformin and pioglitazone on endothelial function in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective randomized study. Fertil. Steril.95(1), 203–209 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosma M, Swiglo BA, Flynn DN et al. Clinical review: insulin sensitizers for the treatment of hirsutism: a systematic review and metaanalyses of randomized controlled trials. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.93(4), 1135–1142 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cousen P, Messenger A. Female pattern hair loss in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. Br. J. Dermatol.162(5), 1135–1137 (2010).
   Google Scholar