29
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Controversies and evolving concepts in the diagnosis, classification and management of lentigo maligna

, &
Pages 195-214 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Clark WH Jr, From L, Bernardino EA, Mihm MC. The histogenesis and biologic behavior of primary human malignant melanomas of the skin. Cancer Res. 29(3), 705–727 (1969).
  • McGovern VJ, Mihm MC Jr, Bailly C et al. The classification of malignant melanoma and its histologic reporting. Cancer 32(6), 1446–1457 (1973).
  • Weedon D. Malignant melanocytic lesions. In: Weedon’s Skin Pathology (3rd Edition). Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 734–754 (2010).
  • Forman SB, Ferringer TC, Peckham SJ et al. Is superficial spreading melanoma still the most common form of malignant melanoma? J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 58(6), 1013–1020 (2008).
  • Swetter SM, Boldrick JC, Jung SY, Egbert BM, Harvell JD. Increasing incidence of lentigo maligna melanoma subtypes: Northern California and national trends 1990–2000. J. Invest. Dermatol. 125(4), 685–691 (2005).
  • Hemminki K, Zhang H, Czene K. Incidence trends and familial risks in invasive and in situ cutaneous melanoma by sun-exposed body sites. Int. J. Cancer 104(6), 764–771 (2003).
  • McGovern VJ. The nature of melanoma. A critical review. J. Cutan. Pathol. 9(2), 61–81 (1982).
  • Hutchinson J. Senile freckles. Arch. Surg. 3, 319–322 (1892).
  • Costello MJ, Fisher SB, Defeo CP. Melanotic freckle, lentigo maligna. Arch. Dermatol. 80, 753–771 (1959).
  • Klauder JV, Beerman H. Melanotic freckle (Hutchinson), mélanose circonscrite précancéreuse (Dubreuilh). AMA. Arch. Derm. 71(1), 2–10 (1955).
  • McGovern VJ, Shaw HM, Milton GW, Farago GA. Is malignant melanoma arising in a Hutchinson’s melanotic freckle a separate disease entity? Histopathology 4(3), 235–242 (1980).
  • English DR, Heenan PJ, Holman CD et al. Melanoma in Western Australia 1975–1976 to 1980–1981: trends in demographic and pathological characteristics. Int. J. Cancer 37(2), 209–215 (1986).
  • Hutchinson J. Lentigo-melanosis. A further report. Arch. Surg. 5, 252–256 (1894).
  • Dubreuilh MW. De la mélanose circumscrite précancéreuse. Ann. Derm. 3(52), 129 (1912).
  • Mishima Y. Melanosis circumscripta praecancerosa (Dubreuilh), a non-nevoid premelanoma distinct from junction nevus. J. Invest. Dermatol. 34, 361–375 (1960).
  • Becker SW. Dermatological investigations of melanin pigmentation. In: The Biology of Melanoma (Volume IV). Special Publications of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, NY, USA, 82–125 (1948).
  • Reed RJ. Acral lentiginous melanoma. In: New Concepts in Surgical Pathology of the Skin. Wiley, New York, NY, USA, 89–90 (1976).
  • World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Skin Tumours. LeBoit PE, Burg G, Weedon D, Sarasain A (Eds). IARC Press, Lyon, France (2006).
  • Kossard S. Atypical lentiginous junctional naevi of the elderly and melanoma. Australas. J. Dermatol. 43(2), 93–101 (2002).
  • Elder DE, Xu X. The approach to the patient with a difficult melanocytic lesion. Pathology 36(5), 428–434 (2004).
  • Dubow BE, Ackerman AB. Ideas in pathology. Malignant melanoma in situ: the evolution of a concept. Mod. Pathol. 3(6), 734–744 (1990).
  • Holman CD, Mulroney CD, Armstrong BK. Epidemiology of pre-invasive and invasive malignant melanoma in Western Australia. Int. J. Cancer 25(3), 317–323 (1980).
  • English DR, Heenan PJ, Holman CD et al. Melanoma in Western Australia in 1980–1981: incidence and characteristics of histological types. Pathology 19(4), 383–392 (1987).
  • Newell GR, Sider JG, Bergfelt L, Kripke ML. Incidence of cutaneous melanoma in the United States by histology with special reference to the face. Cancer Res. 48(17), 5036–5041 (1988).
  • Levi F, Te VC, Randimbison L, La Vecchia C. Trends in incidence of various morphologies of malignant melanoma in Vaud and Neuchatel, Switzerland. Melanoma Res. 15(1), 73–75 (2005).
  • Golger A, Young DS, Ghazarian D, Neligan PC. Epidemiological features and prognostic factors of cutaneous head and neck melanoma: a population-based study. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 133(5), 442–447 (2007).
  • Gillgren P, Månsson-Brahme E, Frisell J, Johansson H, Larsson O, Ringborg U. Epidemiological characteristics of cutaneous malignant melanoma of the head and neck – a population-based study. Acta Oncol. 38(8), 1069–1074 (1999).
  • Cox NH, Jones SK, MacKie RM. Malignant melanoma of the head and neck in Scotland: an eight-year analysis of trends in prevalence, distribution and prognosis. Q. J. Med. 64(244), 661–670 (1987).
  • O’Brien CJ, Coates AS, Petersen-Schaefer K et al. Experience with 998 cutaneous melanomas of the head and neck over 30 years. Am. J. Surg. 162(4), 310–314 (1991).
  • Ringborg U, Afzelius LE, Lagerlöf B et al. Cutaneous malignant melanoma of the head and neck. Analysis of treatment results and prognostic factors in 581 patients: a report from the Swedish Melanoma Study Group. Cancer 71(3), 751–758 (1993).
  • Cox NH, Aitchison TC, Sirel JM, MacKie RM. Comparison between lentigo maligna melanoma and other histogenetic types of malignant melanoma of the head and neck. Scottish Melanoma Group. Br. J. Cancer 73(7), 940–944 (1996).
  • Elwood JM, Gallagher RP. Body site distribution of cutaneous malignant melanoma in relationship to patterns of sun exposure. Int. J. Cancer 78(3), 276–280 (1998).
  • Naldi L, Altieri A, Imberti GL, Gallus S, Bosetti C, La Vecchia C; Oncology Study Group of the Italian Group for Epidemiologic Research in Dermatology. Sun exposure, phenotypic characteristics, and cutaneous malignant melanoma. An analysis according to different clinico-pathological variants and anatomic locations (Italy). Cancer Causes Control 16(8), 893–899 (2005).
  • Elwood JM, Gallagher RP, Worth AJ, Wood WS, Pearson JC. Etiological differences between subtypes of cutaneous malignant melanoma: western Canada Melanoma Study. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 78(1), 37–44 (1987).
  • Cohen HJ, Cox E, Manton K, Woodbury M. Malignant melanoma in the elderly. J. Clin. Oncol. 5(1), 100–106 (1987).
  • Kirkpatrick CS, Lee JA, White E. Melanoma risk by age and socio-economic status. Int. J. Cancer 46(1), 1–4 (1990).
  • Siskind V, Whiteman DC, Aitken JF, Martin NG, Green AC. An analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma by anatomical site (Australia). Cancer Causes Control 16(3), 193–199 (2005).
  • Morris BT, Sober AJ. Cutaneous malignant melanoma in the older patient. Dermatol. Clin. 4(3), 473–480 (1986).
  • Goodson AG, Florell SR, Boucher KM, Grossman D. A decade of melanomas: identification of factors associated with delayed detection in an academic group practice. Dermatol. Surg. 37(11), 1620–1630 (2011).
  • Whiteman DC, Stickley M, Watt P, Hughes MC, Davis MB, Green AC. Anatomic site, sun exposure, and risk of cutaneous melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 24(19), 3172–3177 (2006).
  • Sina B, Samorodin C. Basal cell carcinoma surrounded by lentigo maligna. Cutis. 44(1), 81–82 (1989).
  • Burkhalter A, White WL. Malignant melanoma in situ colonizing basal cell carcinoma. A simulator of invasive melanoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 19(3), 303–307 (1997).
  • Florell SR, Zone JJ, Gerwels JW. Basal cell carcinomas are populated by melanocytes and Langerhans [correction of Langerhan’s] cells. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 23(1), 24–28 (2001).
  • Wang H, Benda PM, Piepkorn MW. Parasitism of basal cell carcinoma by lentigo maligna melanoma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 48(Suppl. 5), S92–S94 (2003).
  • Erickson LA, Myers JL, Mihm MC, Markovic SN, Pittelkow MR. Malignant basomelanocytic tumor manifesting as metastatic melanoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 28(10), 1393–1396 (2004).
  • Rodriguez J, Nonaka D, Kuhn E, Reichel M, Rosai J. Combined high-grade basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma of the skin (‘malignant basomelanocytic tumor’): report of two cases and review of the literature. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 27(4), 314–318 (2005).
  • Belisle A, Gautier MS, Ghozali F, Plantier F, Wechsler J. A collision tumor involving basal cell carcinoma and lentigo maligna melanoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 27(4), 319–321 (2005).
  • Taibjee SM, Gee BC, Sanders DS, Smith A, Carr RA. Lentigo maligna involving the tumour nests and stroma of a nodular basal cell carcinoma. Br. J. Dermatol. 157(1), 184–188 (2007).
  • Rosen LB, Williams WD, Benson J, Rywlin AM. A malignant neoplasm with features of both squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 6, 213–219 (1984).
  • Hofer A, Kaddu S, Seidl H, Kerl H, Wolf P. Collision of squamous-cell carcinoma with melanoma in situ in a child with xeroderma pigmentosum. Dermatology (Basel) 203(1), 66–69 (2001).
  • Ahlgrimm-Siess V, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Zalaudek I, Cerroni L, Kerl H. Collision of malignant melanoma (lentigo maligna type) with squamous cell carcinoma in solar-damaged skin of the face. Dermatol. Surg. 33(1), 122–124 (2007).
  • Forman SB, Vidmar DA, Ferringer TC. Collision tumor composed of Merkel cell carcinoma and lentigo maligna melanoma. J. Cutan. Pathol. 35(2), 203–206 (2008).
  • Holman CD, Armstrong BK. Cutaneous malignant melanoma and indicators of total accumulated exposure to the sun: an analysis separating histogenetic types. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 73(1), 75–82 (1984).
  • Holman CD, Armstrong BK, Heenan PJ. A theory of the etiology and pathogenesis of human cutaneous malignant melanoma. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 71(4), 651–656 (1983).
  • Houghton AN, Viola MV. Solar radiation and malignant melanoma of the skin. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 5(4), 477–483 (1981).
  • Carey FA, Hogan JM. The relationship of sun exposure and solar elastosis to skin cancer in a high risk population. Ir. J. Med. Sci. 159(2), 44–47 (1990).
  • Holman CD, Armstrong BK, Heenan PJ. Relationship of cutaneous malignant melanoma to individual sunlight-exposure habits. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 76(3), 403–414 (1986).
  • Bataille V, Sasieni P, Grulich A et al. Solar keratoses: a risk factor for melanoma but negative association with melanocytic naevi. Int. J. Cancer 78(1), 8–12 (1998).
  • Kvaskoff M, Siskind V, Green AC. Risk factors for lentigo maligna melanoma compared with superficial spreading melanoma: a case–control study in Australia. Arch. Dermatol. 148(2), 164–170 (2012).
  • Crowson AN, Magro CM, Sanchez-Carpintero I, Mihm MC Jr. The precursors of malignant melanoma. Recent Results Cancer Res. 160, 75–84 (2002).
  • Olsen CM, Zens MS, Stukel TA et al. Nevus density and melanoma risk in women: a pooled analysis to test the divergent pathway hypothesis. Int. J. Cancer 124(4), 937–944 (2009).
  • Garbe C, Büttner P, Weiss J et al. Associated factors in the prevalence of more than 50 common melanocytic nevi, atypical melanocytic nevi, and actinic lentigines: multicenter case–control study of the Central Malignant Melanoma Registry of the German Dermatological Society. J. Invest. Dermatol. 102(5), 700–705 (1994).
  • Green A, Siskind V, Bain C, Alexander J. Sunburn and malignant melanoma. Br. J. Cancer 51(3), 393–397 (1985).
  • Lew RA, Sober AJ, Cook N, Marvell R, Fitzpatrick TB. Sun exposure habits in patients with cutaneous melanoma: a case–control study. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 9(12), 981–986 (1983).
  • MacKie RM, Aitchison T. Severe sunburn and subsequent risk of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma in Scotland. Br. J. Cancer 46(6), 955–960 (1982).
  • Elwood JM, Gallagher RP, Davison J, Hill GB. Sunburn, suntan and the risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma – the Western Canada Melanoma study. Br. J. Cancer 51(4), 543–549 (1985).
  • Elwood JM, Gallagher RP, Hill GB, Pearson JC. Cutaneous melanoma in relation to intermittent and constant sun exposure – the Western Canada Melanoma study. Int. J. Cancer 35(4), 427–433 (1985).
  • Osterlind A, Tucker MA, Stone BJ, Jensen OM. The Danish case–control study of cutaneous malignant melanoma. II. Importance of UV-light exposure. Int. J. Cancer 42(3), 319–324 (1988).
  • Holly EA, Aston DA, Cress RD, Ahn DK, Kristiansen JJ. Cutaneous melanoma in women. I. Exposure to sunlight, ability to tan, and other risk factors related to ultraviolet light. Am. J. Epidemiol. 141(10), 923–933 (1995).
  • Lee EY, Williamson R, Watt P, Hughes MC, Green AC, Whiteman DC. Sun exposure and host phenotype as predictors of cutaneous melanoma associated with neval remnants or dermal elastosis. Int. J. Cancer 119(3), 636–642 (2006).
  • Gaudy-Marqueste C, Madjlessi N, Guillot B, Avril MF, Grob JJ. Risk factors in elderly people for lentigo maligna compared with other melanomas: a double case–control study. Arch. Dermatol. 145(4), 418–423 (2009).
  • Siskind V, Hughes MC, Palmer JM et al. Nevi, family history, and fair skin increase the risk of second primary melanoma. J. Invest. Dermatol. 131(2), 461–467 (2011).
  • Lloyd KM. Multiple lentigo maligna melanomas: a preliminary report. Arch. Dermatol. 142(8), 1092 (2006).
  • Whiteman DC, Parsons PG, Green AC. p53 expression and risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: a case–control study. Int. J. Cancer 77(6), 843–848 (1998).
  • Whiteman DC, Watt P, Purdie DM, Hughes MC, Hayward NK, Green AC. Melanocytic nevi, solar keratoses, and divergent pathways to cutaneous melanoma. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 95(11), 806–812 (2003).
  • Ko JM, Velez NF, Tsao H. Pathways to melanoma. Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg. 29(4), 210–217 (2010).
  • Anderson WF, Pfeiffer RM, Tucker MA, Rosenberg PS. Divergent cancer pathways for early-onset and late-onset cutaneous malignant melanoma. Cancer 115(18), 4176–4185 (2009).
  • Heenan PJ. Cutaneous malignant melanoma in western Australia. Pathology 17(2), 321–327 (1985).
  • Weiss J, Bertz J, Jung EG. Malignant melanoma in southern Germany: different predictive value of risk factors for melanoma subtypes. Dermatologica 183(2), 109–113 (1991).
  • Elwood JM, Gallagher RP, Hill GB, Spinelli JJ, Pearson JC, Threlfall W. Pigmentation and skin reaction to sun as risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: Western Canada Melanoma Study. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed). 288(6411), 99–102 (1984).
  • Chi Z, Li S, Sheng X et al. Clinical presentation, histology, and prognoses of malignant melanoma in ethnic Chinese: a study of 522 consecutive cases. BMC Cancer 11, 85 (2011).
  • Milman T, Lambert WC, Mirani N, Langer PD. Lentigo maligna of the eyelid a rare finding in African Americans. Ophthalmology 114(7), 1409–1412 (2007).
  • Holman CD, Armstrong BK. Hutchinson’s melanotic freckle melanoma associated with non-permanent hair dyes. Br. J. Cancer 48(4), 599–601 (1983).
  • Holman CDJ, Armstrong BK. Hutchinson’s melanotic freckle melanoma and the use of non-permanent hair dyes. Br. J. Dermatol. 52, 135 (1985).
  • Sawaya ME, Garland LD, Rothe MJ, Honig LS, Hsia SL. Oestrogen and progesterone receptors in lentigo maligna. Br. J. Dermatol. 118(1), 69–71 (1988).
  • Barnett JH, Lee FG, Rinsky MJ. Acral lentiginous melanoma and lentigo maligna occurring in Werner’s syndrome. Cutis. 32(3), 277–279, 283 (1983).
  • Greenwald G. Letter: lentigo maligna associated with porphyria cutanea tarda. Arch. Dermatol. 110(2), 298 (1974).
  • Stoll DB, Ruschak P, Kauh Y, Martin J, Luscombe H. Lentigo maligna in a woman with oculocutaneous albinism. Arch. Dermatol. 117(6), 360–361 (1981).
  • Proctor MS, Cox AJ, Grais LS. Lentigo maligna melanoma in a treated psoriatic plaque. Arch. Dermatol. 117(3), 149–150 (1981).
  • Faghihi G, Radan M. Xeroderma pigmentosum and lentigo maligna in identical twins. J. Dermatolog. Treat. 17(4), 241–243 (2006).
  • Stern JB, Peck GL, Haupt HM, Hollingsworth HC, Beckerman T. Malignant melanoma in xeroderma pigmentosum: search for a precursor lesion. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 28(4), 591–594 (1993).
  • Fukuro S, Yamaguchi J, Mamada A, Kondo S, Satoh Y. Xeroderma pigmentosum group D patient bearing lentigo maligna without neurological symptoms. Dermatologica 181(2), 129–133 (1990).
  • Farrell A, Burnett M, Bohjanen K. Hypomyopathic dermatomyositis associated with lentigo maligna melanoma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 55(1), 164–165 (2006).
  • Dewan P, Jawad A, Goldsmith P, Harwood C, Cerio R. Melanoma in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with antitumour necrosis factor: cause or coincidence? Report of two cases. Br. J. Dermatol. 161(6), 1412–1414 (2009).
  • Hiscutt EL, Adams JR, Ryan JM, Langtry JA, Natarajan S. Atypical fibroxanthoma, lentigo maligna melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma arising in the site of a thermal burn treated with skin grafts. Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 47(2), 157–158 (2009).
  • Kikuchi H, Nishida T, Kurokawa M, Setoyama M, Kisanuki A. Three cases of malignant melanoma arising on burn scars. J. Dermatol. 30(8), 617–624 (2003).
  • Ribero S, Grassi M, Caliendo V, Lauro D, Macripò G. Melanoma arising on a scar 10 years after a burn: management and review of the literature. Ann. Plast. Surg. 69(1), 27–29 (2012).
  • O’Dell BL, Jessen RT, Becker LE, Jackson RT, Smith EB. Diminished immune response in sun-damaged skin. Arch. Dermatol. 116(5), 559–561 (1980).
  • Armstrong RB. Diminished immune response in sun-damaged skin. Arch. Dermatol. 117(3), 128–129 (1981).
  • Donawho CK, Kripke ML. Lack of correlation between UV-induced enhancement of melanoma development and local suppression of contact hypersensitivity. Exp. Dermatol. 1(1), 20–26 (1992).
  • Mishima Y, Tanay A. The effect of alpha-methyldopa and ultraviolet irradiation on melanogenesis. Dermatologica 136(2), 105–114 (1968).
  • Zaidi MR, De Fabo EC, Noonan FP, Merlino G. Shedding light on melanocyte pathobiology in vivo. Cancer Res. 72(7), 1591–1595 (2012).
  • Atillasoy ES, Seykora JT, Soballe PW et al. UVB induces atypical melanocytic lesions and melanoma in human skin. Am. J. Pathol. 152(5), 1179–1186 (1998).
  • Hodis E, Watson IR, Kryukov GV et al. A landscape of driver mutations in melanoma. Cell 150(2), 251–263 (2012).
  • Black HS, deGruijl FR, Forbes PD et al. Photocarcinogenesis: an overview. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biol. 40(1), 29–47 (1997).
  • Melnikova VO, Ananthaswamy HN. Cellular and molecular events leading to the development of skin cancer. Mutat. Res. 571(1–2), 91–106 (2005).
  • Purdue MP, From L, Kahn HJ et al. Etiologic factors associated with p53 immunostaining in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Int. J. Cancer 117(3), 486–493 (2005).
  • Hussein MR, Haemel AK, Wood GS. p53-related pathways and the molecular pathogenesis of melanoma. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 12(2), 93–100 (2003).
  • Spatz A, Giglia-Mari G, Benhamou S, Sarasin A. Association between DNA repair-deficiency and high level of p53 mutations in melanoma of Xeroderma pigmentosum. Cancer Res. 61(6), 2480–2486 (2001).
  • Rünger TM, Kappes UP. Mechanisms of mutation formation with long-wave ultraviolet light (UVA). Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 24(1), 2–10 (2008).
  • Mitchell D, Fernandez A. The photobiology of melanocytes modulates the impact of UVA on sunlight-induced melanoma. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 11(1), 69–73 (2012).
  • Kowalczuk CI, Priestner MC, Pearson AJ, Saunders RD, Bouffler SD. Wavelength dependence of cellular responses in human melanocytes and melanoma cells following exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 82(11), 781–792 (2006).
  • Godar DE, Landry RJ, Lucas AD. Increased UVA exposures and decreased cutaneous Vitamin D(3) levels may be responsible for the increasing incidence of melanoma. Med. Hypotheses 72(4), 434–443 (2009).
  • Walter SD, Marrett LD, From L, Hertzman C, Shannon HS, Roy P. The association of cutaneous malignant melanoma with the use of sunbeds and sunlamps. Am. J. Epidemiol. 131(2), 232–243 (1990).
  • Autier P, Doré JF, Eggermont AM, Coebergh JW. Epidemiological evidence that UVA radiation is involved in the genesis of cutaneous melanoma. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 23(2), 189–196 (2011).
  • Kripke ML, Fisher MS. Immunologic parameters of ultraviolet carcinogenesis. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 57(1), 211–215 (1976).
  • Bevona C, Fewkes J, Liu V, Sober AJ. Prolonged evolution of a lentigo maligna. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 51(5), 830–835 (2004).
  • Ferrara G, Ligrone L, Zalaudek I, Mordente I, Argenziano G. Lentigo maligna in a young adult. Dermatology (Basel) 217(1), 66–68 (2008).
  • Durnick A, Stolz W, Landthaler M, Vogt T. Lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma in young adults. Dermatol. Surg. 30(5), 813–816 (2004).
  • Crucioli V, Stilwell J. The histogenesis of malignant melanoma in relation to pre-existing pigmented lesions. J. Cutan. Pathol. 9(6), 396–404 (1982).
  • Hoersch B, Leiter U, Garbe C. Is head and neck melanoma a distinct entity? A clinical registry-based comparative study in 5702 patients with melanoma. Br. J. Dermatol. 155(4), 771–777 (2006).
  • Cox NH, Aitchison TC, MacKie RM. Extrafacial lentigo maligna melanoma: analysis of 71 cases and comparison with lentigo maligna melanoma of the head and neck. Br. J. Dermatol. 139(3), 439–443 (1998).
  • Davidsson A, Hellquist HB, Villman K, Westman G. Malignant melanoma of the ear. J. Laryngol. Otol. 107(9), 798–802 (1993).
  • Papadopoulos T, Rasiah K, Thompson JF, Quinn MJ, Crotty KA. Melanoma of the nose. Br. J. Surg. 84(7), 986–989 (1997).
  • Jahn V, Breuninger H, Garbe C, Maassen MM, Moehrle M. Melanoma of the nose: prognostic factors, three-dimensional histology, and surgical strategies. Laryngoscope 116(7), 1204–1211 (2006).
  • Hicks C, Liu C, Hiranandani M, Garner A, Hungerford J. Conjunctival melanoma after excision of a lentigo maligna melanoma in the ipsilateral eyelid skin. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 78(4), 317–318 (1994).
  • Vaziri M, Buffam FV, Martinka M, Oryschak A, Dhaliwal H, White VA. Clinicopathologic features and behavior of cutaneous eyelid melanoma. Ophthalmology 109(5), 901–908 (2002).
  • Chan FM, O’Donnell BA, Whitehead K, Ryman W, Sullivan TJ. Treatment and outcomes of malignant melanoma of the eyelid: a review of 29 cases in Australia. Ophthalmology 114(1), 187–192 (2007).
  • Grossniklaus HE, McLean IW. Cutaneous melanoma of the eyelid. Clinicopathologic features. Ophthalmology 98(12), 1867–1873 (1991).
  • Naidoff MA, Bernardino VB, Clark WH. Melanocytic lesions of the eyelid skin. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 82(3), 371–382 (1976).
  • Rodriguez-Sains RS, Jakobiec FA, Iwamoto T. Lentigo maligna of the lateral canthal skin. Ophthalmology 88(12), 1186–1192 (1981).
  • Blodi FC, Widner RR. The melanotic freckle (Hutchinson) of the lids. Surv. Ophthalmol. 13(1), 23–30 (1968).
  • Kroumpouzos G, Frank EW, Albertini JG et al. Lentigo maligna with spread onto oral mucosa. Arch. Dermatol. 138(9), 1216–1220 (2002).
  • Davalbhakta A, Hamilton S, Grant JW, Lamberty BG. Spread of a recurrent lentigo maligna into a graft: a case for conservative treatment. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 54(3), 253–256 (2001).
  • Cohen LM, McCall MW, Hodge SJ, Freedman JD, Callen JP, Zax RH. Successful treatment of lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma with Mohs’ micrographic surgery aided by rush permanent sections. Cancer 73(12), 2964–2970 (1994).
  • Dalton SR, Gardner TL, Libow LF, Elston DM. Contiguous lesions in lentigo maligna. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 52(5), 859–862 (2005).
  • Allan SJ, Dicker AJ, Tidman MJ, McLaren KM, Hunter JA. Amelanotic lentigo maligna and amelanotic lentigo maligna melanoma: a report of three cases mimicking intraepidermal squamous carcinoma. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 11(1), 78–81 (1998).
  • Powell AM, Russell-Jones R. Amelanotic lentigo maligna managed with topical imiquimod as immunotherapy. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 50(5), 792–796 (2004).
  • Abdulla FR, Kerns MJ, Mutasim DF. Amelanotic lentigo maligna: a report of three cases and review of the literature. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 62(5), 857–860 (2010).
  • Wasserman DI, Chang A, Lee D, Lee A, Finn D. Underlying amelanotic lentigo maligna melanoma uncovered after a severe blistering sunburn. Cutis. 86(2), 70–72 (2010).
  • Conrad N, Jackson B, Goldberg L. Amelanotic lentigo maligna melanoma: a unique case presentation. Dermatol. Surg. 25(5), 408–411 (1999).
  • Rocamora V, Puig L, Romaní J, de Moragas JM. Amelanotic lentigo maligna melanoma: report of a case and review of the literature. Cutis. 64(1), 53–56 (1999).
  • Kaufmann R, Nikelski K, Weber L, Sterry W. Amelanotic lentigo maligna melanoma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 32(2 Pt 2), 339–342 (1995).
  • Herman KL, Shrager JD. Amelanotic lentigo maligna melanoma: a unique case and review of the literature. Cutis. 44(1), 45–48 (1989).
  • Borkovic SP, Schwartz RA. Amelanotic lentigo maligna melanoma manifesting as a dermatitis-like plaque. Arch. Dermatol. 119(5), 423–425 (1983).
  • Kiene P, Christophers E. From melanotic to amelanotic lentigo maligna: an aggressive variant presenting as an inflammatory lesion. Int. J. Dermatol. 36(2), 123–125 (1997).
  • Ara M, Maillo C, Martín R, Grasa MP, Carapeto FJ. Recurrent lentigo maligna as amelanotic lentigo maligna melanoma. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 16(5), 506–510 (2002).
  • Su WP, Bradley RR. Amelanotic lentigo maligna. Arch. Dermatol. 116(1), 82–83 (1980).
  • Kelly RI, Cook MG, Mortimer PS. Aggressive amelanotic lentigo maligna. Br. J. Dermatol. 131(4), 562–565 (1994).
  • Martires KJ, Capaldi L, Pattee SF, Maloney ME, Bordeaux JS. Failed treatment of amelanotic lentigo maligna with imiquimod followed by pigment production. Arch. Dermatol. 146(9), 1047–1048 (2010).
  • Massi D, Nardini P, De Giorgi V, Carli P. Simultaneous occurrence of multiple melanoma in situ on sun-damaged skin (lentigo maligna), solar lentigo and labial melanosis: the value of dermoscopy in diagnosis. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 13(3), 193–197 (1999).
  • Moreno-Ramirez D, Ferrandiz L, Camacho FM. Are the ABCD signs useful for the management of solar lentigo? Br. J. Dermatol. 153(5), 1083–1084; author reply 1084 (2005).
  • Stante M, Giorgi V, Stanganelli I, Alfaioli B, Carli P. Dermoscopy for early detection of facial lentigo maligna. Br. J. Dermatol. 152(2), 361–364 (2005).
  • Stolz W, Schiffner R, Burgdorf WH. Dermatoscopy for facial pigmented skin lesions. Clin. Dermatol. 20(3), 276–278 (2002).
  • Sahin MT, Oztürkcan S, Ermertcan AT, Günes AT. A comparison of dermoscopic features among lentigo senilis/initial seborrheic keratosis, seborrheic keratosis, lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma on the face. J. Dermatol. 31(11), 884–889 (2004).
  • Robinson JK. Use of digital epiluminescence microscopy to help define the edge of lentigo maligna. Arch. Dermatol. 140(9), 1095–1100 (2004).
  • Slutsky JB, Marghoob AA. The zig-zag pattern of lentigo maligna. Arch. Dermatol. 146(12), 1444 (2010).
  • Pralong P, Bathelier E, Dalle S, Poulalhon N, Debarbieux S, Thomas L. Dermoscopy of lentigo maligna melanoma: report of 125 cases. Br. J. Dermatol. 167(2), 280–287 (2012).
  • Kilinc-Karaarslan I, Akalin T, Ozdemir F. Lentigo maligna melanoma with folliculotropism: dermoscopic features during rapid progression. Arch. Dermatol. 145(6), 725–726 (2009).
  • Akay BN, Kocyigit P, Heper AO, Erdem C. Dermatoscopy of flat pigmented facial lesions: diagnostic challenge between pigmented actinic keratosis and lentigo maligna. Br. J. Dermatol. 163(6), 1212–1217 (2010).
  • Tanaka M, Sawada M, Kobayashi K. Key points in dermoscopic differentiation between lentigo maligna and solar lentigo. J. Dermatol. 38(1), 53–58 (2011).
  • Shrestha B, Bishop J, Kam K et al. Detection of atypical texture features in early malignant melanoma. Skin Res. Technol. 16(1), 60–65 (2010).
  • Altamura D, Avramidis M, Menzies SW. Assessment of the optimal interval for and sensitivity of short-term sequential digital dermoscopy monitoring for the diagnosis of melanoma. Arch. Dermatol. 144(4), 502–506 (2008).
  • Schiffner R, Perusquia AM, Stolz W. One-year follow-up of a lentigo maligna: first dermoscopic signs of growth. Br. J. Dermatol. 151(5), 1087–1089 (2004).
  • Kelly JW. Following lentigo maligna may not prevent the development of life-threatening melanoma. Arch. Dermatol. 128(5), 657–660 (1992).
  • Rosendahl C, Cameron A, Bulinska A, Williamson R, Kittler H. Dermatoscopy of a minute melanoma. Australas. J. Dermatol. 52(1), 76–78 (2011).
  • Cramer SF. Management of lentigo maligna. Arch. Dermatol. 129(1), 46 (1993).
  • Rademaker M, Oakley A. Digital monitoring by whole body photography and sequential digital dermoscopy detects thinner melanomas. J. Prim. Health Care 2(4), 268–272 (2010).
  • Tannous ZS, Mihm MC, Flotte TJ, González S. In vivo examination of lentigo maligna and malignant melanoma in situ, lentigo maligna type by near-infrared reflectance confocal microscopy: comparison of in vivo confocal images with histologic sections. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 46(2), 260–263 (2002).
  • Rajadhyaksha M, González S, Zavislan JM, Anderson RR, Webb RH. In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of human skin II: advances in instrumentation and comparison with histology. J. Invest. Dermatol. 113(3), 293–303 (1999).
  • Langley RG, Burton E, Walsh N, Propperova I, Murray SJ. In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of benign lentigines: comparison to conventional histology and in vivo characteristics of lentigo maligna. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 55(1), 88–97 (2006).
  • Ahlgrimm-Siess V, Massone C, Scope A et al. Reflectance confocal microscopy of facial lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma: a preliminary study. Br. J. Dermatol. 161(6), 1307–1316 (2009).
  • Wurm EM, Curchin CE, Lambie D, Longo C, Pellacani G, Soyer HP. Confocal features of equivocal facial lesions on severely sun-damaged skin: four case studies with dermatoscopic, confocal, and histopathologic correlation. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 66(3), 463–473 (2012).
  • Parasskevas LR, Halpem AC, Marghoob AA. Utility of the Wood’s light: five cases from a pigmented lesion clinic. Br. J. Dermatol. 152(5), 1039–1044 (2005).
  • Guitera P, Pellacani G, Crotty KA et al. The impact of in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy on the diagnostic accuracy of lentigo maligna and equivocal pigmented and nonpigmented macules of the face. J. Invest. Dermatol. 130(8), 2080–2091 (2010).
  • Chen CS, Elias M, Busam K, Rajadhyaksha M, Marghoob AA. Multimodal in vivo optical imaging, including confocal microscopy, facilitates presurgical margin mapping for clinically complex lentigo maligna melanoma. Br. J. Dermatol. 153(5), 1031–1036 (2005).
  • Curiel-Lewandrowski C, Williams CM, Swindells KJ et al. Use of in vivo confocal microscopy in malignant melanoma: an aid in diagnosis and assessment of surgical and nonsurgical therapeutic approaches. Arch. Dermatol. 140(9), 1127–1132 (2004).
  • Erfan N, Kang HY, Cardot-Leccia N et al. Reflectance confocal microscopy for recurrent lentigo maligna. Dermatol. Surg. 37(10), 1519–1524 (2011).
  • Hinz T, Ehler LK, Voth H et al. Assessment of tumor thickness in melanocytic skin lesions: comparison of optical coherence tomography, 20-MHz ultrasound and histopathology. Dermatology (Basel) 223(2), 161–168 (2011).
  • Al-Niaimi F, Jury CS, McLaughlin S, Herd RM. Review of management and outcome in 65 patients with lentigo maligna. Br. J. Dermatol. 160(1), 211–213 (2009).
  • Farrahi F, Egbert BM, Swetter SM. Histologic similarities between lentigo maligna and dysplastic nevus: importance of clinicopathologic distinction. J. Cutan. Pathol. 32(6), 405–412 (2005).
  • Somach SC, Taira JW, Pitha JV, Everett MA. Pigmented lesions in actinically damaged skin. Histopathologic comparison of biopsy and excisional specimens. Arch. Dermatol. 132(11), 1297–1302 (1996).
  • Green A, Little JH, Weedon D. The diagnosis of Hutchinson’s melanotic freckle (lentigo maligna) in Queensland. Pathology 15(1), 33–35 (1983).
  • Tannous ZS, Lerner LH, Duncan LM, Mihm MC Jr, Flotte TJ. Progression to invasive melanoma from malignant melanoma in situ, lentigo maligna type. Hum. Pathol. 31(6), 705–708 (2000).
  • Cohen LM. The starburst giant cell is useful for distinguishing lentigo maligna from photodamaged skin. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 35(6), 962–968 (1996).
  • Fallowfield ME, Cook MG. Pagetoid infiltration in primary cutaneous melanoma. Histopathology 20(5), 417–420 (1992).
  • Gerami P, Barnhill RL, Beilfuss BA, LeBoit P, Schneider P, Guitart J. Superficial melanocytic neoplasms with pagetoid melanocytosis: a study of interobserver concordance and correlation with FISH. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 34(6), 816–821 (2010).
  • Tersteegen A, Steigleder GK. Is the involvement of the hair follicles and of the ducts of the sweat glands or the thickness of the epidermis a help in differential diagnosis between lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM) and superficial spreading melanoma in situ (SSM)? Z. Hautkr. 65(10), 941–942 (1990).
  • Auslender S, Barzilai A, Goldberg I, Kopolovic J, Trau H. Lentigo maligna and superficial spreading melanoma are different in their in situ phase: an immunohistochemical study. Hum. Pathol. 33(10), 1001–1005 (2002).
  • Blake WE, Scurry J, Taylor GI, Bernard S. Melanoma lost in the freckle. ANZ J. Surg. 74(3), 180–182 (2004).
  • Jackson R. Elderly and sun-affected skin. Distinguishing between changes caused by aging and changes caused by habitual exposure to sun. Canadian Fam. Physician 41, 1237–1243 (2001).
  • Larsen TE, Grude TH. A retrospective histological study of 669 cases of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma in clinical stage I. 6. The relation of dermal solar elastosis to sex, age and survival of the patient and to localization, histological type and level of invasion of the tumour. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 87, 255–260 (1979).
  • Bauer J, Büttner P, Murali R et al. BRAF mutations in cutaneous melanoma are independently associated with age, anatomic site of the primary tumor, and the degree of solar elastosis at the primary tumor site. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 24(2), 345–351 (2011).
  • Penneys NS. Microinvasive lentigo maligna melanoma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 17(4), 675–680 (1987).
  • Dalton SR, Fillman EP, Altman CE et al. Atypical junctional melanocytic proliferations in benign lichenoid keratosis. Hum. Pathol. 34(7), 706–709 (2003).
  • Demitsu T, Sakakibara A, Kato T. Lentigo maligna. A unique case with pronounced nesting of atypical melanocytes seen at histologic examination. Int. J. Dermatol. 30(12), 879–880 (1991).
  • Ruiter DJ, van Dijk MC, Ferrier CM. Current diagnostic problems in melanoma pathology. Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg. 22(1), 33–41 (2003).
  • Martinka M, Bruecks AK, Trotter MJ. Histologic spectrum of melanocytic nevi removed from patients > 60 years of age. J. Cutan. Med. Surg. 11(5), 168–173 (2007).
  • Troxel DB. Medicolegal aspects of error in pathology. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 130(5), 617–619 (2006).
  • Troxel DB. Trends in pathology malpractice claims. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 36(1), e1–e5 (2012).
  • Fallowfield ME, Cook MG. Epidermal melanocytes adjacent to melanoma and the field change effect. Histopathology 17(5), 397–400 (1990).
  • Michaelsen C, Breuninger H, Rassner G, Dietz K. The subclinical portion in the periphery of lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma. Hautarzt. 41(3), 142–145 (1990).
  • Snell RS. The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on melanogenesis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 40, 127–132 (1963).
  • Scheibner A, Hollis DE, McCarthy WH, Milton GW. Effects of sunlight exposure on Langerhans cells and melanocytes in human epidermis. Photodermatol. 3(1), 15–25 (1986).
  • Fallowfield ME, Curley RK, Cook MG. Melanocytic lesions and melanocyte populations in human epidermis. Br. J. Dermatol. 124(2), 130–134 (1991).
  • Hendi A, Wada DA, Jacobs MA et al. Melanocytes in nonlesional sun-exposed skin: a multicenter comparative study. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 65(6), 1186–1193 (2011).
  • Stolz W, Schmoeckel C, Ryckmanns F, Gross J, Braun-Falco O. Morphometric and ultrastructural analyses of melanocytes, nevus cells, and melanoma cells. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 279(3), 167–172 (1987).
  • Breathnach AS, Nazzaro-Porro M, Passi S, Picardo M. Ultrastructure of melanocytes in chronically sun-exposed skin of elderly subjects. Pigment Cell Res. 4(2), 71–79 (1991).
  • Bleehen SS, Hartley L, Senior J. Proceedings: lentigo-maligna melanoma: an ultrastructural study. Br. J. Dermatol. 95(Suppl. 14), 14–15 (1976).
  • Miedema J, Marron JS, Niethammer M et al. Image and statistical analysis of melanocytic histology. Histopathology 61(3), 436–444 (2012).
  • Acker SM, Nicholson JH, Rust PF, Maize JC. Morphometric discrimination of melanoma in situ of sun-damaged skin from chronically sun-damaged skin. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 39(2 Pt 1), 239–245 (1998).
  • Black WH, Thareja SK, Blake BP, Chen R, Cherpelis BS, Glass LF. Distinction of melanoma in situ from solar lentigo on sun-damaged skin using morphometrics and MITF immunohistochemistry. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 33(6), 573–578 (2011).
  • Bowen AR, Thacker BN, Goldgar DE, Bowen GM. Immunohistochemical staining with Melan-A of uninvolved sun-damaged skin shows features characteristic of lentigo maligna. Dermatol. Surg. 37(5), 657–663 (2011).
  • Hendi A, Brodland DG, Zitelli JA. Melanocytes in long-standing sun-exposed skin: quantitative analysis using the MART-1 immunostain. Arch. Dermatol. 142(7), 871–876 (2006).
  • Bowen GM, Bowen AR, Florell SR. Lentigo maligna: one size does not fit all. Arch. Dermatol. 147(10), 1211–1213 (2011).
  • Weyers W, Bonczkowitz M, Weyers I, Bittinger A, Schill WB. Melanoma in situ versus melanocytic hyperplasia in sun-damaged skin. Assessment of the significance of histopathologic criteria for differential diagnosis. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 18(6), 560–566 (1996).
  • Wong CK. A study of melanocytes in the normal skin surrounding malignant melanomata. Dermatologica 141(3), 215–225 (1970).
  • Barlow JO, Maize J Sr, Lang PG. The density and distribution of melanocytes adjacent to melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. Dermatol. Surg. 33(2), 199–207 (2007).
  • Paul E, Gernand E. Increase of melanocytes around malignant melanoma. Arch. Dermatol. Forsch. 252(4), 275–283 (1975).
  • Stretch JR, Scolyer RA. Surgical strategies and histopathologic issues in the management of lentigo maligna. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 16(6), 1456–1458 (2009).
  • Kocan P, Jurkovic I, Böör A et al. Immunohistochemical study of melanocytic differentiation antigens in cutaneous malignant melanoma. A comparison of six commercial antibodies and one non-commercial antibody in nodular melanoma, superficially spreading melanoma and lentigo maligna melanoma. Cesk. Patol. 40(2), 50–56 (2004).
  • Wilson ML, Hossler EW, Ferringer TC, Elston DM. S100-negative junctional melanocytic proliferations. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 33(3), 327–329 (2011).
  • Megahed M, Schön M, Selimovic D, Schön MP. Reliability of diagnosis of melanoma in situ. Lancet 359(9321), 1921–1922 (2002).
  • Ribé A, McNutt NS. S100A protein expression in the distinction between lentigo maligna and pigmented actinic keratosis. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 25(2), 93–99 (2003).
  • Wiltz KL, Qureshi H, Patterson JW, Mayes DC, Wick MR. Immunostaining for MART-1 in the interpretation of problematic intra-epidermal pigmented lesions. J. Cutan. Pathol. 34(8), 601–605 (2007).
  • Helm K, Findeis-Hosey J. Immunohistochemistry of pigmented actinic keratoses, actinic keratoses, melanomas in situ and solar lentigines with Melan-A. J. Cutan. Pathol. 35(10), 931–934 (2008).
  • Lane H, O’Loughlin S, Powell F, Magee H, Dervan PA. A quantitative immunohistochemical evaluation of lentigo maligna and pigmented solar keratosis. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 100(6), 681–685 (1993).
  • El Shabrawi-Caelen L, Kerl H, Cerroni L. Melan-A: not a helpful marker in distinction between melanoma in situ on sun-damaged skin and pigmented actinic keratosis. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 26(5), 364–366 (2004).
  • Kim J, Taube JM, McCalmont TH, Glusac EJ. Quantitative comparison of MiTF, Melan-A, HMB-45 and Mel-5 in solar lentigines and melanoma in situ. J. Cutan. Pathol. 38(10), 775–779 (2011).
  • Esclamado RM, Gown AM, Vogel AM. Unique proteins defined by monoclonal antibodies specific for human melanoma. Some potential clinical applications. Am. J. Surg. 152(4), 376–385 (1986).
  • Nybakken GE, Sargen M, Abraham R, Zhang PJ, Ming M, Xu X. MITF accurately highlights epidermal melanocytes in atypical intraepidermal melanocytic proliferations. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 35(1), 25–29 (2013).
  • Kimyai-Asadi A, Ayala GB, Goldberg LH, Vujevich J, Jih MH. The 20-minute rapid MART-1 immunostain for malignant melanoma frozen sections. Dermatol. Surg. 34(4), 498–500 (2008).
  • Cherpelis BS, Moore R, Ladd S, Chen R, Glass LF. Comparison of MART-1 frozen sections to permanent sections using a rapid 19-minute protocol. Dermatol. Surg. 35(2), 207–213 (2009).
  • Glass LF, Raziano RM, Clark GS et al. Rapid frozen section immunostaining of melanocytes by microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 32(4), 319–325 (2010).
  • Prieto VG, Argenyi ZB, Barnhill RL et al. Are en face frozen sections accurate for diagnosing margin status in melanocytic lesions? Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 120(2), 203–208 (2003).
  • Dinehart MS, Coldiron BM, Hiatt K, Breau RL. Concordance of frozen and permanent sections for the diagnosis of skin lesions. Dermatol. Surg. 36(7), 1111–1115 (2010).
  • Clark WH Jr, Mihm MC Jr. Lentigo maligna and lentigo-maligna melanoma. Am. J. Pathol. 55(1), 39–67 (1969).
  • Jackson R, Williamson GS, Beattie WG. Lentigo maligna and malignant melanoma. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 95(17), 846–851 (1966).
  • Coleman WP, Davis RS, Reed RJ, Krementz ET. Treatment of lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma in situ. Cancer 77, 888–892 (1996).
  • Clark WH Jr, Ainsworth AM, Bernardino EA, Yang CH, Mihm CM Jr, Reed RJ. The developmental biology of primary human malignant melanomas. Semin. Oncol. 2(2), 83–103 (1975).
  • Knudsen EA, Thomsen HK. Malignant lentigo melanoma. Ugeskr. Laeg. 156(29), 4251–4252 (1994).
  • McGovern VJ, Murad TM. Pathology of melanoma; an overview. Cutaneous Melanoma: Clinical Management and Treatment Results Worldwide. Balch CM, Milton GW (Eds). J.B. Lippincott Company, New York, NY, USA (1983).
  • Wayte DM, Helwig EB. Melanotic freckle of Hutchinson. Cancer 21(5), 893–911 (1968).
  • Weinstock MA, Sober AJ. The risk of progression of lentigo maligna to lentigo maligna melanoma. Br. J. Dermatol. 116(3), 303–310 (1987).
  • Michalik EE, Fitzpatrick TB, Sober AJ. Rapid progression of lentigo maligna to deeply invasive lentigo maligna melanoma. Report of two cases. Arch. Dermatol. 119(10), 831–835 (1983).
  • Liu W, Dowling JP, Murray WK et al. Rate of growth in melanomas: characteristics and associations of rapidly growing melanomas. Arch. Dermatol. 142(12), 1551–1558 (2006).
  • Knudsen EA, Osterlind AL. Malignant lentigo. Ugeskr. Laeg. 156(29), 4221–4223 (1994).
  • Balch CM, Murad TM, Soong SJ, Ingalls AL, Halpern NB, Maddox WA. A multifactorial analysis of melanoma: prognostic histopathological features comparing Clark’s and Breslow’s staging methods. Ann. Surg. 188(6), 732–742 (1978).
  • Drzewiecki KT, Andersen PK. Survival with malignant melanoma: a regression analysis of prognostic factors. Cancer 49(11), 2414–2419 (1982).
  • Wanebo HJ, Cooper PH, Young DV, Harpole DH, Kaiser DL. Prognostic factors in head and neck melanoma. Effect of lesion location. Cancer 62(4), 831–837 (1988).
  • Huvos AG, Miké V, Donnellan MJ, Seemayer T, Strong EW. Prognostic factors in cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck. Am. J. Pathol. 71(1), 33–48 (1973).
  • Langford FP, Fisher SR, Molter DW, Seigler HF. Lentigo maligna melanoma of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 103(5), 520–524 (1993).
  • Koh HK, Michalik E, Sober AJ et al. Lentigo maligna melanoma has no better prognosis than other types of melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2(9), 994–1001 (1984).
  • Lachiewicz AM, Berwick M, Wiggins CL, Thomas NE. Survival differences between patients with scalp or neck melanoma and those with melanoma of other sites in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. Arch. Dermatol. 144(4), 515–521 (2008).
  • Barbe C, Hibon E, Vitry F, Le Clainche A, Grange F. Clinical and pathological characteristics of melanoma: a population-based study in a French regional population. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 26(2), 159–164 (2012).
  • Durbec F, Vitry F, Granel-Brocard F et al. The role of circumstances of diagnosis and access to dermatological care in early diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma: a population-based study in France. Arch. Dermatol. 146(3), 240–246 (2010).
  • Urist MM, Balch CM, Soong S, Shaw HM, Milton GW, Maddox WA. The influence of surgical margins and prognostic factors predicting the risk of local recurrence in 3445 patients with primary cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 55(6), 1398–1402 (1985).
  • Schmid-Wendtner M-H, Baumert J, Eberele J, Plewig G, Volkenandt M, Sander CA. Disease progression in patients with thin cutaneous melanomas (tumour thickness ≤ 0.75 mm): clinical and epidemiological data from the Tumour Center Munich 1977–1998. British J. Dermatol. 149, 788–793 (2003).
  • Cramer SF, Kiehn CL. Sequential histologic study of evolving lentigo maligna melanoma. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 106(3), 121–125 (1982).
  • Reed RJ, Leonard DD. Neurotropic melanoma. A variant of desmoplastic melanoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 3(4), 301–311 (1979).
  • Su LD, Fullen DR, Lowe L et al. Desmoplastic and neurotropic melanoma: analysis of 33 patients with lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy. Cancer 100, 598–604 (2004).
  • Valensi QJ. Desmoplastic malignant melanoma: a report on two additional cases. Cancer 39(1), 286–292 (1977).
  • Labrecque PG, Hu CH, Winkelmann RK. On the nature of desmoplastic melanoma. Cancer 38(3), 1205–1213 (1976).
  • Conley J, Lattes R, Orr W. Desmoplastic malignant melanoma (a rare variant of spindle cell melanoma). Cancer 28(4), 914–936 (1971).
  • Carlson JA, Dickersin GR, Sober AJ, Barnhill RL. Desmoplastic neurotropic melanoma. A clinicopathologic analysis of 28 cases. Cancer 75(2), 478–494 (1995).
  • Anstey A, McKee P, Jones EW. Desmoplastic malignant melanoma: a clinicopathological study of 25 cases. Br. J. Dermatol. 129(4), 359–371 (1993).
  • Egbert B, Kempson R, Sagebiel R. Desmoplastic malignant melanoma. A clinicohistopathologic study of 25 cases. Cancer 62(9), 2033–2041 (1988).
  • Warner TF, Ford CN, Hafez GR. Neurotropic melanoma of the face invading the maxillary nerve. J. Cutan. Pathol. 12(6), 520–527 (1985).
  • McKenna JK, Florell SR, Goldman GD, Bowen GM. Lentigo maligna/lentigo maligna melanoma: current state of diagnosis and treatment. Dermatol. Surg. 32(4), 493–504 (2006).
  • Cohen LM. Lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 33(6), 923–923; quiz 937 (1995).
  • Smalberger GJ, Siegel DM, Khachemoune A. Lentigo maligna. Dermatol. Ther. 21(6), 439–446 (2008).
  • Stevenson O, Ahmed I. Lentigo maligna: prognosis and treatment options. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 6(3), 151–164 (2005).
  • Gaspar ZS, Dawber RP. Treatment of lentigo maligna. Australas. J. Dermatol. 38(1), 1–6; quiz 7 (1997).
  • Erickson C, Miller SJ. Treatment options in melanoma in situ: topical and radiation therapy, excision and Mohs surgery. Int. J. Dermatol. 49(5), 482–491 (2010).
  • Cohen LM, McCall MW, Zax RH. Mohs micrographic surgery for lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma. A follow-up study. Dermatol. Surg. 24(6), 673–677 (1998).
  • Ellis LZ, Cohen JL, High W, Stewart L. Melanoma in situ treated successfully using imiquimod after nonclearance with surgery: review of the literature. Dermatol. Surg. 38(6), 937–946 (2012).
  • Coory M, Baade P, Aitken J, Smithers M, McLeod GR, Ring I. Trends for in situ and invasive melanoma in Queensland, Australia, 1982–2002. Cancer Causes Control 17(1), 21–27 (2006).
  • Youl PH, Youlden DR, Baade PD. Changes in the site distribution of common melanoma subtypes in Queensland, Australia over time: implications for public health campaigns. Br. J. Dermatol. 168(1), 136–144 (2013).
  • Whiteman DC, Bray CA, Siskind V, Green AC, Hole DJ, Mackie RM. Changes in the incidence of cutaneous melanoma in the west of Scotland and Queensland, Australia: hope for health promotion? Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 17(3), 243–250 (2008).
  • Bonfá R, Bonamigo RR, Bonfá R, Duro KM, Furian RD, Zelmanowicz Ade M. Early diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma: an observation in southern Brazil. An. Bras. Dermatol. 86(2), 215–221 (2011).
  • Avilés-Izquierdo JA, Lázaro-Ochaita P, Suárez-Fernández R, Márquez-Rodas I, Parra-Blanco V, Escat-Cortés JL. [Epidemiological changes in cutaneous melanoma: retrospective study of 969 cases (1996–2010)]. Rev. Clin. Esp. 213(2), 81–87 (2012).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.