Postradiation therapy hypopituitarism

References

• Tomlinson JW, Holden N, Hills RK et al. Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism. West Midlands Prospective Hypopituitary Study Group. Lancet357(9254), 425–431 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weller O. [X-ray therapy changing Cushing syndrome into pituitary insufficiency.]. Arztl. Wochensch.7(35), 818–821 (1952).
   Google Scholar
• Boucot N, Dohan FC, Raventos A, Rose E. Roentgen therapy in Cushing’s syndrome without adrenocortical tumor. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.17(1), 8–32 (1957).
   Google Scholar
• Plunkett ER. Effect of cobalt60 radiation on pituitary function in humans. Proc. Can. Cancer Conf.2, 294–302 (1957).
   Google Scholar
• Tan BC, Kunaratnam N. Hypopituitary dwarfism following radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin. Radiol.17(3), 302–304 (1966).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradley JM. Radiotherapy of pituitary tumours. J. Coll. Radiol. Australas.9, 36–43 (1965).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, Robinson EL, Sutton ML. Radiation-induced hypopituitarism is dose-dependent. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)31(3), 363–373 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalet SM, Price DA, Beardwell CG, Jones PH, Pearson D. Normal growth despite abnormalities of growth hormone secretion in children treated for acute leukemia. J. Pediatr.94(5), 719–722 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castinetti F, Nagai M, Morange I et al. Long-term results of stereotactic radiosurgery in secretory pituitary adenomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.94(9), 3400–3407 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan JP, Pouratian N, Steiner L, Laws ER, Vance ML. Gamma knife surgery for pituitary adenomas: factors related to radiological and endocrine outcomes. J. Neurosurg.114(2), 303–309 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Leenstra JL, Tanaka S, Kline RW et al. Factors associated with endocrine deficits after stereotactic radiosurgery of pituitary adenomas. Neurosurgery67(1), 27–32 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold A. Effects of x-irradiation on the hypothalamus: a possible explanation for the therapeutic benefits following x-irradiation of the hypophysial region for pituitary dysfunction. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.14(8), 859–868 (1954).
   Google Scholar
• Larkins RG, Martin FI. Hypopituitarism after extracranial irradiation: evidence for hypothalamic origin. Br. Med. J.1(5846), 152–153 (1973).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romer TE, Rymkiewicz-Kluczynska B, Olivier M, Sagnard L, Szarras-Czapnik M. Growth hormone-releasing hormone reverses secondary somatotroph unresponsiveness. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.72(2), 503–506 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Darzy KH, Pezzoli SS, Thorner MO, Shalet SM. Cranial irradiation and growth hormone neurosecretory dysfunction: a critical appraisal. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.92(5), 1666–1672 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Ciccarelli E, Corsello SM, Plowman PN et al. Long-term effects of radiotherapy for acromegaly on circulating prolactin. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh.)121(6), 827–832 (1989).
   Google Scholar
• Constine LS, Woolf PD, Cann D et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction after radiation for brain tumors. N. Engl. J. Med.328(2), 87–94 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darzy KH, Shalet SM. Pathophysiology of radiation-induced growth hormone deficiency: efficacy and safety of GH replacement. Growth Horm. IGF Res.16(Suppl. A), S30–S40 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Clayton PE, Shalet SM. Dose dependency of time of onset of radiation-induced growth hormone deficiency. J. Pediatr.118(2), 226–228 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darzy KH, Aimaretti G, Wieringa G, Gattamaneni HR, Ghigo E, Shalet SM. The usefulness of the combined growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone and arginine stimulation test in the diagnosis of radiation-induced GH deficiency is dependent on the post-irradiation time interval. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.88(1), 95–102 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmiegelow M, Lassen S, Poulsen HS et al. Growth hormone response to a growth hormone-releasing hormone stimulation test in a population-based study following cranial irradiation of childhood brain tumors. Horm. Res.54(2), 53–59 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Avizonis VN, Fuller DB, Thomson JW, Walker MJ, Nilsson DE, Menlove RL. Late effects following central nervous system radiation in a pediatric population. Neuropediatrics23(5), 228–234 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Lam KS, Tse VK, Wang C, Yeung RT, Ho JH. Effects of cranial irradiation on hypothalamic-pituitary function – a 5-year longitudinal study in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Q. J. Med.78(286), 165–176 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pai HH, Thornton A, Katznelson L et al. Hypothalamic/pituitary function following high-dose conformal radiotherapy to the base of skull: demonstration of a dose-effect relationship using dose-volume histogram analysis. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.49(4), 1079–1092 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhandare N, Kennedy L, Malyapa RS, Morris CG, Mendenhall WM. Hypopituitarism after radiotherapy for extracranial head and neck cancers. Head Neck30(9), 1182–1192 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Samaan NA, Vieto R, Schultz PN et al. Hypothalamic, pituitary and thyroid dysfunction after radiotherapy to the head and neck. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.8(11), 1857–1867 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen MS, Lin FJ, Huang MJ et al. Prospective hormone study of hypothalamic-pituitary function in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma after high dose irradiation. Jpn J. Clin. Oncol.19(3), 265–270 (1989).
   Google Scholar
• Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG. Radiation and hypothalamic–pituitary function. Baillieres Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.4(1), 147–175 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Nishioka H, Hirano A, Haraoka J, Nakajima N. Histological changes in the pituitary gland and adenomas following radiotherapy. Neuropathology22(1), 19–25 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darzy KH, Shalet SM. Hypopituitarism as a consequence of brain tumours and radiotherapy. Pituitary8(3–4), 203–211 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vladyka V, Liscak R, Novotny J Jr, Marek J, Jezkova J. Radiation tolerance of functioning pituitary tissue in gamma knife surgery for pituitary adenomas. Neurosurgery52(2), 309–316 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, Ahmed SR, Applegate G, Sutton ML. Hypopituitarism following external radiotherapy for pituitary tumours in adults. Q. J. Med.70(262), 145–160 (1989).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsang RW, Brierley JD, Panzarella T, Gospodarowicz MK, Sutcliffe SB, Simpson WJ. Radiation therapy for pituitary adenoma: treatment outcome and prognostic factors. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.30(3), 557–565 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langsenlehner T, Stiegler C, Quehenberger F et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with pituitary macroadenomas after postoperative radiation therapy: analysis of tumor control and functional outcome. Strahlenther Onkol.183(5), 241–247 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Feigl GC, Bonelli CM, Berghold A, Mokry M. Effects of gamma knife radiosurgery of pituitary adenomas on pituitary function. J. Neurosurg.97(5 Suppl.), 415–421 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voges J, Kocher M, Runge M et al. Linear accelerator radiosurgery for pituitary macroadenomas: a 7-year follow-up study. Cancer107(6), 1355–1364 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Karavitaki N, Brufani C, Warner JT et al. Craniopharyngiomas in children and adults: systematic analysis of 121 cases with long-term follow-up. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)62(4), 397–409 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith MC, Ryken TC, Buatti JM. Radiotoxicity after conformal radiation therapy for benign intracranial tumors. Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am.17(2), 169–180, vii (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Bhandare N, Kennedy L, Malyapa RS, Morris CG, Mendenhall WM. Primary and central hypothyroidism after radiotherapy for head-and-neck tumors. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.68(4), 1131–1139 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Agha A, Sherlock M, Brennan S et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction after irradiation of nonpituitary brain tumors in adults. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(12), 6355–6360 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihailescu D, Shore-Freedman E, Mukani S, Lubin J, Ron E, Schneider AB. Multiple neoplasms in an irradiated cohort: pattern of occurrence and relationship to thyroid cancer outcome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.87(7), 3236–3241 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oeffinger KC, Mertens AC, Sklar CA et al. Chronic health conditions in adult survivors of childhood cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.355(15), 1572–1582 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brauner R, Czernichow P, Rappaport R. Greater susceptibility to hypothalamopituitary irradiation in younger children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J. Pediatr.108(2), 332 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• Ogilvy-Stuart AL, Clark DJ, Wallace WH et al. Endocrine deficit after fractionated total body irradiation. Arch. Dis. Child.67(9), 1107–1110 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costin G. Effects of low-dose cranial radiation on growth hormone secretory dynamics and hypothalamic–pituitary function. Am. J. Dis. Child.142(8), 847–852 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Brennan BM, Rahim A, Mackie EM, Eden OB, Shalet SM. Growth hormone status in adults treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)48(6), 777–783 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, Pearson D, Jones PH. The effect of varying doses of cerebral irradiation on growth hormone production in childhood. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)5(3), 287–290 (1976).
   Google Scholar
• Brauner R, Adan L, Souberbielle JC et al. Contribution of growth hormone deficiency to the growth failure that follows bone marrow transplantation. J. Pediatr.130(5), 785–792 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samaan NA, Schultz PN, Yang KP et al. Endocrine complications after radiotherapy for tumors of the head and neck. J. Lab. Clin. Med.109(3), 364–372 (1987).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sulmont V, Brauner R, Fontoura M, Rappaport R. Response to growth hormone treatment and final height after cranial or craniospinal irradiation. Acta Paediatr. Scand.79(5), 542–549 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton PE, Shalet SM, Price DA. Growth response to growth hormone therapy following craniospinal irradiation. Eur. J. Pediatr.147(6), 597–601 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton PE, Shalet SM, Price DA. Growth response to growth hormone therapy following cranial irradiation. Eur. J. Pediatr.147(6), 593–596 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownstein CM, Mertens AC, Mitby PA et al. Factors that affect final height and change in height standard deviation scores in survivors of childhood cancer treated with growth hormone: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.89(9), 4422–4427 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Adan L, Souberbielle JC, Blanche S, Leverger G, Schaison G, Brauner R. Adult height after cranial irradiation with 24 Gy: factors and markers of height loss. Acta Paediatr.85(9), 1096–1101 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melin AE, Adan L, Leverger G, Souberbielle JC, Schaison G, Brauner R. Growth hormone secretion, puberty and adult height after cranial irradiation with 18 Gy for leukaemia. Eur. J. Pediatr.157(9), 703–707 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brauner R, Rappaport R, Prevot C et al. A prospective study of the development of growth hormone deficiency in children given cranial irradiation, and its relation to statural growth. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.68(2), 346–351 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarson CL, Del Maestro RF. Growth failure after treatment of pediatric brain tumors. Pediatrics103(3), E37 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Karavitaki N, Warner JT, Marland A et al. GH replacement does not increase the risk of recurrence in patients with craniopharyngioma. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)64(5), 556–560 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sklar CA, Mertens AC, Mitby P et al. Risk of disease recurrence and second neoplasms in survivors of childhood cancer treated with growth hormone: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.87(7), 3136–3141 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman ML, Crowe BJ, Biller BM, Ho KK, Clemmons DR, Chipman JJ. Which patients do not require a GH stimulation test for the diagnosis of adult GH deficiency? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.87(2), 477–485 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biller BM, Samuels MH, Zagar A et al. Sensitivity and specificity of six tests for the diagnosis of adult GH deficiency. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.87(5), 2067–2079 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molitch ME, Clemmons DR, Malozowski S et al. Evaluation and treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.91(5), 1621–1634 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aimaretti G, Corneli G, Razzore P et al. Comparison between insulin-induced hypoglycemia and growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone + arginine as provocative tests for the diagnosis of GH deficiency in adults. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.83(5), 1615–1618 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achermann JC, Brook CG, Hindmarsh PC. The GH response to low-dose bolus growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH(1–29)NH2) is attenuated in patients with longstanding post-irradiation GH insufficiency. Eur. J. Endocrinol.142(4), 359–364 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Rose SR, Lustig RH, Pitukcheewanont P et al. Diagnosis of hidden central hypothyroidism in survivors of childhood cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.84(12), 4472–4479 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lustig RH, Schriock EA, Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM. Effect of growth hormone-releasing factor on growth hormone release in children with radiation-induced growth hormone deficiency. Pediatrics76(2), 274–279 (1985).
   Google Scholar
• Lissett CA, Saleem S, Rahim A, Brennan BM, Shalet SM. The impact of irradiation on growth hormone responsiveness to provocative agents is stimulus dependent: results in 161 individuals with radiation damage to the somatotropic axis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.86(2), 663–668 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Cicognani A, Cacciari E, Pession A et al. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) concentrations compared to stimulated growth hormone (GH) in the evaluation of children treated for malignancy. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab.12(5), 629–638 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Shalet SM, Toogood A, Rahim A, Brennan BM. The diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in children and adults. Endocr. Rev.19(2), 203–223 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer H, Blok GJ, Van der Veen EA. Clinical aspects of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Endocr. Rev.16(1), 63–86 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalet S. Stepping into adulthood: the transition period. Horm. Res.62(Suppl. 4), 15–22 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Shalet SM, Brennan BM, Reddingius RE. Growth hormone therapy and malignancy. Horm. Res.48(Suppl. 4), 29–32 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G, Shalet SM, Simpson H, Sonken PH. Treatment of growth hormone deficiency in adults. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.85(3), 933–942 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman DM, O’Sullivan AJ, Freund J, Ho KK. Adults with growth hormone deficiency have abnormal body composition but normal energy metabolism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.80(1), 72–77 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snel YE, Brummer RJ, Doerga ME et al. Adipose tissue assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in growth hormone-deficient adults: the effect of growth hormone replacement and a comparison with control subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.61(6), 1290–1294 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binnerts A, Swart GR, Wilson JH et al. The effect of growth hormone administration in growth hormone deficient adults on bone, protein, carbohydrate and lipid homeostasis, as well as on body composition. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)37(1), 79–87 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boger RH, Skamira C, Bode-Boger SM, Brabant G, von zur von zur Mühlen A, Frolich JC. Nitric oxide may mediate the hemodynamic effects of recombinant growth hormone in patients with acquired growth hormone deficiency. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Clin. Invest.98(12), 2706–2713 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sesmilo G, Miller KK, Hayden D, Klibanski A. Inflammatory cardiovascular risk markers in women with hypopituitarism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.86(12), 5774–5781 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray RD, Darzy KH, Gleeson HK, Shalet SM. GH-deficient survivors of childhood cancer: GH replacement during adult life. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.87(1), 129–135 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Jorgensen JO, Pedersen SA, Thuesen L et al. Beneficial effects of growth hormone treatment in GH-deficient adults. Lancet1(8649), 1221–1225 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson J, Fowelin J, Landin K, Bengtsson BA, Johansson JO. Effects of seven years of GH-replacement therapy on insulin sensitivity in GH-deficient adults. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.87(5), 2121–2127 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes SJ, Shalet SM. Which adults develop side-effects of growth hormone replacement? Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)43(2), 143–149 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengtsson BA, Eden S, Lonn L et al. Treatment of adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency with recombinant human GH. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.76(2), 309–317 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sesmilo G, Biller BM, Llevadot J et al. Effects of growth hormone administration on inflammatory and other cardiovascular risk markers in men with growth hormone deficiency. A randomized, controlled clinical trial. Ann. Intern. Med.133(2), 111–122 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boot AM, Engels MA, Boerma GJ, Krenning EP, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM. Changes in bone mineral density, body composition, and lipid metabolism during growth hormone (GH) treatment in children with GH deficiency. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.82(8), 2423–2428 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Pasqualini T, Escobar ME, Domene H, Muriel FS, Pavlovsky S, Rivarola MA. Evaluation of gonadal function following long-term treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in girls. Am. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol.9(1), 15–22 (1987).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanders JE, Buckner CD, Leonard JM et al. Late effects on gonadal function of cyclophosphamide, total-body irradiation, and marrow transplantation. Transplantation36(3), 252–255 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappaport R, Brauner R, Czernichow P et al. Effect of hypothalamic and pituitary irradiation on pubertal development in children with cranial tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.54(6), 1164–1168 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brauner R, Czernichow P, Rappaport R. Precocious puberty after hypothalamic and pituitary irradiation in young children. N. Engl. J. Med.311(14), 920 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Quigley C, Cowell C, Jimenez M et al. Normal or early development of puberty despite gonadal damage in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med.321(3), 143–151 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogilvy-Stuart AL, Clayton PE, Shalet SM. Cranial irradiation and early puberty. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.78(6), 1282–1286 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhandare N, Kennedy L, Malyapa RS, Morris CG, Mendenhall WM. Hypopituitarism after radiotherapy for extracranial head and neck cancers in pediatric patients. Am. J. Clin. Oncol.31(6), 567–572 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiper AD, Stanhope R, Kitching P, Chessells JM. Precocious and premature puberty associated with treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Arch. Dis. Child.62(11), 1107–1112 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lannering B, Jansson C, Rosberg S, Albertsson-Wikland K. Increased LH and FSH secretion after cranial irradiation in boys. Med. Pediatr. Oncol.29(4), 280–287 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Roth C, Lakomek M, Schmidberger H, Jarry H. [Cranial irradiation induces premature activation of the gonadotropin-releasing-hormone]. Klin. Padiatr.213(4), 239–243 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muller J. Disturbance of pubertal development after cancer treatment. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.16(1), 91–103 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burstein S. Growth disorders after cranial radiation in childhood. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.78(6), 1280–1281 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graber JA, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR, Brooks-Gunn J. Is psychopathology associated with the timing of pubertal development? J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry36(12), 1768–1776 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein JS, Neer RM, Biller BM, Crawford JD, Klibanski A. Osteopenia in men with a history of delayed puberty. N. Engl. J. Med.326(9), 600–604 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez A, Brada M, Zabuliene L, Karavitaki N, Wass JA. Radiation-induced hypopituitarism. Endocr. Relat. Cancer16(3), 733–772 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner R, Wallace WH, Levitt GA. Long-term follow-up of people who have survived cancer during childhood. Lancet Oncol.7(6), 489–498 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Livesey EA, Hindmarsh PC, Brook CG et al. Endocrine disorders following treatment of childhood brain tumours. Br. J. Cancer61(4), 622–625 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agha A, Sherlock M, Brennan S et al. Hypothalamic–pituitary dysfunction after irradiation of nonpituitary brain tumors in adults. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(12), 6355–6360 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush S, Cooper PR. Symptom resolution, tumor control, and side effects following postoperative radiotherapy for pituitary macroadenomas. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.37(5), 1031–1034 (1997).
   Google Scholar
• Rose SR, Lustig RH, Burstein S, Pitukcheewanont P, Broome DC, Burghen GA. Diagnosis of ACTH deficiency. Comparison of overnight metyrapone test to either low-dose or high-dose ACTH test. Horm. Res.52(2), 73–79 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Darzy KH, Shalet SM. Absence of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) neurosecretory dysfunction but increased cortisol concentrations and production rates in ACTH-replete adult cancer survivors after cranial irradiation for nonpituitary brain tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(9), 5217–5225 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darzy KH, Shalet SM. Circadian and stimulated thyrotropin secretion in cranially irradiated adult cancer survivors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(12), 6490–6497 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agha A, Sherlock M, Brennan S et al. Hypothalamic–pituitary dysfunction after irradiation of nonpituitary brain tumors in adults. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(12), 6355–6360 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romijn JA, Wiersinga WM. Decreased nocturnal surge of thyrotropin in nonthyroidal illness. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.70(1), 35–42 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adriaanse R, Brabant G, Prank K, Endert E, Wiersinga WM. Circadian changes in pulsatile TSH release in primary hypothyroidism. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)37(6), 504–510 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Agha A, Walker D, Perry L et al. Unmasking of central hypothyroidism following growth hormone replacement in adult hypopituitary patients. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)66(1), 72–77 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littley MD, Shalet SM, Morgenstern GR, Deakin DP. Endocrine and reproductive dysfunction following fractionated total body irradiation in adults. Q J Med.78(287), 265–274 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sudhakar N, Ray A, Vafidis JA. Complications after trans-sphenoidal surgery: our experience and a review of the literature. Br. J. Neurosurg.18(5), 507–512 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumont AS, Nemergut EC, Jane JA Jr, Laws ER Jr. Postoperative care following pituitary surgery. J. Intensive Care Med.20(3), 127–140 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hayashi M, Chernov MF, Taira T et al. Outcome after pituitary radiosurgery for thalamic pain syndrome. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.69(3), 852–857 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar