Obesity, aromatase and breast cancer

References

• Bulun SE, Takayama K, Suzuki T, Sasano H, Yilmaz B, Sebastian S. Organization of the human aromatase p450 (CYP19) gene. Semin. Reprod. Med.22(1), 5–9 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson ER, Mahendroo MS, Means GD et al. Aromatase cytochrome P450, the enzyme responsible for estrogen biosynthesis. Endocr. Rev.15(3), 342–355 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michael MD, Kilgore MW, Morohashi K, Simpson ER. Ad4BP/SF-1 regulates cyclic AMP-induced transcription from the proximal promoter (PII) of the human aromatase P450 (CYP19) gene in the ovary. J. Biol. Chem.270(22), 13561–13566 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honda S, Harada N, Takagi Y. Novel exon 1 of the aromatase gene specific for aromatase transcripts in human brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.198(3), 1153–1160 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahendroo MS, Means GD, Mendelson CR, Simpson ER. Tissue-specific expression of human P-450AROM. The promoter responsible for expression in adipose tissue is different from that utilized in placenta. J. Biol. Chem.266(17), 11276–11281 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahendroo MS, Mendelson CR, Simpson ER. Tissue-specific and hormonally controlled alternative promoters regulate aromatase cytochrome P450 gene expression in human adipose tissue. J. Biol. Chem.268(26), 19463–19470 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou D, Clarke P, Wang J, Chen S. Identification of a promoter that controls aromatase expression in human breast cancer and adipose stromal cells. J. Biol. Chem.271(25), 15194–15202 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harada N. A unique aromatase (P-450AROM) mRNA formed by alternative use of tissue-specific exons 1 in human skin fibroblasts. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.189(2), 1001–1007 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ackerman GE, Smith ME, Mendelson CR, MacDonald PC, Simpson ER. Aromatization of androstenedione by human adipose tissue stromal cells in monolayer culture. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.53(2), 412–417 (1981).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oz OK, Millsaps R, Welch R, Birch J, Zerwekh JE. Expression of aromatase in the human growth plate. J. Mol. Endocrinol.27(2), 249–253 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roselli CE, Resko JA. Cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19) in the non-human primate brain: distribution, regulation, and functional significance. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.79(1–5), 247–253 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sasano H, Takashashi K, Satoh F, Nagura H, Harada N. Aromatase in the human central nervous system. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)48(3), 325–329 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stoffel-Wagner B, Watzka M, Schramm J, Bidlingmaier F, Klingmuller D. Expression of CYP19 (aromatase) mRNA in different areas of the human brain. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.70(4–6), 237–241 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calzada-Mendoza CC, Sanchez EC, Campos RR et al. Differential aromatase (CYP19) expression in human arteries from normal and neoplasic uterus: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study. Front. Biosci.11, 389–393 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Madej P, Plewka A, Plewka D et al. The aromatase expression in myomas and myometriums of women in reproduction and perimenopausal age. Folia Histochem. Cytobiol.47(3), 497–504 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Attar E, Tokunaga H, Imir G et al. Prostaglandin E2 via steroidogenic factor-1 coordinately regulates transcription of steroidogenic genes necessary for estrogen synthesis in endometriosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.94(2), 623–631 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corpechot C, Synguelakis M, Talha S et al. Pregnenolone and its sulfate ester in the rat brain. Brain Res.270(1), 119–125 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berrino F, Muti P, Micheli A et al. Serum sex hormone levels after menopause and subsequent breast cancer. J. Natl Cancer Inst.88(5), 291–296 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas HV, Key TJ, Allen DS et al. A prospective study of endogenous serum hormone concentrations and breast cancer risk in post-menopausal women on the island of Guernsey. Br. J. Cancer76(3), 401–405 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toniolo PG, Levitz M, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A et al. A prospective study of endogenous estrogens and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J. Natl Cancer Inst.87(3), 190–197 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes BP, Straume AH, Geisler J et al. Intratumoral estrogen disposition in breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.16(6), 1790–1801 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson GD, Rose DP. Breast cancer and obesity: an update. Nutr. Cancer45(1), 1–16 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key TJ, Appleby PN, Reeves GK et al. Body mass index, serum sex hormones, and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. J. Natl Cancer Inst.95(16), 1218–1226 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusano AS, Trichopoulos D, Terry KL, Chen WY, Willett WC, Michels KB. A prospective study of breast size and premenopausal breast cancer incidence. Int. J. Cancer118(8), 2031–2034 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller WR, O’Neill J. The importance of local synthesis of estrogen within the breast. Steroids50(4–6), 537–548 (1987).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larionov AA, Berstein LM, Miller WR. Local uptake and synthesis of oestrone in normal and malignant postmenopausal breast tissues. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.81(1), 57–64 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vachon CM, Sasano H, Ghosh K et al. Aromatase immunoreactivity is increased in mammographically dense regions of the breast. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.125(1), 243–252 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghosh S, Hu Y, Li R. Cell density is a critical determinant of aromatase expression in adipose stromal cells. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.118(4–5), 231–236 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bulun SE, Sharda G, Rink J, Sharma S, Simpson ER. Distribution of aromatase P450 transcripts and adipose fibroblasts in the human breast. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.81(3), 1273–1277 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulun SE, Price TM, Aitken J, Mahendroo MS, Simpson ER. A link between breast cancer and local estrogen biosynthesis suggested by quantification of breast adipose tissue aromatase cytochrome P450 transcripts using competitive polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.77(6), 1622–1628 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill JS, Elton RA, Miller WR. Aromatase activity in adipose tissue from breast quadrants: a link with tumour site. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)296(6624), 741–743 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harada N, Utsumi T, Takagi Y. Tissue-specific expression of the human aromatase cytochrome P-450 gene by alternative use of multiple exons 1 and promoters, and switching of tissue-specific exons 1 in carcinogenesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA90(23), 11312–11316 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal VR, Bulun SE, Leitch M, Rohrich R, Simpson ER. Use of alternative promoters to express the aromatase cytochrome P450 (CYP19) gene in breast adipose tissues of cancer-free and breast cancer patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.81(11), 3843–3849 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou D, Zhou C, Chen S. Gene regulation studies of aromatase expression in breast cancer and adipose stromal cells. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.61(3–6), 273–280 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Irahara N, Miyoshi Y, Taguchi T, Tamaki Y, Noguchi S. Quantitative analysis of aromatase mRNA expression derived from various promoters (I.4, I.3, PII and I.7) and its association with expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and COX-2 mRNAs in human breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer118(8), 1915–1921 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal VR, Ashanullah CI, Simpson ER, Bulun SE. Alternatively spliced transcripts of the aromatase cytochrome P450 (CYP19) gene in adipose tissue of women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.82(1), 70–74 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao Y, Agarwal VR, Mendelson CR, Simpson ER. Estrogen biosynthesis proximal to a breast tumor is stimulated by PGE2 via cyclic AMP, leading to activation of promoter II of the CYP19 (aromatase) gene. Endocrinology137(12), 5739–5742 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards JA, Brueggemeier RW. Prostaglandin E2 regulates aromatase activity and expression in human adipose stromal cells via two distinct receptor subtypes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.88(6), 2810–2816 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao Y, Nichols JE, Valdez R, Mendelson CR, Simpson ER. Tumor necrosis factor-α stimulates aromatase gene expression in human adipose stromal cells through use of an activating protein-1 binding site upstream of promoter 1.4. Mol. Endocrinol.10(11), 1350–1357 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clyne CD, Speed CJ, Zhou J, Simpson ER. Liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1) regulates expression of aromatase in preadipocytes. J. Biol. Chem.277(23), 20591–20597 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Safi R, Kovacic A, Gaillard S et al. Coactivation of liver receptor homologue-1 by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α on aromatase promoter II and its inhibition by activated retinoid X receptor suggest a novel target for breast-specific antiestrogen therapy. Cancer Res.65(24), 11762–11770 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clyne CD, Kovacic A, Speed CJ, Zhou J, Pezzi V, Simpson ER. Regulation of aromatase expression by the nuclear receptor LRH-1 in adipose tissue. Mol. Cell Endocrinol.215(1–2), 39–44 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen S, Ye J, Kijima I, Kinoshita Y, Zhou D. Positive and negative transcriptional regulation of aromatase expression in human breast cancer tissue. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.95(1–5), 17–23 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchard MF, Taniguchi H, Viger RS. Protein kinase A-dependent synergism between GATA factors and the nuclear receptor, liver receptor homolog-1, regulates human aromatase (CYP19) PII promoter activity in breast cancer cells. Endocrinology146(11), 4905–4916 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen D, Reierstad S, Lin Z et al. Prostaglandin E(2) induces breast cancer related aromatase promoters via activation of p38 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase in adipose fibroblasts. Cancer Res.67(18), 8914–8922 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao Y, Nichols JE, Bulun SE, Mendelson CR, Simpson ER. Aromatase P450 gene expression in human adipose tissue. Role of a Jak/STAT pathway in regulation of the adipose-specific promoter. J. Biol. Chem.270(27), 16449–16457 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye J. Emerging role of adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity and insulin resistance. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.)33(1), 54–66 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Fact sheet no. 311. Obesity and overweight. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Roberts DL, Dive C, Renehan AG. Biological mechanisms linking obesity and cancer risk: new perspectives. Annu. Rev. Med.61, 301–316 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvie M, Hooper L, Howell AH. Central obesity and breast cancer risk: a systematic review. Obes. Rev.4(3), 157–173 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choi JH, Banks AS, Estall JL et al. Anti-diabetic drugs inhibit obesity-linked phosphorylation of PPARγ by Cdk5. Nature466(7305), 451–456 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose DP, Komninou D, Stephenson GD. Obesity, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance in breast cancer. Obes. Rev.5(3), 153–165 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu MH, Chou YC, Chou WY et al. Circulating levels of leptin, adiposity and breast cancer risk. Br. J. Cancer100(4), 578–582 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray A, Nkhata KJ, Cleary MP. Effects of leptin on human breast cancer cell lines in relationship to estrogen receptor and HER2 status. Int. J. Oncol.30(6), 1499–1509 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalano S, Marsico S, Giordano C et al. Leptin enhances, via AP-1, expression of aromatase in the MCF-7 cell line. J. Biol. Chem.278(31), 28668–28676 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vona-Davis L, Rose DP. Adipokines as endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine factors in breast cancer risk and progression. Endocr. Relat. Cancer14(2), 189–206 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieudonne MN, Bussiere M, Dos Santos E, Leneveu MC, Giudicelli Y, Pecquery R. Adiponectin mediates antiproliferative and apoptotic responses in human MCF7 breast cancer cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.345(1), 271–279 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen MS, Lihn AS, Pedersen SB, Bruun JM, Rasmussen M, Richelsen B. Adiponectin receptors in human adipose tissue: effects of obesity, weight loss, and fat depots. Obesity14(1), 28–35 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Minokoshi Y et al. Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nat. Med.8(11), 1288–1295 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg GR, Macaulay SL, Febbraio MA, Kemp BE. AMP-activated protein kinase – the fat controller of the energy railroad. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.84(7), 655–665 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towler MC, Hardie DG. AMP-activated protein kinase in metabolic control and insulin signaling. Circ. Res.100(3), 328–341 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurley RL, Barre LK, Wood SD et al. Regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase by multisite phosphorylation in response to agents that elevate cellular cAMP. J. Biol. Chem.281(48), 36662–36672 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conkright MD, Canettieri G, Screaton R et al. TORCs: transducers of regulated CREB activity. Mol. Cell12(2), 413–423 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo SH, Flechner L, Qi L et al. The CREB coactivator TORC2 is a key regulator of fasting glucose metabolism. Nature437(7062), 1109–1111 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen Z, Wen XF, Lan F, Shen ZZ, Shao ZM. The tumor suppressor gene LKB1 is associated with prognosis in human breast carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res.8(7), 2085–2090 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardeesy N, Sinha M, Hezel AF et al. Loss of the Lkb1 tumour suppressor provokes intestinal polyposis but resistance to transformation. Nature419(6903), 162–167 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang WB, Wang Z, Su F et al. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase by temozolomide contributes to apoptosis in glioblastoma cells via p53 activation and mTORC1 inhibition. J. Biol. Chem.285(52), 40461–40471 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budanov AV, Karin M. p53 target genes sestrin1 and sestrin2 connect genotoxic stress and mTOR signaling. Cell134(3), 451–460 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashizawa N, Yahata T, Quan J, Adachi S, Yoshihara K, Tanaka K. Serum leptin–adiponectin ratio and endometrial cancer risk in postmenopausal female subjects. Gynecol. Oncol.119(1), 65–69 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulun SE, Rosenthal IM, Brodie AM et al. Use of tissue-specific promoters in the regulation of aromatase cytochrome P450 gene expression in human testicular and ovarian sex cord tumors, as well as in normal fetal and adult gonads. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.78(2), 1616–1621 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehenni H, Gehrig C, Nezu J et al. Loss of LKB1 kinase activity in Peutz–Jeghers syndrome, and evidence for allelic and locus heterogeneity. Am. J. Hum. Genet.63(6), 1641–1650 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown KA, McInnes KJ, Hunger NI, Oakhill JS, Steinberg GR, Simpson ER. Subcellular localization of cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein-regulated transcription coactivator 2 provides a link between obesity and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Cancer Res.69(13), 5392–5399 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown KA, Simpson ER. Obesity and breast cancer: progress to understanding the relationship. Cancer Res.70(1), 4–7 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan QJ, O’Dea AP, Sharma P. Musculoskeletal adverse events associated with adjuvant aromatase inhibitors. J. Oncol. DOI: 10.1155/2010/654348 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Bender CM, Sereika SM, Brufsky AM et al. Memory impairments with adjuvant anastrozole versus tamoxifen in women with early-stage breast cancer. Menopause14(6), 995–998 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cazzaniga M, Bonanni B, Guerrieri-Gonzaga A, Decensi A. Is it time to test metformin in breast cancer clinical trials?. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.18(3), 701–705 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans JM, Donnelly LA, Emslie-Smith AM, Alessi DR, Morris AD. Metformin and reduced risk of cancer in diabetic patients. BMJ330(7503), 1304–1305 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou G, Myers R, Li Y et al. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action. J. Clin. Invest.108(8), 1167–1174 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Mir MY, Nogueira V, Fontaine E, Averet N, Rigoulet M, Leverve X. Dimethylbiguanide inhibits cell respiration via an indirect effect targeted on the respiratory chain complex I. J. Biol. Chem.275(1), 223–228 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown KA, Hunger NI, Docanto M, Simpson ER. Metformin inhibits aromatase expression in human breast adipose stromal cells via stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.123(2), 591–596 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin PJ, Stambolic V, Lemieux J et al. Evaluation of metformin in early breast cancer: a modification of the traditional paradigm for clinical testing of anti-cancer agents. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.126(1), 215–220 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Meric-Bernstam F. Metformin: a therapeutic opportunity in breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res.16(6), 1695–1700 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Castillo B, Dorca J, Vazquez-Martin A et al. Incorporating the antidiabetic drug metformin in HER2-positive breast cancer treated with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and trastuzumab: an ongoing clinical-translational research experience at the Catalan Institute of Oncology. Ann. Oncol.21(1), 187–189 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warburg O, Wind F, Negelein E. The metabolism of tumors in the body. J. Gen. Physiol.8, 519–530 (1927).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar