Polycystic ovary syndrome: why there is no cure

References

• Azziz R, Woods KS, Reyna R, Key TJ, Knochenhauer ES, Yildiz BO. The prevalence and features of the polycystic ovary syndrome in an unselected population. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89(6), 2745–2749 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Kouli CR, Bergiele AT et al. A survey of the polycystic ovary syndrome in the Greek island of Lesbos: hormonal and metabolic profile. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84(11), 4006–4011 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum. Reprod. 19(1), 41–47 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azziz R, Carmina E, Dewailly D et al. Criteria for defining polycystic ovary syndrome as a predominantly hyperandrogenic syndrome: an androgen excess society guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91(11), 4237–4235 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawadzki JA, Dunaif A. The diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: towards a rationale approach. In: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Dunaif A, Givens JR, Haseltine FP, Merriam GR (Eds). Blackwell Scientific, MA, USA, 377–384 (1992).
   Google Scholar
• Wood JR, Ho CK, Nelson-Degrave VL, McAllister JM, Strauss JF 3rd. The molecular signature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) theca cells defined by gene expression profiling. J. Reprod. Immunol. 63(1), 51–60 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrmann DA, Rosenfield RL, Barnes RB, Brigell DF, Sheikh Z. Detection of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism in women with androgen excess. N. Engl. J. Med. 327(3), 157–162 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldstreicher J, Santoro NF, Hall JE, Filicori M, Crowley WF Jr. Hyperfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in women with polycystic ovarian disease: indirect evidence for partial gonadotroph desensitization. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 66(1), 165–172 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunaif A. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis. Endocr. Rev. 18(6), 774–800 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hague WM, Adams J, Reeders ST, Peto TE, Jacobs HS. Familial polycystic ovaries: a genetic disease? Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 29(6), 593–605 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahsar-Miller MD, Nixon C, Boots LR, Go RC, Azziz R. Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in first-degree relatives of patients with PCOS. Fertil. Steril. 75(1), 53–58 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodarzi MO, Dumesic DA, Chazenbalk G, Azziz R. Polycystic ovary syndrome: etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 7(4), 219–231 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumesic DA, Abbott DH, Padmanabhan V. Polycystic ovary syndrome and its developmental origins. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 8(2), 127–141 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cibula D, Cífková R, Fanta M, Poledne R, Zivny J, Skibová J. Increased risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease in perimenopausal women with a history of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum. Reprod. 15(4), 785–789 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puurunen J, Piltonen T, Morin-Papunen L et al. Unfavorable hormonal, metabolic, and inflammatory alterations persist after menopause in women with PCOS. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96(6), 1827–1834 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrbíková J, Cibula D. Combined oral contraceptives in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum. Reprod. Update 11(3), 277–291 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velazquez EM, Mendoza S, Hamer T, Sosa F, Glueck CJ. Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metab. Clin. Exp. 43(5), 647–654 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palomba S, Falbo A, Zullo F, Orio F Jr. Evidence-based and potential benefits of metformin in the polycystic ovary syndrome: a comprehensive review. Endocr. Rev. 30(1), 1–50 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palomba S, Falbo A, Russo T et al. Insulin sensitivity after metformin suspension in normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92(8), 3128–3135 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrbikova J, Hainer V. Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. Obes. Facts 2(1), 26–35 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran LJ, Hutchison SK, Norman RJ, Teede HJ. Lifestyle changes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (7), CD007506 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Escobar-Morreale HF, Botella-Carretero JI, Alvarez-Blasco F, Sancho J, San Millán JL. The polycystic ovary syndrome associated with morbid obesity may resolve after weight loss induced by bariatric surgery. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90(12), 6364–6369 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koulouri O, Conway GS. A systematic review of commonly used medical treatments for hirsutism in women. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 68(5), 800–805 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swiglo BA, Cosma M, Flynn DN et al. Clinical review: antiandrogens for the treatment of hirsutism: a systematic review and metaanalyses of randomized controlled trials. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93(4), 1153–1160 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagleson CA, Gingrich MB, Pastor CL et al. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: evidence that flutamide restores sensitivity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator to inhibition by estradiol and progesterone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85(11), 4047–4052 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar