44
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Mild gestational diabetes: towards a redefined threshold?

, , &
Pages 669-676 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR et al. Summary and recommendations of the Second International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes. Diabetes 34, 123–126 (1985).
  • Metzger DE. Summary and recommendations of the Third International Workshop Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes 40(Suppl. 20), 197–201 (1991).
  • Lawrence JM, Contreras R, Chen W, Sacks DA. Trends in the prevalence of preexisting diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus among a racially/ethnically diverse population of pregnant women, 1999–2005. Diabetes Care 31(5), 899–904 (2008).
  • Ferrara A. Increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus: a public health perspective. Diabetes Care 30(Suppl. 2), S141–S146 (2007).
  • Ali S, Dornhorst A. Diabetes in pregnancy: health risks and management. Postgrad. Med. J. 87(1028), 417–427 (2011).
  • Kjos SL, Buchanan TA. Gestational diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 341(23), 1749–1756 (1999).
  • Hadden DR. Geographic, ethnic, and racial variations in the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 34(Suppl. 2), 8–12 (1985).
  • King H. Epidemiology of glucose intolerance and gestational diabetes in women of childbearing age. Diabetes Care 21(Suppl. 2), B9–B13 (1998).
  • Torloni MR, Betrán AP, Horta BL et al. Prepregnancy BMI and the risk of gestational diabetes: a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. Obes. Rev. 10(2), 194–203 (2009).
  • Metzger BE, Buchanan TA, Coustan DR et al. Summary and recommendations of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 30(Suppl. 2), S251–S260 (2007).
  • Barbour LA, McCurdy CE, Hernandez TL, Kirwan JP, Catalano PM, Friedman JE. Cellular mechanisms for insulin resistance in normal pregnancy and gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 30(Suppl. 2), S112–S119 (2007).
  • Catalano PM, Kirwan JP, Haugel-de Mouzon S, King J. Gestational diabetes and insulin resistance: role in short- and long-term implications for mother and fetus. J. Nutr. 133(5 Suppl. 2), S1674S–S1683 (2003).
  • Buchanan TA, Xiang A, Kjos SL, Watanabe R. What is gestational diabetes? Diabetes Care 30(Suppl. 2), S105–S111 (2007).
  • Silverman BL, Rizzo TA, Cho NH, Metzger BE. Long-term effects of the intrauterine environment. The Northwestern University Diabetes in Pregnancy Center. Diabetes Care 21(Suppl. 2), B142–B149 (1998).
  • Wolf M, Sandler L, Hsu K, Vossen-Smirnakis K, Ecker JL, Thadhani R. First-trimester C-reactive protein and subsequent gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 26(3), 819–824 (2003).
  • Qiu C, Sorensen TK, Luthy DA, Williams MA. A prospective study of maternal serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 18(5), 377–384 (2004).
  • Chen X, Scholl TO, Stein TP. Association of elevated serum ferritin levels and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women: the Camden study. Diabetes Care 29(5), 1077–1082 (2006).
  • Vrachnis N, Belitsos P, Sifakis S et al. Role of adipokines and other inflammatory mediators in gestational diabetes mellitus and previous gestational diabetes mellitus. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2012, 549748 (2012).
  • Gueuvoghlanian-Silva BY, Torloni MR, Mattar R et al. Profile of inflammatory mediators in gestational diabetes mellitus: phenotype and genotype. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 67(3), 241–250 (2012).
  • Daher S, Torloni MR, Gueuvoghlanian-Silva BY, Moron AF, Mattar R. Inflammatory mediator gene polymorphisms and gestational diabetes: a review of the literature. J. Reprod. Immunol. 90(1), 111–116 (2011).
  • Solomon CG, Willett WC, Carey VJ et al. A prospective study of pregravid determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus. JAMA 278(13), 1078–1083 (1997).
  • Lo JC, Feigenbaum SL, Escobar GJ, Yang J, Crites YM, Ferrara A. Increased prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus among women with diagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome: a population-based study. Diabetes Care 29(8), 1915–1917 (2006).
  • Zhang C, Liu S, Solomon CG, Hu FB. Dietary fiber intake, dietary glycemic load, and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 29(10), 2223–2230 (2006).
  • Weintrob N, Karp M, Hod M. Short- and long-range complications in offspring of diabetic mothers. J. Diabetes Complicat. 10(5), 294–301 (1996).
  • American Diabetes Association. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 27(Suppl. 1), S88–S90 (2004).
  • Pirc LK, Owens JA, Crowther CA, Willson K, De Blasio MJ, Robinson JS. Mild gestational diabetes in pregnancy and the adipoinsular axis in babies born to mothers in the ACHOIS randomised controlled trial. BMC Pediatr. 7, 18 (2007).
  • Kim C, Newton KM, Knopp RH. Gestational diabetes and the incidence of Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care 25(10), 1862–1868 (2002).
  • Farrell T, Neale L, Cundy T. Congenital anomalies in the offspring of women with Type 1, Type 2 and gestational diabetes. Diabet. Med. 19(4), 322–326 (2002).
  • Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 373(9677), 1773–1779 (2009).
  • Lauenborg J, Grarup N, Damm P et al. Common Type 2 diabetes risk gene variants associate with gestational diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94(1), 145–150 (2009).
  • Cho YM, Kim TH, Lim S et al. Type 2 diabetes-associated genetic variants discovered in the recent genome-wide association studies are related to gestational diabetes mellitus in the Korean population. Diabetologia 52(2), 253–261 (2009).
  • O’Sullivan JB, Mahan CM. Criteria for the oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy. Diabetes 13, 278–285 (1964).
  • National Diabetes Data Group. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes 28, 1039–1057 (1979).
  • WHO Expert Committee on Diabetes Mellitus. Second Report. Technical Report Series 646 Geneva. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland (1980).
  • WHO. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland (1999).
  • American College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (ACOG) Committee opinion no. 504. Screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet. Gynecol. 118(3), 751–753 (2011).
  • International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel. International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care 33, 676–682 (2010).
  • The HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group.Hyperglycaemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N. Engl. J. Med. 358(19), 1991–2002 (2008).
  • The HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study: associations with maternal body mass index.Br. J. Obstetrics Gynaecol. 117(5), 575–584(2010).
  • Bonomo M, Gandini ML, Mastropasqua A et al. Which cutoff level should be used in screening for glucose intolerance in pregnancy? Definition of Screening Methods for Gestational Diabetes Study Group of the Lombardy Section of the Italian Society of Diabetology. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 179(1), 179–185 (1998).
  • Agarwal MM, Dhatt GS, Punnose J, Koster G. Gestational diabetes: a reappraisal of HBA1c as a screening test. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 84(12), 1159–1163 (2005).
  • Verhaeghe J, Van Herck E, Benhalima K, Mathieu C. Glycated hemoglobin in pregnancies at increased risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 161(2), 157–162 (2012).
  • Langer O, Yogev Y, Most O, Xenakis EM. Gestational diabetes: the consequences of not treating. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 192(4), 989–997 (2005).
  • Carpenter MW, Coustan DR. Criteria for screening tests for gestational diabetes. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 144(7), 768–773 (1982).
  • Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Moss JR, McPhee AJ, Jeffries WS, Robinson JS; Australian Carbohydrate Intolerance Study in Pregnant Women (ACHOIS) Trial Group. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N. Engl. J. Med. 352(24), 2477–2486 (2005).
  • Landon MB, Spong CY, Thom E et al.; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal–Fetal Medicine Units Network. A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 361(14), 1339–1348 (2009).
  • Landon MB, Mele L, Spong CY et al.; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health, and Human Development (NICHD) Maternal–Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network. The relationship between maternal glycemia and perinatal outcome. Obstet. Gynecol. 117(2 Pt 1), 218–224 (2011).
  • Hillier TA, Vesco KK, Pedula KL, Beil TL, Whitlock EP, Pettitt DJ. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann. Intern. Med. 148(10), 766–775 (2008).
  • Waugh N, Royle P, Clar C et al. Screening for hyperglycaemia in pregnancy: a rapid update for the National Screening Committee. Health Technol. Assess. 14(45), 1–183 (2010).
  • Tieu J, Middleton P, McPhee AJ, Crowther CA. Screening and subsequent management for gestational diabetes for improving maternal and infant health. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 7, CD007222 (2010).
  • Santini DL, Ales KL. The impact of universal screening for gestational glucose intolerance on outcome of pregnancy. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 170, 427–436 (1990).
  • Wen SW, Liu S, Kramer MS et al. Impact of prenatal glucose screening on the diagnosis of gestational diabetes and on pregnancy outcomes. Am. J. Epidemiol. 152(11), 1009–1014; discussion 1015 (2000).
  • Griffin ME, Coffey M, Johnson H et al. Universal vs. risk factor-based screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: detection rates, gestation at diagnosis and outcome. Diabet. Med. 17(1), 26–32 (2000).
  • Ostlund I, Hanson U. Occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus and the value of different screening indicators for the oral glucose tolerance test. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 82(2), 103–108 (2003).
  • Scott DA, Loveman E, McIntyre L, Waugh N. Screening for gestational diabetes: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol. Assessment 6, 1–172 (2002).
  • Werner EF, Pettker CM, Zuckerwise L et al. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: are the criteria proposed by the international association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups cost-effective? Diabetes Care 35(3), 529–535 (2012).
  • US Preventative Services Task Force.Screening for gestational diabetes. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann. Intern. Med. 148, 759–765 (2008).
  • NICE. Diabetes in pregnancy. NICE clinical guideline 63 (2008).
  • Feig DS, Chen E, Naylor CD. Self-perceived health status of women three to five years after the diagnosis of gestational diabetes: a survey of cases and matched controls. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 178(2), 386–393 (1998).
  • Rumbold AR, Crowther CA. Women’s experiences of being screened for gestational diabetes mellitus. Aust. NZ J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 42, 131–137 (2002).
  • Ryan EA. Diagnosing gestational diabetes. Diabetologia 54(3), 480–486 (2011).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.