Rising incidence and demographics of hepatocellular carcinoma in the USA: what does it mean?

References

• Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J et al. Estimating the world cancer burden: GLOBOCAN 2000. Int. J. Cancer94, 153–156 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Serag HB, Davila JA, Petersen NJ et al. The continuing increase in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: an update. Ann. Intern. Med.139, 817–823 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• London WT, McGlynn KA. Liver cancer. In: Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention (3rd Edition). Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF Jr (Eds). Oxford University Press, NY, USA, 763–786 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Espey DK, Wu XC, Swan J et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2004, featuring cancer in American Indians and Alaska Natives. Cancer110, 2119–2152 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Serag HB. Hepatocellular carcinoma: recent trends in the United States. Gastroenterology127(5 Suppl. 1), S27–S34 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah SA, Cleary SP, Tan JC et al. An analysis of resection vs transplantation for early hepatocellular carcinoma: defining the optimal therapy at a single institution. Ann. Surg. Oncol.14(9), 2608–2614 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah SA, Greig PD, Gallinger S et al. Factors associated with early recurrence after resection for hepatocellular carcinoma and outcomes. J. Am. Coll. Surg.202(2), 275–283 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Serag HB, Davila JA, Petersen NJ et al. The continuing increase in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: an update. Ann. Intern. Med.139(10), 817–823 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah SA, Smith JP, Li YF, Ng SC, Carroll JE, Tseng JF. Underutilization of therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma in the Medicare population. Cancer117(5), 1019–1026 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF (Eds). Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention (3rd Edition). Oxford University Press, NY, USA (2006).
   Google Scholar
• El-Serag HB, Mason AC. Risk factors for the rising rates of primary liver cancer in the United States. Arch. Intern. Med.160(21), 3227–3230 (2000)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong K, Chaplin TM, Bergquist K, Sinha R. Gender differences in response to emotional stress: an assessment across subjective, behavioral and physiological domains and relations to alcohol craving. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res.32(7), 1242–1250 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthony JC, Helzer JE. Syndromes of drug abuse and dependence. In: Psychiatric Disorders in America. Robins LN, Regier DA (Eds). The Free Press/Macmillan, NY, USA, 116–154 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Wang SH, Yeh SH, Lin WH, Wang HY, Chen DS, Chen PJ. Identification of androgen response elements in the enhancer I of hepatitis B virus: a mechanism for sex disparity in chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology.50(5), 1392–1402 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barazani Y, Hiatt JR, Tong MJ et al. Chronic viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. World J. Surg.31, 1243–1248 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degos F, Christidis C, Ganne-Carrie F et al. Hepatitis C virus related cirrhosis: time to occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma and death. Gut47, 131–136 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong GL, Wasley A, Simard EP et al. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1999 through 2002. Ann. Intern. Med.144, 705–714 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasley A, Grytdal S, Gallagher K: Surveillance for acute viral hepatitis – United States, 2006. MMWR Surveill. Summ.57(2), 1–24 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherman M. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology, risk factors, and screening. Semin. Liver Dis.25, 143–154 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Serag HB, Mason AC. Rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med.340, 745–750 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasley A. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States in the era of vaccination. J. Infect. Dis.202, 192–201 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papatheodoridis GV, Lampertico P, Manolakopoulos S, Lok A. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B patients receiving nucleos(t)ide therapy: a systematic review. J. Hepatol.53, 348–356 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan TR, Mandayam S, Jamal MM. Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology127(5 Suppl. 1), S87–S96 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaVallee RA, Williams GD, Yi H. Apparent per capita ethanol consumption for the United States, 1850–2002. [Gallons of ethanol, based on population age 15 and older prior to 1970 and on population age 14 and older thereafter]. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. January 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Ford ES, Giles WH, Mokdad AH. Increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults. Diabetes Care27, 2444–2449 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu SN, Lin TM, Chen CJ et al. A case–control study of primary hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Cancer62, 2051–2055 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N. Engl. J. Med.348, 1625–1638 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CL, Yang HI, Yang WS et al. Metabolic factors and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma by chronic hepatitis B/C infection: a follow-up study in Taiwan. Gastroenterology135(1), 111–121 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adami HO, Chow WH, Nyren O et al. Excess risk of primary liver cancer in patients with diabetes mellitus. J. Natl Cancer Inst.88, 1472–1477 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugianesi E. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and cancer. Clin. Liver Dis.11, 191–207 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lawson DH, Gray JM, McKillop C, Clarke J, Lee FD, Patrick RS. Diabetes mellitus and primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Q. J. Med.61, 945–955 (1986).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adams LA, Sanderson S, Lindor KD, Angulo P. The histological course of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a longitudinal study of 103 patients with sequential liver biopsies. J. Hepatol.42, 132–138 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fassio E, Alvarez E, Dominguez N, Landeira G, Longo C. Natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a longitudinal study of repeat liver biopsies. Hepatology40, 820–826 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratziu VD, Bonyhay L, Di Martino V et al. Survival, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma in obesity-related cryptogenic cirrhosis. Hepatology35, 1485–1493 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar