411
Views
66
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Risk of lymph node metastasis in submucosal esophageal cancer: a review of surgically resected patients

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 371-384 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Fujishiro M, Kodashima S, Goto O et al. Successful en bloc resection of superficial esophageal cancer treated by endoscopic submucosal dissection with a splash needle. Endoscopy40(Suppl. 2), E81–E82 (2008).
  • Fujishiro M, Yahagi N, Nakamura M et al. Successful outcomes of a novel endoscopic treatment for GI tumors: endoscopic submucosal dissection with a mixture of high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid, glycerin, and sugar. Gastrointest. Endosc.63(2), 243–249 (2006).
  • Kakushima N, Yahagi N, Fujishiro M, Kodashima S, Nakamura M, Omata M. Efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection for tumors of the esophagogastric junction. Endoscopy38(2), 170–174 (2006).
  • Atkins BZ, Shah AS, Hutcheson KA et al. Reducing hospital morbidity and mortality following esophagectomy. Ann. Thorac. Surg.78(4), 1170–1176; discussion 1170–1176 (2004).
  • Bollschweiler E, Baldus SE, Schröder W et al. High rate of lymph-node metastasis in submucosal esophageal squamous-cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. Endoscopy38(2), 149–156 (2006).
  • Hölscher AH, Bollschweiler E, Schneider PM, Siewert JR. Early adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s oesophagus. Br. J. Surg.84(10), 1470–1473 (1997).
  • Nigro JJ, Hagen JA, DeMeester TR et al. Prevalence and location of nodal metastases in distal esophageal adenocarcinoma confined to the wall: implications for therapy. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.117(1), 16–23; discussion 23–15 (1999).
  • Stein HJ, Feith M, Bruecher BL, Naehrig J, Sarbia M, Siewert JR. Early esophageal cancer: pattern of lymphatic spread and prognostic factors for long-term survival after surgical resection. Ann. Surg.242(4), 566–573; discussion 573–565 (2005).
  • Stein HJ, Feith M, Mueller J, Werner M, Siewert JR. Limited resection for early adenocarcinoma in Barrett‘s esophagus. Ann. Surg.232(6), 733–742 (2000).
  • Manner H, May A, Pech O et al. Early Barrett’s carcinoma with ‘low-risk’ submucosal invasion: long-term results of endoscopic resection with a curative intent. Am. J. Gastroenterol.103(10), 2589–2597 (2008).
  • Buskens CJ, Westerterp M, Lagarde SM, Bergman JJ, Ten KFJ, van Lanschot JJ. Prediction of appropriateness of local endoscopic treatment for high-grade dysplasia and early adenocarcinoma by EUS and histopathologic features. Gastrointest. Endosc.60(5), 703–710 (2004).
  • Westerterp M, Koppert LB, Buskens CJ et al. Outcome of surgical treatment for early adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or gastro-esophageal junction. Virchows Arch.446(5), 497–504 (2005).
  • Eguchi T, Nakanishi Y, Shimoda T et al. Histopathological criteria for additional treatment after endoscopic mucosal resection for esophageal cancer: analysis of 464 surgically resected cases. Mod. Pathol.19(3), 475–480 (2006).
  • Matsubara T, Ueda M, Abe T, Akimori T, Kokudo N, Takahashi T. Unique distribution patterns of metastatic lymph nodes in patients with superficial carcinoma of the thoracic oesophagus. Br. J. Surg.86(5), 669–673 (1999).
  • Takubo K, Aida J, Sawabe M et al. Early squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus: the Japanese viewpoint. Histopathology51(6), 733–742 (2007).
  • Akiyama H, Tsurumaru M, Udagawa H, Kajiyama Y. Radical lymph node dissection for cancer of the thoracic esophagus. Ann. Surg.220(3), 364–372; discussion 372–363 (1994).
  • Altorki NK, Lee PC, Liss Y et al. Multifocal neoplasia and nodal metastases in T1 esophageal carcinoma: implications for endoscopic treatment. Ann. Surg.247(3), 434–439 (2008).
  • Amano T, Matsumoto T, Hayashi T et al. Subepithelial extension of squamous cell carcinoma in the esophagus: histopathological study using D2–40 immunostaining for 108 superficial carcinomas. Pathol. Int.57(12), 759–764 (2007).
  • Ancona E, Rampado S, Cassaro M et al. Prediction of lymph node status in superficial esophageal carcinoma. Ann. Surg. Oncol.15(11), 3278–3288 (2008).
  • Araki K, Ohno S, Egashira A, Saeki H, Kawaguchi H, Sugimachi K. Pathologic features of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with lymph node and distal metastasis. Cancer94(2), 570–575 (2002).
  • Benasco C, Combalia N, Pou JM, Miquel JM. Superficial esophageal carcinoma: a report of 12 cases. Gastrointest. Endosc.31(2), 64–67 (1985).
  • Bogomoletz WV, Molas G, Gayet B, Potet F. Superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. A report of 76 cases and review of the literature. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.13(7), 535–546 (1989).
  • Bonavina L, Ruol A, Ancona E, Peracchia A. Prognosis of early squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus after surgical therapy. Dis. Esophagus10(3), 162–164 (1997).
  • Brücher BL, Stein HJ, Werner M, Siewert JR. Lymphatic vessel invasion is an independent prognostic factor in patients with a primary resected tumor with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer92(8), 2228–2233 (2001).
  • Cen P, Hofstetter WL, Correa AM et al. Lymphovascular invasion as a tool to further subclassify T1b esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer112(5), 1020–1027 (2008).
  • Chen YJ, Lee MD, Chen PH. Diagnosis and treatment of superficial oesophageal carcinoma. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.12(12), 778–784 (1997).
  • Chibana Y, Fujii S, Ichikawa K et al. Tumor cell dissociation score highly correlates with lymph node metastasis in superficial esophageal carcinoma. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.20(9), 1371–1378 (2005).
  • Chino O, Makuuchi H, Shimada H, Machimura T, Mitomi T, Osamura RY. Assessment of the proliferative activity of superficial esophageal carcinoma using MIB-1 immunostaining for the Ki-67 antigen. J. Surg. Oncol.67(1), 18–24 (1998).
  • Conio M, Repici A, Cestari R et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection for high-grade dysplasia and intramucosal carcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus: an Italian experience. World J. Gastroenterol.11(42), 6650–6655 (2005).
  • De Baecque C, Potet F, Molas G, Flejou JF, Barbier P, Martignon C. Superficial adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus arising in Barrett’s mucosa with dysplasia: a clinico-pathological study of 12 patients. Histopathology16(3), 213–220 (1990).
  • Endo M. Endoscopic resection as local treatment of mucosal cancer of the esophagus. Endoscopy25(9), 672–674 (1993).
  • Endo M, Kawano T. Detection and classification of early squamous cell esophageal cancer. Dis. Esophagus10(3), 155–158 (1997).
  • Endo M, Yoshino K, Kawano T, Nagai K, Inoue H. Clinicopathologic analysis of lymph node metastasis in surgically resected superficial cancer of the thoracic esophagus. Dis. Esophagus13(2), 125–129 (2000).
  • Endo M, Yoshino K, Takeshita K, Kawano K. Analysis of 1,125 cases of early esophageal carcinoma in Japan. Dis. Esophagus4(2), 71–76 (1991).
  • Fujita H, Sueyoshi S, Yamana H et al. Optimum treatment strategy for superficial esophageal cancer: endoscopic mucosal resection versus radical esophagectomy. World J. Surg.25(4), 424–431 (2001).
  • Goseki N, Koike M, Yoshida M. Histopathologic characteristics of early stage esophageal carcinoma. A comparative study with gastric carcinoma. Cancer69(5), 1088–1093 (1992).
  • Gotohda N, Nishimura M, Yoshida J, Nagai K, Tanaka N. The pattern of lymphatic metastases in superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Hepatogastroenterology52(61), 105–107 (2005).
  • Hagen JA, DeMeester SR, Peters JH, Chandrasoma P, DeMeester TR. Curative resection for esophageal adenocarcinoma: analysis of 100 en bloc esophagectomies. Ann. Surg.234(4), 520–530; discussion 530–521 (2001).
  • Haruma K, Tokutomi T, Tsuda T, Yoshihara M, Sumii K, Kajiyama G. Superficial esophageal carcinoma: a report of 27 cases in Japan. Am. J. Gastroenterol.86(12), 1723–1728 (1991).
  • Higuchi K, Tanabe S, Koizumi W et al. Expansion of the indications for endoscopic mucosal resection in patients with superficial esophageal carcinoma. Endoscopy39(1), 36–40 (2007).
  • Himeno S, Yasuda S, Shimada H, Tajima T, Makuuchi H. Evaluation of esophageal cancer by positron emission tomography. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol.32(9), 340–346 (2002).
  • Hölscher AH, Bollschweiler E, Schneider PM, Siewert JR. Prognosis of early esophageal cancer. Comparison between adeno- and squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer76(2), 178–186 (1995).
  • Hui AM, Itabashi M, Kato H, Tachimori Y, Watanabe H, Hirota T. Flow cytometric DNA analysis of submucosal carcinoma of the esophagus. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol.24(1), 26–31 (1994).
  • Ide H, Nakamura T, Hayashi K et al. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: pathology and prognosis. World J. Surg.18(3), 321–330 (1994).
  • Igaki H, Kato H, Tachimori Y et al. Clinicopathologic characteristics and survival of patients with clinical Stage I squamous cell carcinomas of the thoracic esophagus treated with three-field lymph node dissection. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.20(6), 1089–1094 (2001).
  • Igaki H, Kato H, Tachimori Y, Nakanishi Y. Cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with submucosal carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. J. Surg. Oncol.75(1), 37–41 (2000).
  • Ikeda Y, Ozawa S, Ando N, Kitagawa Y, Ueda M, Kitajima M. Meanings of c-erbB and int-2 amplification in superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Ann. Thorac. Surg.62(3), 835–838 (1996).
  • Ikeguchi M, Saito H, Katano K, Tsujitani S, Maeta M, Kaibara N. Clinicopathologic significance of the expression of mutated p53 protein and the proliferative activity of cancer cells in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J. Am. Coll. Surg.185(4), 398–403 (1997).
  • Inoue A, Moriya H, Katada N et al. Intratumoral lymphangiogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and relationship with regulatory factors and prognosis. Pathol. Int.58(10), 611–619 (2008).
  • Isono K, Sato H, Nakayama K. Results of a nationwide study on the three-field lymph node dissection of esophageal cancer. Oncology48(5), 411–420 (1991).
  • Izbicki JR, Hosch SB, Pichlmeier U et al. Prognostic value of immunohistochemically identifiable tumor cells in lymph nodes of patients with completely resected esophageal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.337(17), 1188–1194 (1997).
  • Kato H, Tachimori Y, Mizobuchi S, Igaki H, Ochiai A. Cervical, mediastinal, and abdominal lymph node dissection (three-field dissection) for superficial carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. Cancer72(10), 2879–2882 (1993).
  • Kim DU, Lee JH, Min BH et al. Risk factors of lymph node metastasis in T1 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.23(4), 619–625 (2008).
  • Kimura H, Konishi K, Maeda K et al. Flow cytometric analysis and immunohistochemical staining for the p53 protein and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in submucosal carcinoma of the esophagus. Hepatogastroenterology.46(25), 285–289 (1999).
  • Kitamura K, Ikebe M, Morita M, Matsuda H, Kuwano H, Sugimachi K. The evaluation of submucosal carcinoma of the esophagus as a more advanced carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology.40(3), 236–239 (1993).
  • Kodama M, Kakegawa T. Treatment of superficial cancer of the esophagus: a summary of responses to a questionnaire on superficial cancer of the esophagus in Japan. Surgery123(4), 432–439 (1998).
  • Kuwano H, Kitamura K, Baba K et al. Determination of the resection line in early esophageal cancer using intraoperative endoscopic examination with Lugol staining. J. Surg. Oncol.50(3), 149–152 (1992).
  • Kuwano H, Masuda N, Kato H, Sugimachi K. The subepithelial extension of esophageal carcinoma for determining the resection margin during esophagectomy: a serial histopathologic investigation. Surgery131(1 Suppl.), S14–S21 (2002).
  • Larghi A, Lightdale CJ, Memeo L, Bhagat G, Okpara N, Rotterdam H. EUS followed by EMR for staging of high-grade dysplasia and early cancer in Barrett’s esophagus. Gastrointest. Endosc.62(1), 16–23 (2005).
  • Lerut T, Nafteux P, Moons J et al. Three-field lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction in 174 R0 resections: impact on staging, disease-free survival, and outcome: a plea for adaptation of TNM classification in upper-half esophageal carcinoma. Ann. Surg.240(6), 962–972; discussion 972–964 (2004).
  • Little SG, Rice TW, Bybel B et al. Is FDG-PET indicated for superficial esophageal cancer? Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg31(5), 791–796 (2007).
  • Liu J, Wang Q, Li B et al. Superficial carcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia. A clinicopathological analysis of 141 cases. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.)108(10), 754–759 (1995).
  • Liu L, Hofstetter WL, Rashid A et al. Significance of the depth of tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis in superficially invasive (T1) esophageal adenocarcinoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.29(8), 1079–1085 (2005).
  • Maish MS, DeMeester SR. Endoscopic mucosal resection as a staging technique to determine the depth of invasion of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Ann. Thorac. Surg.78(5), 1777–1782 (2004).
  • Makuuchi H, Shimada H, Mizutani K et al. Clinical pathological analysis of surgically resected superficial esophageal carcinoma to determine criteria for deciding on treatment strategy. Diagn. Ther. Endosc.3(4), 211–220 (1997).
  • Mannell A, Becker PJ. Evaluation of the results of oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer. Br. J. Surg.78(1), 36–40 (1991).
  • Matsumoto M, Natsugoe S, Okumura H et al. Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C correlates with lymph node micrometastasis in submucosal esophageal cancer. J. Gastrointest. Surg.10(7), 1016–1022 (2006).
  • Nabeya K, Hanaoka T, Li S, Nyumura T. What is the ideal treatment for early esophageal cancer? Endoscopy25(9), 670–671 (1993).
  • Nagawa H, Kaizaki S, Seto Y, Tominaga O, Muto T. The relationship of macroscopic shape of superficial esophageal carcinoma to depth of invasion and regional lymph node metastasis. Cancer75(5), 1061–1064 (1995).
  • Nakajima Y, Nagai K, Miyake S, Ohashi K, Kawano T, Iwai T. Evaluation of an indicator for lymph node metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma invading the submucosal layer. Jpn. J. Cancer Res.93(3), 305–312 (2002).
  • Nakano S, Baba M, Natsugoe S et al. Detection of lymph node metastasis using desmoglein 1 expression in superficial esophageal cancer in relation to the endoscopic mucosal resection. Dis. Esophagus11(3), 157–161 (1998).
  • Natsugoe S, Matsumoto M, Okumura H et al. Prognostic factors in patients with submucosal esophageal cancer. J. Gastrointest. Surg.8(5), 631–635 (2004).
  • Nishimaki T, Tanaka O, Suzuki T, Aizawa K, Watanabe H, Muto T. Tumor spread in superficial esophageal cancer: histopathologic basis for rational surgical treatment. World J. Surg.17(6), 766–771; discussion 771–762 (1993).
  • Noguchi H, Naomoto Y, Kondo H et al. Evaluation of endoscopic mucosal resection for superficial esophageal carcinoma. Surg. Laparosc. Endosc. Percutan. Tech.10(6), 343–350 (2000).
  • Nozoe T, Saeki H, Ohga T, Sugimachi K. Clinicopathological features of early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with subsequent recurrence. Dis. Esophagus15(2), 145–148 (2002).
  • Ohno S, Mori M, Tsutsui S et al. Growth patterns and prognosis of submucosal carcinoma of the esophagus. A pathologic study. Cancer68(2), 335–340 (1991).
  • Paraf F, Flejou JF, Pignon JP, Fekete F, Potet F. Surgical pathology of adenocarcinoma arising in Barrett’s esophagus. Analysis of 67 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol.19(2), 183–191 (1995).
  • Peters FP, Kara MA, Rosmolen WD et al. Endoscopic treatment of high-grade dysplasia and early stage cancer in Barrett’s esophagus. Gastrointest. Endosc.61(4), 506–514 (2005).
  • Rice TW, Blackstone EH, Goldblum JR et al. Superficial adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.122(6), 1077–1090 (2001).
  • Rice TW, Zuccaro G, Adelstein DJ, Rybicki LA, Blackstone EH, Goldblum JR. Esophageal carcinoma: depth of tumor invasion is predictive of regional lymph node status. Ann. Thorac. Surg.65(3), 787–792 (1998).
  • Rösch T, Sarbia M, Schumacher B et al. Attempted endoscopic en bloc resection of mucosal and submucosal tumors using insulated-tip knives: a pilot series. Endoscopy36(9), 788–801 (2004).
  • Ruol A, Parenti A, Zaninotto G et al. Intestinal metaplasia is the probable common precursor of adenocarcinoma in Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia. Cancer88(11), 2520–2528 (2000).
  • Sabik JF, Rice TW, Goldblum JR et al. Superficial esophageal carcinoma. Ann. Thorac. Surg.60(4), 896–901; discussion 902 (1995).
  • Saha AK, Sutton CD, Sue-Ling H, Dexter SP, Sarela AI. Comparison of oncological outcomes after laparoscopic transhiatal and open esophagectomy for T1 esophageal adenocarcinoma. Surg. Endosc.23(1), 119–124 (2009).
  • Sako A, Kitayama J, Kaisaki S, Nagawa H. Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for lymphatic metastasis in superficial esophageal carcinoma. Cancer Lett.208(1), 43–49 (2004).
  • Scheil-Bertram S, Lorenz D, Ell C, Sheremet E, Fisseler-Eckhoff A. Expression of α-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase in the dysplasia carcinoma sequence associated with Barrett’s esophagus. Mod. Pathol.21(8), 961–967 (2008).
  • Schmidt LW, Dean PJ, Wilson RT. Superficially invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. A study of seven cases in Memphis, Tennessee. Gastroenterology91(6), 1456–1461 (1986).
  • Schröder W, Wirths K, Gutschow C et al. Transthoracic esophagectomy after endoscopic mucosal resection in patients with early esophageal carcinoma. J. Gastrointest. Surg.13(2), 223–229 (2009).
  • Shami VM, Villaverde A, Stearns L et al. Clinical impact of conventional endosonography and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in the assessment of patients with Barrett’s esophagus and high-grade dysplasia or intramucosal carcinoma who have been referred for endoscopic ablation therapy. Endoscopy38(2), 157–161 (2006).
  • Shima I, Sasaguri Y, Kusukawa J et al. Production of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and metalloproteinase-3 related to malignant behavior of esophageal carcinoma. A clinicopathologic study. Cancer70(12), 2747–2753 (1992).
  • Shimada H, Nabeya Y, Matsubara H et al. Prediction of lymph node status in patients with superficial esophageal carcinoma: analysis of 160 surgically resected cancers. Am. J. Surg.191(2), 250–254 (2006).
  • Shimoyama S, Imamura K, Takeshita Y et al. The useful combination of a higher frequency miniprobe and endoscopic submucosal dissection for the treatment of T1 esophageal cancer. Surg. Endosc.20(3), 434–438 (2006).
  • Shiozaki H, Doki Y, Yamana H, Isono K. A multi-institutional study of immunohistochemical investigation for the roles of cyclin D1 and E-cadherin in superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. J. Surg. Oncol.79(3), 166–173 (2002).
  • Soehendra N, Binmoeller KF, Bohnacker S et al. Endoscopic snare mucosectomy in the esophagus without any additional equipment: a simple technique for resection of flat early cancer. Endoscopy29(5), 380–383 (1997).
  • Soga J, Tanaka O, Sasaki K, Kawaguchi M, Muto T. Superficial spreading carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer50(8), 1641–1645 (1982).
  • Sugimachi K, Ohno S, Matsuda H, Mori M, Matsuoka H, Kuwano H. Clinicopathologic study of early stage esophageal carcinoma. Br. J. Surg.76(7), 759–763 (1989).
  • Tabira Y, Kitamura N, Yoshioka M et al. Significance of three-field lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus based on depth of tumor infiltration, lymph nodal involvement and survival rate. J. Cardiovasc. Surg.40(5), 737–740 (1999).
  • Tachibana M, Hirahara N, Kinugasa S, Yoshimura H. Clinicopathologic features of superficial esophageal cancer: results of consecutive 100 patients. Ann. Surg. Oncol.15(1), 104–116 (2008).
  • Tachibana M, Yoshimura H, Kinugasa S et al. Clinicopathological features of superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Am. J. Surg.174(1), 49–53 (1997).
  • Tajima Y, Nakanishi Y, Ochiai A et al. Histopathologic findings predicting lymph node metastasis and prognosis of patients with superficial esophageal carcinoma: analysis of 240 surgically resected tumors. Cancer88(6), 1285–1293 (2000).
  • Takeo Y, Yoshida T, Shigemitu T, Yanai H, Hayashi N, Okita K. Endoscopic mucosal resection for early esophageal cancer and esophageal dysplasia. Hepatogastroenterology48(38), 453–457 (2001).
  • Takubo K, Takai A, Takayama S, Sasajima K, Yamashita K, Fujita K. Intraductal spread of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer59(10), 1751–1757 (1987).
  • Tauchi K, Kakudo K, Machimura T, Makuuchi H, Mitomi T. Superficial esophageal carcinoma. With special reference to basaloid features. Pathol. Res. Pract.186(4), 450–454 (1990).
  • Toh Y, Baba K, Ikebe M, Adachi Y, Kuwano H, Sugimachi K. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of an early esophageal carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology40(3), 212–216 (1993).
  • Tomita N, Matsumoto T, Hayashi T et al. Lymphatic invasion according to D2–40 immunostaining is a strong predictor of nodal metastasis in superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: algorithm for risk of nodal metastasis based on lymphatic invasion. Pathol. Int.58(5), 282–287 (2008).
  • Tsutsui S, Kuwano H, Yasuda M et al. Extensive spreading carcinoma of the esophagus with invasion restricted to the submucosa. Am. J. Gastroenterol.90(10), 1858–1863 (1995).
  • van Sandick JW, van Lanschot JJ, Ten Kate FJ et al. Pathology of early invasive adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or esophagogastric junction: implications for therapeutic decision making. Cancer88(11), 2429–2437 (2000).
  • Wang GQ, Jiao GG, Chang FB et al. Long-term results of operation for 420 patients with early squamous cell esophageal carcinoma discovered by screening. Ann. Thorac. Surg.77(5), 1740–1744 (2004).
  • Wang VS, Hornick JL, Sepulveda JA, Mauer R, Poneros JM. Low prevalence of submucosal invasive carcinoma at esophagectomy for high-grade dysplasia or intramucosal adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus: a 20-year experience. Gastrointest. Endosc.69(4), 777–783 (2009).
  • Watanabe M, Kuwano H, Araki K et al. Prognostic factors in patients with submucosal carcinoma of the oesophagus. Br. J. Cancer83(5), 609–613 (2000).
  • Yoshikane H, Tsukamoto Y, Niwa Y et al. Superficial esophageal carcinoma: evaluation by endoscopic ultrasonography. Am. J. Gastroenterol.89(5), 702–707 (1994).
  • Yoshinaka H, Shimazu H, Fukumoto T, Baba M. Superficial esophageal carcinoma: a clinicopathological review of 59 cases. Am. J. Gastroenterol.86(10), 1413–1418 (1991).
  • Gockel I, Domeyer M, Sgourakis GG et al. Prediction model of lymph node metastasis in superficial esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell cancer including D2–40 immunostaining. J. Surg. Oncol.100(3), 191–198 (2009).
  • Kato H, Tachimori Y, Watanabe H, Yamaguchi H, Ishikawa T, Itabashi M. Superficial esophageal carcinoma. Surgical treatment and the results. Cancer66(11), 2319–2323 (1990).
  • Natsugoe S, Aikou T, Yoshinaka H et al. Lymph node metastasis of early stage carcinoma of the esophagus and of the stomach. J. Clin. Gastroenterol.20(4), 325–328 (1995).
  • Nozoe T, Kakeji Y, Baba H, Maehara Y. Two-field lymph-node dissection may be enough to treat patients with submucosal squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. Dis. Esophagus18(4), 226–229 (2005).
  • Ruol A, Merigliano S, Baldan N et al. Prevalence, management and outcome of early adenocarcinoma (pT1) of the esophago-gastric junction. Comparison between early cancer in Barrett’s esophagus (type I) and early cancer of the cardia (type II). Dis. Esophagus10(3), 190–195 (1997).
  • Shima I, Sasaguri Y, Kakegawa T et al. Treatment for superficial esophageal cancer based on histological features and gross appearance. Int. J. Oncol.5, 315–320 (1994).
  • Sugimachi K, Ikebe M, Kitamura K, Toh Y, Matsuda H, Kuwano H. Long-term results of esophagectomy for early esophageal carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology40(3), 203–206 (1993).
  • Sugimachi K, Kitamura K, Matsuda H, Mori M, Kuwano H, Ide H. Proposed new criteria for early carcinoma of the esophagus. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet.173(4), 303–308 (1991).
  • The Japanese Society for Esophageal Diseases. Guidelines for Clinical and Pathologic Studies on Carcinoma of the Esophagus (9th Edition). Tokyo, Japan (2001).
  • May A, Gunter E, Roth F et al. Accuracy of staging in early oesophageal cancer using high resolution endoscopy and high resolution endosonography: a comparative, prospective, and blinded trial. Gut53(5), 634–640 (2004).
  • Pech O, May A, Gunter E, Gossner L, Ell C. The impact of endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography on the TNM staging of early cancer in Barrett’s esophagus. Am. J. Gastroenterol.101(10), 2223–2229 (2006).
  • Yoon YC, Lee KS, Shim YM, Kim BT, Kim K, Kim TS. Metastasis to regional lymph nodes in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: CT versus FDG PET for presurgical detection prospective study. Radiology227(3), 764–770 (2003).
  • Vieth M, Ell C, Gossner L, May A, Stolte M. Histological analysis of endoscopic resection specimens from 326 patients with Barrett’s esophagus and early neoplasia. Endoscopy36(9), 776–781 (2004).

Website

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.