10
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Perspective

What advice should be given to pregnant mothers on caffeine consumption?

Pages 259-272 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Weinberg BA, Bealer BK. The World of Caffeine. NY, USA, xvii-xxi (2001).
  • Frary CD, Johnson RK, Wang MQ. Food sources and intakes of caffeine in the diets of persons in the United States. J. Am. Diet Assoc.105(1), 110–113 (2005).
  • Goyan JE. US FDA News Release P8:0–36. US FDA, Washington, DC, USA (1980).
  • Nishimura H, Nakai K. Congenital malformations in offspring of mice treated with caffeine. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.104, 140–142 (1960).
  • Fujii T, Sasaki H, Nishimura H. Teratogenicity of caffeine in mice related to its mode of administration. Jpn J. Pharmacol.19(1), 134–138 (1969).
  • Fujii T, Nishimura H. Adverse effects of prolonged administration of caffeine on rat fetus. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.22(3), 449–457 (1972).
  • Gilbert EF, Pistey WR. Effect on the offspring of repeated caffeine administration to pregnant rats. J. Reprod. Fertil.3(34), 495–499 (1973).
  • Collins TF, Welsh JJ, Black TN, Ruggles DI. A study of the teratogenic potential of caffeine ingested in drinking-water. Food Chem. Toxicol.21(6), 763–777 (1983).
  • Chvasta TE, Cooke AR. Emptying and absorption of caffeine from the human stomach. Gastroenterology61(6), 838–843 (1971).
  • Blanchard J, Sawers SJ. The absolute bioavailability of caffeine in man. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol.24(1), 93–98 (1983).
  • Bonati M, Latini R, Galletti F, Young JF, Tognoni G, Garattini S. Caffeine disposition after oral doses. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.32(1), 98–106 (1982).
  • Blanchard J, Sawers SJ. Comparative pharmacokinetics of caffeine in young and elderly men. J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm.2, 109–126 (1983).
  • Kalow W. Variability of caffeine metabolism in humans. Arzneimittelforschung35(1A), 319–324 (1985).
  • Mose T, Kjaerstad MB, Mathiesen L, Nielsen JB, Edelfors S, Knudsen LE. Placental passage of benzoic acid, caffeine, and glyphosate in an ex vivo human perfusion system. J. Toxicol. Environ. HealthA71(15), 984–991 (2008).
  • Goldstein A, Warren R. Passage of caffeine into human gonadal and fetal tissue. Biochem. Pharmacol.11, 166–168 (1962).
  • Kalow W, Tang BK. The use of caffeine for enzyme assays: a critical appraisal. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.53(5), 503–514 (1993).
  • Cheng WS, Murphy TL, Smith MT, Cooksley WG, Halliday JW, Powell LW. Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of caffeine in humans: relevance as a test of quantitative liver function. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.47(4), 516–524 (1990).
  • Denaro CP, Brown CR, Wilson M, Jacob P III, Benowitz NL. Dose-dependency of caffeine metabolism with repeated dosing. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.48(3), 277–285 (1990).
  • Lelo A, Miners JO, Robson RA, Birkett DJ. Quantitative assessment of caffeine partial clearances in man. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.22(2), 183–186 (1986).
  • Benowitz NL, Jacob P III, Mayan H, Denaro C. Sympathomimetic effects of paraxanthine and caffeine in humans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.58(6), 684–691 (1995).
  • Butler MA, Iwasaki M, Guengerich FP, Kadlubar FF. Human cytochrome P-450PA (P-450IA2), the phenacetin O-deethylase, is primarily responsible for the hepatic 3-demethylation of caffeine and N-oxidation of carcinogenic arylamines. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA86(20), 7696–7700 (1989).
  • Kaplan GB, Greenblatt DJ, Ehrenberg BL et al. Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and psychomotor effects of caffeine in humans. J. Clin. Pharmacol.37(8), 693–703 (1997).
  • Joeres R, Klinker H, Heusler H, Epping J, Zilly W, Richter E. Influence of smoking on caffeine elimination in healthy volunteers and in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Hepatology8(3), 575–579 (1988).
  • Patwardhan RV, Desmond PV, Johnson RF, Schenker S. Impaired elimination of caffeine by oral contraceptive steroids. J. Lab. Clin. Med.95(4), 603–608 (1980).
  • Aldridge A, Bailey J, Neims AH. The disposition of caffeine during and after pregnancy. Semin. Perinatol.5(4), 310–314 (1981).
  • Knutti R, Rothweiler H, Schlatter C. The effect of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. Arch. Toxicol. Suppl. 5, 187–192 (1982).
  • Brazier JL, Ritter J, Berland M, Khenfer D, Faucon G. Pharmacokinetics of caffeine during and after pregnancy. Dev. Pharmacol. Ther.6(5), 315–322 (1983).
  • Tsutsumi K, Kotegawa T, Matsuki S et al. The effect of pregnancy on cytochrome P4501A2, xanthine oxidase, and N-acetyltransferase activities in humans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.70(2), 121–125 (2001).
  • Cazeneuve C, Pons G, Rey E et al. Biotransformation of caffeine in human liver microsomes from foetuses, neonates, infants and adults. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.37(5), 405–412 (1994).
  • Oesterheld JR. A review of developmental aspects of cytochrome P450. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol.8(3), 161–174 (1998).
  • Daly JW. Mechanism of action of caffeine. In: Caffeine, Coffee, and Health. Garattini S (Ed.). Raven Press, NY, USA, 97–150 (1993).
  • Sawynok J, Yaksh TL. Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant: a review of pharmacology and mechanisms of action. Pharmacol. Rev.45(1), 43–85 (1993).
  • Soyka LF. Effects of methylxanthines on the fetus. Clin. Perinatol.6, 37–51 (1979).
  • Weathersbee PS, Lodge JR. Caffeine: its direct and indirect influence on reproduction. J. Reprod. Med.19(2), 55–63 (1977).
  • Berridge MJ. Control of cell division: a unifying hypothesis. J. Cyclic Nucleotide Res.1(5), 305–320 (1975).
  • Laudignon N, Farri E, Beharry K, Aranda JV. Rapid effects of hypoxia on the cerebrospinal fluid levels of adenosine and related metabolites in newborn and one-month-old piglets. Biol. Neonate.59, 54–59 (1991).
  • Bellet S, Roman L, DeCastro O, Kim KE, Kershbaum A. Effect of coffee ingestion on catecholamine release. Metabolism18(4), 288–291 (1969).
  • Kirkinen P, Jouppila P, Koivula A, Vuori J, Puukka M. The effect of caffeine on placental and fetal blood flow in human pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.147(8), 939–942 (1983).
  • Srisuphan W, Bracken MB. Caffeine consumption during pregnancy and association with late spontaneous abortion. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.154(1), 14–20 (1986).
  • Rivkees SA, Zhao Z, Porter G, Turner C. Influences of adenosine on the fetus and newborn. Mol. Genet. Metab.74(1–2), 160–171 (2001).
  • Zhao Z, Rivkees SA. Inhibition of cell proliferation in the embryonic myocardium by A1 adenosine receptor activation. Dev. Dyn.221(2), 194–200 (2001).
  • Knight CA, Knight I, Mitchell DC, Zepp JE. Beverage caffeine intake in US consumers and subpopulations of interest: estimates from the Share of Intake Panel survey. Food Chem. Toxicol.42(12), 1923–1930 (2004).
  • Schreiber GB, Maffeo CE, Robins M, Masters MN, Bond AP. Measurement of coffee and caffeine intake: implications for epidemiologic research. Prev. Med.17, 280–294 (1988).
  • Grembecka M, Malinowska E, Szefer P. Differentiation of market coffee and its infusions in view of their mineral composition. Sci. Total Environ.383(1–3), 59–69 (2007).
  • Viani R. The composition of coffee. In: Caffeine, Coffee and Health. Garattini S (Ed.). Raven Press, NY, USA, 17–41 (1993).
  • Fernandez PL, Pablos F, Martin MJ, Gonzalez AG. Study of catechin and xanthine tea profiles as geographical tracers. J. Agric. Food Chem.50(7), 1833–1839 (2002).
  • Bunker ML, McWilliams M. Caffeine content of common beverages. J. Am. Diet Assoc.74(1), 28–32 (1979).
  • Bracken MB, Triche E, Grosso L, Hellenbrand K, Belanger K, Leaderer BP. Heterogeneity in assessing self-reports of caffeine exposure: implications for studies of health effects. Epidemiology13(2), 165–171 (2002).
  • Watkinson B, Fried PA. Maternal caffeine use before, during and after pregnancy and effects upon offspring. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol.7(1), 9–17 (1985).
  • Santos IS, Victora CG, Huttly S, Carvalhal JB. Caffeine intake and low birth weight: a population-based case–control study. Am. J. Epidemiol.147(7), 620–627 (1998).
  • Bracken MB, Triche EW, Belanger K, Hellenbrand K, Leaderer BP. Association of maternal caffeine consumption with decrements in fetal growth. Am. J. Epidemiol.157(5), 456–466 (2003).
  • Barone JJ, Roberts HR. Caffeine consumption. Food Chem. Toxicol.34(1), 119–129 (1996).
  • Lelo A, Miners JO, Robson R, Birkett DJ. Assessment of caffeine exposure: caffeine content of beverages, caffeine intake, and plasma concentrations of methylxanthines. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.39(1), 54–59 (1986).
  • Grosso LM, Triche E, Benowitz NL, Bracken MB. Prenatal caffeine assessment: fetal and maternal biomarkers or self-reported intake? Ann. Epidemiol.18(3), 172–178 (2008).
  • Klebanoff MA, Levine RJ, DerSimonian R, Clemens JD, Wilkins DG. Serum caffeine and paraxanthine as markers for reported caffeine intake in pregnancy. Ann. Epidemiol.8(2), 107–111 (1998).
  • Brandes JM. First-trimester nausea and vomiting as related to outcome of pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol.30, 427–431 (1967).
  • Lagiou P, Tamimi R, Mucci LA, Trichopoulos D, Adami HO, Hsieh CC. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy in relation to prolactin, estrogens, and progesterone: a prospective study. Obstet. Gynecol.101(4), 639–644 (2003).
  • Furneaux EC, Langley-Evans AJ, Langley-Evans SC. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: endocrine basis and contribution to pregnancy outcome. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv.56(12), 775–782 (2001).
  • Gadsby R, Barnie-Adshead AM, Jagger C. A prospective study of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Br. J. Gen. Pract.43(371), 245–248 (1993).
  • Tierson FD, Olsen CL, Hook EB. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and association with pregnancy outcome. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.155(5), 1017–1022 (1986).
  • Lawson CC, LeMasters GK, Levin LS, Liu JH. Pregnancy hormone metabolite patterns, pregnancy symptoms, and coffee consumption. Am. J. Epidemiol.156(5), 428–437 (2002).
  • Niebyl JR. Clinical practice. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. N. Engl. J. Med.363(16), 1544–1550 (2010).
  • Weigel RM, Weigel MM. Nausea and vomiting of early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. A meta-analytical review. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol.96(11), 1312–1318 (1989).
  • Klebanoff MA, Koslowe PA, Kaslow R, Rhoads GG. Epidemiology of vomiting in early pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol.66(5), 612–616 (1985).
  • Boneva RS, Moore CA, Botto L, Wong LY, Erickson JD. Nausea during pregnancy and congenital heart defects: a population-based case–control study. Am. J. Epidemiol.149(8), 717–725 (1999).
  • Weigel MM, Reyes M, Caiza ME et al. Is the nausea and vomiting of early pregnancy really feto-protective? J. Perinat. Med.34(2), 115–122 (2006).
  • Cnattingius S, Signorello LB, Anneren G et al. Caffeine intake and the risk of first-trimester spontaneous abortion. N. Engl. J. Med.343(25), 1839–1845 (2000).
  • Lawson CC, LeMasters GK, Wilson KA. Changes in caffeine consumption as a signal of pregnancy. Reprod. Toxicol.18(5), 625–633 (2004).
  • Stein Z, Susser M. Miscarriage, caffeine, and the epiphenomena of pregnancy: the causal model [editorial; comment]. Epidemiology2(3), 163–167 (1991).
  • Simpson JL, Mills JL, Holmes LB et al. Low fetal loss rates after ultrasound-proved viability in early pregnancy. JAMA258(18), 2555–2557 (1987).
  • Simpson JL. Incidence and timing of pregnancy losses: relevance to evaluating safety of early prenatal diagnosis. Am. J. Med. Genet.35(2), 165–173 (1990).
  • Vlajinac HD, Petrovic RR, Marinkovic JM, Sipetic SB, Adanja BJ. Effect of caffeine intake during pregnancy on birth weight. Am. J. Epidemiol.145(4), 335–338 (1997).
  • Olsen J, Overvad K, Frische G. Coffee consumption, birthweight, and reproductive failures. Epidemiology2(5), 370–374 (1991).
  • Shu XO, Hatch MC, Mills J, Clemens J, Susser M. Maternal smoking, alcohol drinking, caffeine consumption, and fetal growth: results from a prospective study. Epidemiology6(2), 115–120 (1995).
  • Binnie V, McHugh S, Macpherson L, Borland B, Moir K, Malik K. The validation of self-reported smoking status by analysing cotinine levels in stimulated and unstimulated saliva, serum and urine. Oral. Dis.10(5), 287–293 (2004).
  • Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Baird DD. Risk factors for early pregnancy loss. Epidemiology1(5), 382–385 (1990).
  • Parazzini F, Bocciolone L, Fedele L, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Acaia B. Risk factors for spontaneous abortion. Int. J. Epidemiol.20(1), 157–161 (1991).
  • Parazzini F, Chatenoud L, Di Cintio E et al. Coffee consumption and risk of hospitalized miscarriage before 12 weeks of gestation. Hum. Reprod.13(8), 2286–2291 (1998).
  • Maconochie N, Doyle P, Prior S, Simmons R. Risk factors for first trimester miscarriage – results from a UK-population-based case–control study. BJOG114(2), 170–186 (2007).
  • Furuhashi N, Sato S, Suzuki M, Hiruta M, Tanaka M, Takahashi T. Effects of caffeine ingestion during pregnancy. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest.19(4), 187–191 (1985).
  • Dlugosz L, Belanger K, Hellenbrand K, Holford TR, Leaderer B, Bracken MB. Maternal caffeine consumption and spontaneous abortion: a prospective cohort study. Epidemiology7(3), 250–255 (1996).
  • Fenster L, Hubbard AE, Swan SH et al. Caffeinated beverages, decaffeinated coffee, and spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology8(5), 515–523 (1997).
  • Klebanoff MA, Levine RJ, DerSimonian R, Clemens JD, Wilkins DG. Maternal serum paraxanthine, a caffeine metabolite, and the risk of spontaneous abortion. N. Engl. J. Med.341(22), 1639–1644 (1999).
  • Bech BH, Nohr EA, Vaeth M, Henriksen TB, Olsen J. Coffee and fetal death: a cohort study with prospective data. Am. J. Epidemiol.162(10), 983–990 (2005).
  • Greenwood DC, Alwan N, Boylan S et al. Caffeine intake during pregnancy, late miscarriage and stillbirth. Eur. J. Epidemiol.25(4), 275–280 (2010).
  • Weathersbee PS, Olsen LK, Lodge JR. Caffeine and pregnancy. A retrospective survey. Postgrad. Med.62(3), 64–69 (1977).
  • Kline J, Levin B, Silverman J et al. Caffeine and spontaneous abortion of known karyotype. Epidemiology12(6), 409–417 (1991).
  • Fenster L, Eskenazi B, Windham GC, Swan SH. Caffeine consumption during pregnancy and spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology2(3), 168–174 (1991).
  • Mills JL, Holmes LB, Aarons JH et al. Moderate caffeine use and the risk of spontaneous abortion and intrauterine growth retardation. JAMA269(5), 593–597 (1993).
  • Infante-Rivard C, Fernandez A, Gauthier R, David M, Rivard GE. Fetal loss associated with caffeine intake before and during pregnancy. JAMA270(24), 2940–2943 (1993).
  • Dominguez-Rojas V, de Juanes-Pardo JR, Astasio-Arbiza P, Ortega-Molina P, Gordillo-Florencio E. Spontaneous abortion in a hospital population: are tobacco and coffee intake risk factors? Eur. J. Epidemiol.10(6), 665–668 (1994).
  • Al-Ansary LA, Babay ZA. Risk factors for spontaneous abortion: a preliminary study on Saudi women. J. R. Soc. Health.114(4), 188–193 (1994).
  • Rasch V. Cigarette, alcohol, and caffeine consumption: risk factors for spontaneous abortion. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand.82(2), 182–188 (2003).
  • Tolstrup JS, Kjaer SK, Munk C et al. Does caffeine and alcohol intake before pregnancy predict the occurrence of spontaneous abortion? Hum. Reprod.18(12), 2704–2710 (2003).
  • Weng X, Odouli R, Li DK. Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a prospective cohort study. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.198(3), 79–78 (2008).
  • Savitz DA, Chan RL, Herring AH, Howards PP, Hartmann KE. Caffeine and miscarriage risk. Epidemiology19(1), 55–62 (2008).
  • Andrews T, Dunlop W, Roberts DF. Cytogenetic studies in spontaneous abortuses. Hum. Genet.66(1), 77–84 (1984).
  • Hogge WA, Byrnes AL, Lanasa MC, Surti U. The clinical use of karyotyping spontaneous abortions. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.189(2), 397–400 (2003).
  • Hansteen IL. Occupational and lifestyle factors and chromosomal aberrations of spontaneous abortions. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res.340B, 467–475 (1990).
  • Matijasevich A, Barros FC, Santos IS, Yemini A. Maternal caffeine consumption and fetal death: a case–control study in Uruguay. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol.20(2), 100–109 (2006).
  • Giannelli M, Doyle P, Roman E, Pelerin M, Hermon C. The effect of caffeine consumption and nausea on the risk of miscarriage. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol.17(4), 316–323 (2003).
  • Wen W, Shu XO, Jacobs DR Jr, Brown JE. The associations of maternal caffeine consumption and nausea with spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology12(1), 38–42 (2001).
  • Armstrong BG, McDonald AD, Sloan M. Cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption and spontaneous abortion. Am. J. Public Health82(1), 85–87 (1992).
  • Grosso L, Triche E, Bracken MB. Regarding “An unexpected distribution of sodium concentration in serum specimens stored for more than 30 years”. Ann. Epidemiol.14(1), 77–78 (2004).
  • Signorello LB, Nordmark A, Granath F et al. Caffeine metabolism and the risk of spontaneous abortion of normal karyotype fetuses. Obstet. Gynecol.98(6), 1059–1066 (2001).
  • Fenster L, Quale C, Hiatt RA, Wilson M, Windham GC, Benowitz NL. Rate of caffeine metabolism and risk of spontaneous abortion. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1, 147(5), 503–510 (1998).
  • Stephansson O, Dickman PW, Johansson AL, Cnattingius S. The influence of socioeconomic status on stillbirth risk in Sweden. Int. J. Epidemiol.30(6), 1296–1301 (2001).
  • Cnattingius S, Stephansson O. The epidemiology of stillbirth. Semin. Perinatol.26(1), 25–30 (2002).
  • Stephansson O, Dickman PW, Johansson A, Cnattingius S. Maternal weight, pregnancy weight gain, and the risk of antepartum stillbirth. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.184(3), 463–469 (2001).
  • Dodd JM, Robinson JS, Crowther CA, Chan A. Stillbirth and neonatal outcomes in South Australia, 1991–2000. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.189(6), 1731–1736 (2003).
  • Gilbert SG, Rice DC, Reuhl KR, Stavric B. Adverse pregnancy outcome in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) after chronic caffeine exposure. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.245(3), 1048–1053 (1988).
  • Little RE, Weinberg CR. Risk factors for antepartum and intrapartum stillbirth. Am. J. Epidemiol.137(11), 1177–1189 (1993).
  • Wisborg K, Kesmodel U, Bech BH, Hedegaard M, Henriksen TB. Maternal consumption of coffee during pregnancy and stillbirth and infant death in first year of life: prospective study. BMJ326(7386), 420 (2003).
  • Bech BH, Autrup H, Nohr EA, Henriksen TB, Olsen J. Stillbirth and slow metabolizers of caffeine: comparison by genotypes. Int. J. Epidemiol.35(4), 948–953 (2006).
  • Mau G, Netter P. [Are coffee and alcohol consumption risk factors in pregnancy?]. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd.34(12), 1018–1022 (1974).
  • van den Berg BJ. Epidemiologic observations of prematurity: effects of tobacco, coffee and alcohol. In: The Epidemiology of Prematurity. Reed DM, Stanley FJ (Eds). Urban and Schwartzenberg, MD, USA, 157–176 (1977).
  • Berkowitz GS, Holford TR, Berkowitz RL. Effects of cigarette smoking, alcohol, coffee and tea consumption on preterm delivery. Early Hum. Dev.7(3), 239–250 (1982).
  • Fenster L, Eskenazi B, Windham GC, Swan SH. Caffeine consumption during pregnancy and fetal growth. Am. J. Public Health81(4), 458–461 (1991).
  • McDonald AD, Armstrong BG, Sloan M. Cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption and prematurity. Am. J. Public Health82(1), 87–90 (1992).
  • Fortier I, Marcoux S, Beaulac-Baillargeon L. Relation of caffeine intake during pregnancy to intrauterine growth retardation and preterm birth. Am. J. Epidemiol.137(9), 931–940 (1993).
  • Pastore LM, Savitz DA. Case–control study of caffeinated beverages and preterm delivery. Am. J. Epidemiol.141(1), 61–69 (1995).
  • Peacock JL, Bland JM, Anderson HR. Preterm delivery: effects of socioeconomic factors, psychological stress, smoking, alcohol, and caffeine. BMJ311(7004), 531–535 (1995).
  • Lang JM, Lieberman E, Cohen A. A comparison of risk factors for preterm labor and term small-for-gestational-age birth. Epidemiology7(4), 369–376 (1996).
  • Clausson B, Granath F, Ekbom A et al. Effect of caffeine exposure during pregnancy on birth weight and gestational age. Am. J. Epidemiol.155(5), 429–436 (2002).
  • Klebanoff MA, Levine RJ, Clemens JD, Wilkins DG. Maternal serum caffeine metabolites and small-for-gestational age birth. Am. J. Epidemiol.155(1), 32–37 (2002).
  • Khoury JC, Miodovnik M, Buncher CR et al. Consequences of smoking and caffeine consumption during pregnancy in women with Type 1 diabetes. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med.15(1), 44–50 (2004).
  • Chiaffarino F, Parazzini F, Chatenoud L et al. Coffee drinking and risk of preterm birth. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.60(5), 610–613 (2006).
  • Santos IS, Matijasevich A, Valle NC. Mate drinking during pregnancy and risk of preterm and small for gestational age birth. J. Nutr.135(5), 1120–1123 (2005).
  • Bech BH, Obel C, Henriksen TB, Olsen J. Effect of reducing caffeine intake on birth weight and length of gestation: randomised controlled trial. BMJ334(7590), 409 (2007).
  • Haugen M, Meltzer HM, Brantsaeter AL et al. Mediterranean-type diet and risk of preterm birth among women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), a prospective cohort study. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand.87(3), 319–324 (2008).
  • Bakker R, Steegers EA, Obradov A, Raat H, Hofman A, Jaddoe VW. Maternal caffeine intake from coffee and tea, fetal growth, and the risks of adverse birth outcomes: the Generation R Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.91(6), 1691–1698 (2010).
  • Williams MA, Mittendorf R, Stubblefield PG, Lieberman E, Schoenbaum SC, Monson RR. Cigarettes, coffee, and preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Am. J. Epidemiol.135(8), 895–903 (1992).
  • Eskenazi B, Stapleton AL, Kharrazi M, Chee WY. Associations between maternal decaffeinated and caffeinated coffee consumption and fetal growth and gestational duration. Epidemiology10(3), 242–249 (1999).
  • Mikkelsen TB, Osterdal ML, Knudsen VK et al. Association between a Mediterranean-type diet and risk of preterm birth among Danish women: a prospective cohort study. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand.87(3), 325–330 (2008).
  • Savitz DA, Murnane P. Behavioral influences on preterm birth: a review. Epidemiology21(3), 291–299 (2010).
  • Peck JD, Leviton A, Cowan LD. A review of the epidemiologic evidence concerning the reproductive health effects of caffeine consumption: a 2000–2009 update. Food Chem. Toxicol.48(10), 2549–2576 (2010).
  • Maslova E, Bhattacharya S, Lin SW, Michels KB. Caffeine consumption during pregnancy and risk of preterm birth: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.92(5), 1120–1132 (2010).
  • Wilcox AJ, Skjaerven R. Birth weight and perinatal mortality: the effect of gestational age. Am. J. Public Health82(3), 378–382 (1992).
  • Clausson B, Gardosi J, Francis A, Cnattingius S. Perinatal outcome in SGA births defined by customised versus population-based birthweight standards. BJOG108(8), 830–834 (2001).
  • McIntire DD, Bloom SL, Casey BM, Leveno KJ. Birth weight in relation to morbidity and mortality among newborn infants. N. Engl. J. Med.340(16), 1234–1238 (1999).
  • Barker DJ. In utero programming of cardiovascular disease. Theriogenology53(2), 555–574 (2000).
  • Adams M, Andersen AM, Andersen PK et al. Sostrup statement on low birthweight. Int. J. Epidemiol.32(5), 884–885 (2003).
  • Martin TR, Bracken MB. The association between low birth weight and caffeine consumption during pregnancy. Am. J. Epidemiol.126(5) 813–821 (1987).
  • Infante-Rivard C. Caffeine intake and small-for-gestational-age birth: modifying effects of xenobiotic-metabolising genes and smoking. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol.21(4), 300–309 (2007).
  • Xue F, Willett WC, Rosner BA, Forman MR, Michels KB. Parental characteristics as predictors of birthweight. Hum. Reprod.23(1), 168–177 (2007).
  • Fried PA, O’Connell CM. A comparison of the effects of prenatal exposure to tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and caffeine on birth size and subsequent growth. Neurotoxicol. Teratol.9(2), 79–85 (1987).
  • Larroque B, Kaminski M, Lelong N, Subtil D, Dehaene P. Effects of birth weight of alcohol and caffeine consumption during pregnancy [see comments]. Am. J. Epidemiol.137(9), 941–950 (1993).
  • CARE Study Group. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of fetal growth restriction: a large prospective observational study. BMJ337, a2332 (2008).
  • Vik T, Bakketeig LS, Trygg KU, Lund-Larsen K, Jacobsen G. High caffeine consumption in the third trimester of pregnancy: gender-specific effects on fetal growth. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol.17(4), 324–331 (2003).
  • Rondo PH, Rodrigues LC, Tomkins AM. Coffee consumption and intrauterine growth retardation in Brazil. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.50(11), 705–709 (1996).
  • Parazzini F, Chiaffarino F, Chatenoud L et al. Maternal coffee drinking in pregnancy and risk of small for gestational age birth. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.59(2), 299–301 (2005).
  • Grosso LM, Rosenberg KD, Belanger K, Saftlas AF, Leaderer AB, Bracken MB. Maternal caffeine intake and intrauterine growth retardation. Epidemiology11(3), 447–455 (2001).
  • Cook DG, Peacock JL, Feyerabend C et al. Relation of caffeine intake and blood caffeine concentrations during pregnancy to fetal growth: prospective population based study. BMJ313(7069), 1358–1362 (1996).
  • Grosso LM, Triche EW, Belanger K, Benowitz NL, Holford TR, Bracken MB. Caffeine metabolites in umbilical cord blood, cytochrome P-450 1A2 activity, and intrauterine growth restriction. Am. J. Epidemiol.163(11), 1035–1041 (2006).
  • Lee H, Nagele RG, Pietrolungo JF. Toxic and teratologic effects of caffeine on explanted early chick embryos. Teratology25(1), 19–25 (1982).
  • Marret S, Gressens P, Van-Maele-Fabry G, Picard J, Evrard P. Caffeine-induced disturbances of early neurogenesis in whole mouse embryo cultures. Brain Res.773(1,2), 213–216 (1997).
  • Wilkinson JM, Pollard I. In utero exposure to caffeine causes delayed neural tube closure in rat embryos. Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen.14(5), 205–211 (1994).
  • Arnaud MJ. Metabolism of caffeine and other components of coffee. In: Caffeine, Coffee, and Health. Garattini S (Ed.). Raven Press, NY, USA, 43–95 (1993).
  • Fedrick J. Anencephalus and maternal tea drinking: evidence for a possible association. Proc. R. Soc. Med.67(5), 356–360 (1974).
  • McDonald AD, Armstrong BG, Sloan M. Cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption and congenital defects. Am. J. Public Health82(1), 91–93 (1992).
  • Miller EA, Manning SE, Rasmussen SA, Reefhuis J, Honein MA. Maternal exposure to tobacco smoke, alcohol and caffeine, and risk of anorectal atresia: National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997–2003. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol.23(1), 9–17 (2009).
  • Mongraw-Chaffin ML, Cohn BA, Cohen RD, Christianson RE. Maternal smoking, alcohol consumption, and caffeine consumption during pregnancy in relation to a son’s risk of persistent cryptorchidism: a prospective study in the Child Health and Development Studies cohort, 1959–1967. Am. J. Epidemiol.167(3), 257–261 (2008).
  • Johansen AM, Wilcox AJ, Lie RT, Andersen LF, Drevon CA. Maternal consumption of coffee and caffeine-containing beverages and oral clefts: a population-based case–control study in Norway. Am. J. Epidemiol.169(10), 1216–1222 (2009).
  • Schmidt RJ, Romitti PA, Burns TL, Browne ML, Druschel CM, Olney RS. Maternal caffeine consumption and risk of neural tube defects. Birth Defects Res. A. Clin. Mol. Teratol.85(11), 879–889 (2009).
  • Linn S, Schoenbaum SC, Monson RR, Rosner B, Stubblefield PG, Ryan KJ. No association between coffee consumption and adverse outcomes of pregnancy. N. Engl. J. Med.306(3), 141–145 (1982).
  • Kurppa K, Holmberg PC, Kuosma E, Saxen L. Coffee consumption during pregnancy and selected congenital malformations: a nationwide case–control study. Am. J. Public Health73(12), 1397–1399 (1983).
  • Rosenberg L, Mitchell AA, Shapiro S, Slone D. Selected birth defects in relation to caffeine-containing beverages. JAMA247(10), 1429–1432 (1982).
  • Adams MM, Mulinare J, Dooley K. Risk factors for conotruncal cardiac defects in Atlanta. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.14(2), 432–442 (1989).
  • Fixler DE, Threlkeld N. Prenatal exposures and congenital heart defects in Down syndrome infants. Teratology58(1), 6–12 (1998).
  • Tikkanen J, Heinonen OP. Risk factors for cardiovascular malformations in Finland. Eur. J. Epidemiol.6(4), 348–356 (1990).
  • Natsume N, Kawai T, Ogi N, Yoshida W. Maternal risk factors in cleft lip and palate: case control study. Br. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg.38(1), 23–25 (2000).
  • Slickers JE, Olshan AF, Siega-Riz AM et al. Maternal body mass index and lifestyle exposures and the risk of bilateral renal agenesis or hypoplasia: the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Am. J. Epidemiol.168(11), 1259–1267 (2008).
  • Browne ML, Bell EM, Druschel CM et al. Maternal caffeine consumption and risk of cardiovascular malformations. Birth Defects Res. A. Clin. Mol. Teratol.79(7), 533–543 (2007).
  • Collier SA, Browne ML, Rasmussen SA, Honein MA. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res. A. Clin. Mol. Teratol.85(10), 842–849 (2009).
  • Browne ML. Maternal exposure to caffeine and risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review. Epidemiology17(3), 324–331 (2006).
  • Torfs CP, Christianson RE. Maternal risk factors and major associated defects in infants with Down syndrome. Epidemiology10(3), 264–270 (1999).
  • Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Zampelas A et al. The association between coffee consumption and plasma total homocysteine levels: the ‘ATTICA’ study. Heart Vessels19(6), 280–286 (2004).
  • Urgert R, van Vliet T, Zock PL, Katan MB. Heavy coffee consumption and plasma homocysteine: a randomized controlled trial in healthy volunteers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.72(5), 1107–1110 (2000).
  • Carlsen SM, Jacobsen G, Vatten L, Romundstad P. In pregnant women who smoke, caffeine consumption is associated with an increased level of homocysteine. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand.84(11), 1049–1054 (2005).
  • Mills JL, McPartlin JM, Kirke PN et al. Homocysteine metabolism in pregnancies complicated by neural-tube defects [see comments]. Lancet345(8943), 149–151 (1995).
  • Hobbs CA, Cleves MA, Melnyk S, Zhao W, James SJ. Congenital heart defects and abnormal maternal biomarkers of methionine and homocysteine metabolism. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.81(1), 147–153 (2005).
  • Bille C, Olsen J, Vach W et al. Oral clefts and life style factors – a case–cohort study based on prospective Danish data. Eur. J. Epidemiol.22(3), 173–181 (2007).
  • Schmidt RJ, Romitti PA, Burns TL et al. Caffeine, selected metabolic gene variants, and risk for neural tube defects. Birth Defects Res. A. Clin. Mol. Teratol.88(7), 560–569 (2010).
  • Tikkanen J, Heinonen OP. Maternal exposure to chemical and physical factors during pregnancy and cardiovascular malformations in the offspring. Teratology43(6), 591–600 (1991).
  • Ford RP, Schluter PJ, Mitchell EA, Taylor BJ, Scragg R, Stewart AW. Heavy caffeine intake in pregnancy and sudden infant death syndrome. New Zealand Cot Death Study Group. Arch. Dis. Child78(1), 9–13 (1998).
  • Alm B, Wennergren G, Norvenius G et al. Caffeine and alcohol as risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome. Nordic Epidemiological SIDS Study. Arch Dis. Child81(2), 107–111 (1999).
  • Hughes RN, Beveridge IJ. Sex- and age-dependent effects of prenatal exposure to caffeine on open-field behavior, emergence latency and adrenal weights in rats. Life Sci.47(22), 2075–2088 (1990).
  • Nakamoto T, Roy G, Gottschalk SB, Yazdani M, Rossowska M. Lasting effects of early chronic caffeine feeding on rats’ behavior and brain in later life. Physiol. Behav.49(4), 721–727 (1991).
  • Bjorklund O, Kahlstrom J, Salmi P, Fredholm BB. Perinatal caffeine, acting on maternal adenosine A(1) receptors, causes long-lasting behavioral changes in mouse offspring. PLoS ONE3(12), e3977 (2008).
  • Barr HM, Streissguth AP. Caffeine use during pregnancy and child outcome: a 7-year prospective study. Neurotoxicol. Teratol.13(4), 441–448 (1991).
  • Linnet KM, Wisborg K, Secher NJ et al. Coffee consumption during pregnancy and the risk of hyperkinetic disorder and ADHD: a prospective cohort study. Acta Paediatr.98(1), 173–179 (2009).
  • Bekkhus M, Skjothaug T, Nordhagen R, Borge AI. Intrauterine exposure to caffeine and inattention/overactivity in children. Acta Paediatr.99(6), 925–928 (2009).
  • Wisborg K, Henriksen TB, Hedegaard M, Secher NJ. Smoking habits among Danish pregnant women from 1989 to 1996 in relation to sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand.77(8), 836–840 (1998).
  • Davey SG, Ebrahim S. ‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int. J. Epidemiol.32(1), 1–22 (2003).
  • Castorena-Torres F, Mendoza-Cantu A, de Leon MB et al. CYP1A2 phenotype and genotype in a population from the Carboniferous region of Coahuila, Mexico. Toxicol. Lett.156(3), 331–339 (2005).
  • Sachse C, Brockmoller J, Bauer S, Roots I. Functional significance of a C – a polymorphism in intron 1 of the cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 gene tested with caffeine. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.47(4), 445–449 (1999).
  • Moonen HJ, Moonen EJ, Maas L, Dallinga JW, Kleinjans JC, de Kok TM. CYP1A2 and NAT2 genotype/phenotype relations and urinary excretion of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b) pyridine (PhIP) in a human dietary intervention study. Food Chem. Toxicol.42(6), 869–878 (2004).
  • Gross M, Kruisselbrink T, Anderson K et al. Distribution and concordance of N-acetyltransferase genotype and phenotype in an American population. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.8(8), 683–692 (1999).
  • Cornelis MC, El-Sohemy A, Campos H. Genetic polymorphism of the adenosine A2A receptor is associated with habitual caffeine consumption. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.86(1), 240–244 (2007).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.