Novel targeted therapies in the treatment of soft-tissue sarcomas

References

• World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. In: Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone (5th Edition). Fletcher CD, Unni KK, Mertens F (Eds). IARC Press, Lyon, France (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Edmonson JH, Ryan LM, Blum RH et al. Randomized comparison of doxorubicin alone versus ifosfamide plus doxorubicin or mitomycin, doxorubicin, and cisplatin against advanced soft tissue sarcomas. J. Clin. Oncol.11(7), 1269–1275 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antman K, Crowley J, Balcerzak SP et al. An intergroup Phase III randomized study of doxorubicin and dacarbazine with or without ifosfamide and mesna in advanced soft tissue and bone sarcomas. J. Clin. Oncol.11(7), 1276–1285 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Issels RD, Lindner LH, Verweij J et al. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy alone or with regional hyperthermia for localised high-risk soft-tissue sarcoma: a randomised Phase 3 multicentre study. Lancet Oncol.11(6), 561–570 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki RG, Wathen JK, Patel SR et al. Randomized Phase II Study of gemcitabine and docetaxel compared with gemcitabine alone in patients with metastatic soft tissue sarcomas: results of sarcoma alliance for research through collaboration study 002. J. Clin. Oncol.25(19), 2755–2763 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shor A, Agresta S, D’Amato G, Sondak VK. Therapeutic potential of directed tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in sarcomas. Cancer Control15(1), 47–54 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delattre O, Zucman J, Plougastel B et al. Gene fusion with an ETS DNA-binding domain caused by chromosome translocation in human tumours. Nature359(6391), 162–165 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borden EC, Baker LH, Bell RS et al. Soft tissue sarcomas of adults. Clin. Cancer Res.9(6), 1941–1956 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corless CL, Fletcher JA, Heinrich MC. Biology of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J. Clin. Oncol.22(18), 3813–3825 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demetri GD, von Mehren M, Blanke CD et al. Efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors. N. Engl. J. Med.347(7), 472–480 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanke CD, Rankin C, Demetri GD et al. Phase III randomized, intergroup trial assessing imatinib mesylate at two dose levels in patients with unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors expressing the kit receptor tyrosine kinase: S0033. J. Clin. Oncol.26(4), 626–632 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMatteo RP, Ballman KV, Antonescu CR et al. Adjuvant imatinib mesylate after resection of localised, primary gastrointestinal stromal tumour: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet373(9669), 1097–1104 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demetri GD, van Oosterom AT, Garrett CR et al. Efficacy and safety of sunitinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after failure of imatinib: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet368(9544), 1329–1338 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai J, Yassa L, Marqusee E et al. Hypothyroidism after sunitinib treatment for patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Ann. Intern. Med.145(9), 660–664 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu TF, Rupnick MA, Kerkela R et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib. Lancet370(9604), 2011–2019 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Force T, Krause DS, Van Etten RA. Molecular mechanisms of cardiotoxicity of tyrosine kinase inhibition. Nat. Rev. Cancer7(5), 332–344 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiebe L, Kasza KE, Maki RG et al. Activity of sorafenib (SOR) in patients (pts) with imatinib (IM) and sunitinib (SU)-resistant (RES) gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): a Phase II trial of the University of Chicago Phase II Consortium. J. Clin. Oncol. (Meeting Abstracts), 26(Suppl. 15), 10502 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricotti E, Fagioli F, Garelli E et al. C-kit is expressed in soft tissue sarcoma of neuroectodermic origin and its ligand prevents apoptosis of neoplastic cells. Blood91(7), 2397–2405 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landuzzi L, De Giovanni C, Nicoletti G et al. The metastatic ability of ewing’s sarcoma cells is modulated by stem cell factor and by its receptor c-kit. Am. J. Pathol.157(6), 2123–2131 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zwerner JP, May WA. PDGF-C is an EWS/FLI induced transforming growth factor in Ewing family tumors. Oncogene20(5), 626–633 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond M, Bernstein ML, Pappo A et al. A Phase II study of imatinib mesylate in children with refractory or relapsed solid tumors: a Children’s Oncology Group study. Pediatr. Blood Cancer50(2), 254–258 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chugh R, Wathen JK, Maki RG et al. Phase II multicenter trial of imatinib in 10 histologic subtypes of sarcoma using a Bayesian hierarchical statistical model. J. Clin. Oncol.27, 3148–3153 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozzi F, Tamborini E, Negri T et al. Evidence for activation of KIT, PDGFRα, and PDGFRβ receptors in the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors. Cancer109(8), 1638–1645 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chao J, Budd GT, Chu P et al. Phase II clinical trial of imatinib mesylate in therapy of KIT and/or PDGFRa-expressing Ewing sarcoma family of tumors and desmoplastic small round cell tumors. Anticancer Res.30(2), 547–552 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George S, Merriam P, Maki RG et al. Multicenter Phase II trial of sunitinib in the treatment of nongastrointestinal stromal tumor sarcomas. J. Clin. Oncol.27(19), 3154–3160 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das J, Chen P, Norris D et al. 2-aminothiazole as a novel kinase inhibitor template. structure-activity relationship studies toward the discovery of N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-[[6-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1- piperazinyl)]-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl]amino)]-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide (dasatinib, BMS-354825) as a potent pan-SRC kinase inhibitor. J. Med. Chem.49(23), 6819–6832 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki RG, D’Adamo DR, Keohan ML et al. Phase II study of sorafenib in patients with metastatic or recurrent sarcomas. J. Clin. Oncol.27(19), 3133–3140 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrosini G, Cheema HS, Seelman S et al. Sorafenib inhibits growth and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in malignant peripheral nerve sheath cells. Mol. Cancer Ther.7(4), 890–896 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan CW, von Mehren M, Rankin CJ et al. Phase II intergroup study of sorafenib (S) in advanced soft tissue sarcomas (STS): SWOG 0505. J. Clin. Oncol.(Meeting Abstracts), 26(15 Suppl.) (2008) (Abstract 10532).
   Google Scholar
• Sleijfer S, Ray-Coquard I, Papai Z et al. Pazopanib, a multikinase angiogenesis inhibitor, in patients with relapsed or refractory advanced soft tissue sarcoma: a phase II study from the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group (EORTC Study 62043). J. Clin. Oncol.27(19), 3126–3132 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Glabbeke M, Verweij J, Judson I, Nielsen OS. Progression-free rate as the principal end-point for Phase II trials in soft-tissue sarcomas. Eur. J. Cancer38(4), 543–549 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas DG, Giordano TJ, Sanders D et al. Expression of receptor tyrosine kinases epidermal growth factor receptor and HER-2/neu in synovial sarcoma. Cancer103(4), 830–838 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blay J, Le Cesne A, Whelan J et al. Gefitinib in second line treatment of metastatic or locally advanced synovial sarcoma expressing HER1: a Phase II trial of EORTC Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group. J. Clin. Oncol.(Meeting Abstracts), 24(18 Suppl.) (2006) (Abstract 9517).
   Google Scholar
• Holtkamp N, Malzer E, Zietsch J et al. EGFR and erbB2 in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors and implications for targeted therapy. Neuro. Oncol.10(6), 946–957 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabone-Eglinger S, Bahleda R, Cote J-F et al. Frequent EGFR positivity and overexpression in high-grade areas of human MPNSTs. Sarcoma2008, 849156 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keizman D, Issakov J, Meller I et al. Expression and significance of EGFR in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. J. Neurooncol.94(3), 383–388 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albritton KH, Rankin C, Coffin CM et al. Phase II study of erlotinib in metastatic or unresectable malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST). J. Clin. Oncol.(Meeting Abstracts), 24(18 Suppl.), 9518 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potti A, Ganti A, Tendulkar K et al. Determination of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) overexpression in soft tissue sarcomas and the role of overexpression in leiomyosarcoma. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol.130(1), 52–56 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon SS, Segal NH, Olshen AB, Brennan MF, Singer S. Circulating angiogenic factor levels correlate with extent of disease and risk of recurrence in patients with soft tissue sarcoma. Ann. Oncol.15(8), 1261–1266 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Adamo DR, Anderson SE, Albritton K et al. Phase II study of doxorubicin and bevacizumab for patients with metastatic soft-tissue sarcomas. J. Clin. Oncol.23(28), 7135–7142 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agulnik M, Okuno SH, Von Mehren M et al. An open-label multicenter Phase II study of bevacizumab for the treatment of angiosarcoma. J. Clin. Oncol.(Meeting Abstracts), 27(15 Suppl.) (2009) (Abstract 10522).
   Google Scholar
• Yoon SS, Karl D, Rothrock C et al. Interim analysis of a Phase II study of neoadjuvant bevacizumab and radiation therapy for resectable soft tissue sarcomas. Proc. CTOS15, 39179a– (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Pouyssegur J, Dayan F, Mazure NM. Hypoxia signalling in cancer and approaches to enforce tumour regression. Nature441(7092), 437–443 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okuno S. Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors in sarcomas. Curr. Opin. Oncol.18(4), 360–362 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan CC, Chung MY, Ng KF et al. Constant allelic alteration on chromosome 16p (TSC2 gene) in perivascular epithelioid cell tumour (PEComa): genetic evidence for the relationship of PEComa with angiomyolipoma. J. Pathol.214(3), 387–393 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner AJ, Malinowska-Kolodziej I, Morgan JA et al. Clinical activity of mTOR inhibition with sirolimus in malignant perivascular epithelioid cell tumors: targeting the pathogenic activation of mTORC1 in tumors. J. Clin. Oncol.28(5), 835–840 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okuno SH, Mahoney MR, Bailey HH et al. A multicenter Phase 2 consortium (P2C) study of the mTOR inhibitor CCI-779 in advanced soft tissue sarcomas (STS). J. Clin. Oncol.(Meeting Abstracts), 24(18 Suppl.) (2006) (Abstract 9504).
   Google Scholar
• Chawla SP, Tolcher AW, Staddon AP et al. Survival results with AP23573, a novel mTOR inhibitor, in patients (pts) with advanced soft tissue or bone sarcomas: update of Phase II trial. J. Clin. Oncol.(Meeting Abstracts), 25(18 Suppl.) (2007) (Abstract 10076).
   Google Scholar
• Sankhala KK, Chawla SP, Iagaru A et al. Early response evaluation of therapy with AP23573 (an mTOR inhibitor) in sarcoma using [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) scan. J. Clin. Oncol.(Meeting Abstracts), 23(16 Suppl.) (2005) (Abstract 9028).
   Google Scholar
• Iwenofu OH, Lackman RD, Staddon AP, Goodwin DG, Haupt HM, Brooks JSJ. Phospho-S6 ribosomal protein: a potential new predictive sarcoma marker for targeted mTOR therapy. Mod. Pathol.21(3), 231–237 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fürstenberger G, Senn H-J. Insulin-like growth factors and cancer. Lancet Oncol.3(5), 298–302 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak MN, Schernhammer ES, Hankinson SE. Insulin-like growth factors and neoplasia. Nat. Rev. Cancer4(7), 505–518 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlén J, Wejde J, Brosjö O et al. Insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor expression correlates to good prognosis in highly malignant soft tissue sarcoma. Clin. Cancer Res.11(1), 206–216 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scotlandi K, Picci P. Targeting insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor in sarcomas. Curr. Opin. Oncol.20(4), 419–427 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb E, Gorlick R. Development of IGF-IR inhibitors in pediatric sarcomas. Curr. Oncol. Rep.11(4), 307–313 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scotlandi K, Manara MC, Nicoletti G et al. antitumor activity of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor kinase inhibitor NVP-AEW541 in musculoskeletal tumors. Cancer Res.65(9), 3868–3876 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olmos D, Okuno S, Schuetze SM et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics and preliminary activity of the anti-IGF-IR antibody CP-751,871 in patients with sarcoma. J. Clin. Oncol.(Meeting Abstracts),26(15 Suppl.) (2008) (Abstract 10501).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel S, Pappo A, Crowley J et al. A SARC global collaborative Phase II trial of R1507, a recombinant human monoclonal antibody to the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) in patients with recurrent or refractory sarcomas. J. Clin. Oncol.(Meeting Abstracts), 27(15 Suppl.) (2009) (Abstract 10503).
   Google Scholar
• Chow WA, Jiang C, Guan M. Anti-HIV drugs for cancer therapeutics: back to the future? Lancet Oncol.10(1), 61–71 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow WA, Guo S, Valdes-Albini F. Nelfinavir induces liposarcoma apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by upregulating sterol regulatory element binding protein-1. Anti-Cancer Drugs17(8), 891–903 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow WA, Mott M, Hepner E et al. Early evidence of clinical activity for liposarcoma with the HIV protease inhibitor nelfinavir. Proc. CTOS13, 783a (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Zhang WE, Kolb EA. Reolysin®, an unmodified reovirus, has significant anti-tumor activity in childhood sarcomas. AACR Meeting Abstracts2006(1) (2006) (Abstract 1017b).
   Google Scholar
• Mita M, Sankhala K, Sarantopoulos J et al. Phase II study of intravenous reolysin (wild type reovirus) in patients with bone and soft tissue sarcoma metastatic to lung. Proc. CTOS15, 39323a (2009).
   Google Scholar