Role and value of diffusion-weighted MRI in the radiotherapeutic management of head and neck cancer

References

• Kamangar F, Dores GM, Anderson WF. Patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across five continents: defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world. J. Clin. Oncol.24, 2137–2150 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourhis J, Overgaard J, Audry H et al. Hyperfractionated or accelerated radiotherapy in head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis. Lancet368, 843–854 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pignon JP, Bourhis J, Domenge C, Designe L. Chemotherapy added to locoregional treatment for head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma: three meta-analyses of updated individual data. MACH-NC Collaborative Group. Meta-Analysis of Chemotherapy on Head and Neck Cancer. Lancet355, 949–955 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machtay M, Moughan J, Trotti A et al. Factors associated with severe late toxicity after concurrent chemoradiation for locally advanced head and neck cancer: an RTOG analysis. J. Clin. Oncol.26, 3582–3589 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madani I, Duthoy W, Derie C et al. Positron emission tomography-guided, focal-dose escalation using intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.68, 126–135 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh DM, Collins DJ. Diffusion-weighted MRI in the body: applications and challenges in oncology. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.188, 1622–1635 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird AE, Warach S. Magnetic resonance imaging of acute stroke. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.18, 583–609 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stejskal EO, Tanner JE. Spin-diffusion measurements: spin echoes in the presence of a time-dependent field gradient. J. Chem. Phys.42, 288–292 (1965).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chawla S, Kim S, Wang S, Poptani H. Diffusion-weighted imaging in head and neck cancers. Future Oncol.5, 959–975 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D et al. Separation of diffusion and perfusion in intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging. Radiology168, 497–505 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoeny HC, De Keyzer F. Extracranial applications of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Eur. Radiol.17, 1385–1393 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Brekel MW, Castelijns JA, Snow GB. Detection of lymph node metastases in the neck: radiologic criteria. Radiology192, 617–618 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Curtin HD, Ishwaran H, Mancuso AA et al. Comparison of CT and MR imaging in staging of neck metastases. Radiology207, 123–130 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyzas PA, Evangelou E, Denaxa-Kyza D, Ioannidis JP. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to evaluate cervical node metastases in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J. Natl Cancer Inst.100, 712–720 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang J, Takashima S, Takayama F et al. Head and neck lesions: characterization with diffusion-weighted echo-planar MR imaging. Radiology220, 621–630 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abdel Razek AA, Soliman NY, Elkhamary S, Alsharaway MK, Tawfik A. Role of diffusion-weighted MR imaging in cervical lymphadenopathy. Eur. Radiol.16, 1468–1477 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perrone A, Guerrisi P, Izzo L et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI in cervical lymph nodes: differentiation between benign and malignant lesions. Eur. J. Radiol. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.07.039 (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Sumi M, Sakihama N, Sumi T et al. Discrimination of metastatic cervical lymph nodes with diffusion-weighted MR imaging in patients with head and neck cancer. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.24, 1627–1634 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumi M, Van Cauteren M, Nakamura T. MR microimaging of benign and malignant nodes in the neck. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.186, 749–757 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandecaveye V, De Keyzer F, Van der Poorten V et al. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: value of diffusion-weighted MR imaging for nodal staging. Radiology251, 134–146 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Bondt RB, Hoeberigs MC, Nelemans PJ et al. Diagnostic accuracy and additional value of diffusion-weighted imaging for discrimination of malignant cervical lymph nodes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Neuroradiology51, 183–192 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maeda M, Kato H, Sakuma H, Maier SE, Takeda K. Usefulness of the apparent diffusion coefficient in line scan diffusion-weighted imaging for distinguishing between squamous cell carcinomas and malignant lymphomas of the head and neck. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.26, 1186–1192 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King AD, Ahuja AT, Yeung DK et al. Malignant cervical lymphadenopathy: diagnostic accuracy of diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Radiology245, 806–813 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirix P, Vandecaveye V, De Keyzer F et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI for nodal staging of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: impact on radiotherapy planning. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.76, 761–766 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klug C, Keszthelyi D, Ploder O et al. Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: evaluation of tumor response by CT differs from histopathologic response assessment in a significant fraction of patients. Head Neck26, 224–231 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Denys D, Kumar P, Wong FS, Newman LA, Robbins KT. The predictive value of tumor regression rates during chemoradiation therapy in patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Am. J. Surg.174, 561–564 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaulerry C, Dubray B, Brunin F et al. Prognostic value of tumor regression during radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: a prospective study. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.33, 271–279 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geets X, Tomsej M, Lee JA et al. Adaptive biological image-guided IMRT with anatomic and functional imaging in pharyngo–laryngeal tumors: impact on target volume delineation and dose distribution using helical tomotherapy. Radiother. Oncol.85, 105–115 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregoire V, Haustermans K, Geets X, Roels S, Lonneux M. PET-based treatment planning in radiotherapy: a new standard? J. Nucl. Med.48(Suppl. 1), 68S–77S (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostakoglu L, Goldsmith SJ. PET in the assessment of therapy response in patients with carcinoma of the head and neck and of the esophagus. J. Nucl. Med.45, 56–68 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chenevert TL, McKeever PE, Ross BD. Monitoring early response of experimental brain tumors to therapy using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. Clin. Cancer Res.3, 1457–1466 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chenevert TL, Stegman LD, Taylor JM et al. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging: an early surrogate marker of therapeutic efficacy in brain tumors. J. Natl Cancer Inst.92, 2029–2036 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamstra DA, Galban CJ, Meyer CR et al. Functional diffusion map as an early imaging biomarker for high-grade glioma: correlation with conventional radiologic response and overall survival. J. Clin. Oncol.26, 3387–3394 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee KC, Moffat BA, Schott AF et al. Prospective early response imaging biomarker for neoadjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy. Clin. Cancer Res.13, 443–450 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Keyzer F, Vandecaveye V, Thoeny H et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced and diffusion-weighted MRI for early detection of tumoral changes in single-dose and fractionated radiotherapy: evaluation in a rat rhabdomyosarcoma model. Eur. Radiol.19, 2663–2671 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vandecaveye V, De Keyzer F, Nuyts S et al. Detection of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with diffusion weighted MRI after (chemo)radiotherapy: correlation between radiologic and histopathologic findings. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.67, 960–971 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim S, Loevner L, Quon H et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for predicting and detecting early response to chemoradiation therapy of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Clin. Cancer Res.15, 986–994 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandecaveye V, Dirix P, De Keyzer F et al. Predictive value of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging during chemoradiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Eur. Radiol.20(7), 1703–1714 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brizel DM, Sibley GS, Prosnitz LR, Scher RL, Dewhirst MW. Tumor hypoxia adversely affects the prognosis of carcinoma of the head and neck. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.38, 285–289 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majno G, Joris I. Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. An overview of cell death. Am. J. Pathol.146, 3–15 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray LH, Conger AD, Ebert M, Hornsey S, Scott OC. The concentration of oxygen dissolved in tissues at the time of irradiation as a factor in radiotherapy. Br. J. Radiol.26, 638–648 (1953).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galban CJ, Chenevert TL, Meyer CR et al. The parametric response map is an imaging biomarker for early cancer treatment outcome. Nat. Med.15, 572–576 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamstra DA, Chenevert TL, Moffat BA et al. Evaluation of the functional diffusion map as an early biomarker of time-to-progression and overall survival in high-grade glioma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA102, 16759–16764 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moffat BA, Chenevert TL, Lawrence TS et al. Functional diffusion map: a noninvasive MRI biomarker for early stratification of clinical brain tumor response. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA102, 5524–5529 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galban CJ, Mukherji SK, Chenevert TL et al. A feasibility study of parametric response map analysis of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans of head and neck cancer patients for providing early detection of therapeutic efficacy. Transl. Oncol.2, 184–190 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hermans R, Pameijer FA, Mancuso AA, Parsons JT, Mendenhall WM. Laryngeal or hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: can follow-up CT after definitive radiation therapy be used to detect local failure earlier than clinical examination alone? Radiology214, 683–687 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hermans R. Posttreatment imaging in head and neck cancer. Eur. J. Radiol.66, 501–511 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomayr A, Lell M, Sweeney R, Bautz W, Lukas P. MRI appearance of radiation-induced changes of normal cervical tissues. Eur. Radiol.11, 1807–1817 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lowe VJ, Boyd JH, Dunphy FR et al. Surveillance for recurrent head and neck cancer using positron emission tomography. J. Clin. Oncol.18, 651–658 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong RJ, Lin DT, Schoder H et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol.20, 4199–4208 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCollum AD, Burrell SC, Haddad RI et al. Positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose to predict pathologic response after induction chemotherapy and definitive chemoradiotherapy in head and neck cancer. Head Neck26, 890–896 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukui MB, Blodgett TM, Snyderman CH et al. Combined PET-CT in the head and neck: part 2. Diagnostic uses and pitfalls of oncologic imaging. Radiographics25, 913–930 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akhurst T, Kates TJ, Mazumdar M et al. Recent chemotherapy reduces the sensitivity of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the detection of colorectal metastases. J. Clin. Oncol.23, 8713–8716 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yom SS, Machtay M, Biel MA et al. Survival impact of planned restaging and early surgical salvage following definitive chemoradiation for locally advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx and hypopharynx. Am. J. Clin. Oncol.28, 385–392 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hein PA, Eskey CJ, Dunn JF, Hug EB. Diffusion-weighted imaging in the follow-up of treated high-grade gliomas: tumor recurrence versus radiation injury. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.25, 201–209 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel Razek AA, Kandeel AY, Soliman N et al. Role of diffusion-weighted echo-planar MR imaging in differentiation of residual or recurrent head and neck tumors and posttreatment changes. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.28, 1146–1152 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar