311
Views
26
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Current opinion on optimal treatment for colorectal cancer

, , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 597-611 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Grothey A, Sargent D. Overall survival of patients with advanced colorectal cancer correlates with availability of fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin regardless of whether doublet or single-agent therapy is used first line. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(36), 9441–9442 (2005).
  • Gray R, Barnwell J, McConkey C, Hills RK, Williams NS, Kerr DJ. Adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation in patients with colorectal cancer: a randomised study. Lancet 370(9604), 2020–2029 (2007).
  • Yothers GA, Allegra CJ, O’Connell MJ et al. The efficacy of oxaliplatin (Ox) when added to 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin (FU/L) in stage II colon cancer. American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL, USA, 3–7 June 2011 (Abstract 3507).
  • Sargent DJ, Marsoni S, Monges G et al. Defective mismatch repair as a predictive marker for lack of efficacy of fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy in colon cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(20), 3219–3226 (2010).
  • André T, Boni C, Navarro M et al. Improved overall survival with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment in stage II or III colon cancer in the MOSAIC trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 27(19), 3109–3116 (2009).
  • Romanus D, Weiser MR, Skibber JM et al. Concordance with NCCN Colorectal Cancer Guidelines and ASCO/NCCN Quality Measures: an NCCN institutional analysis. J. Natl Compr. Canc. Netw. 7(8), 895–904 (2009).
  • André T, Boni C, Mounedji-Boudiaf L et al.; Multicenter International Study of Oxaliplatin/5-Fluorouracil/Leucovorin in the Adjuvant Treatment of Colon Cancer (MOSAIC) Investigators. Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 350(23), 2343–2351 (2004).
  • Yothers G, O’Connell MJ, Allegra CJ et al. Oxaliplatin as adjuvant therapy for colon cancer: updated results of NSABP C-07 trial, including survival and subset analyses. J. Clin. Oncol. 29(28), 3768–3774 (2011).
  • Haller DG, Tabernero J, Maroun J et al. Capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil and folinic acid as adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 29(11), 1465–1471 (2011).
  • Twelves C, Scheithauer W, McKendrick J et al. Capecitabine versus 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid as adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer: final results from the X-ACT trial with analysis by age and preliminary evidence of a pharmacodynamic marker of efficacy. Ann. Oncol. 23(5), 1190–1197 (2012).
  • Saltz LB, Niedzwiecki D, Hollis D et al. Irinotecan fluorouracil plus leucovorin is not superior to fluorouracil plus leucovorin alone as adjuvant treatment for stage III colon cancer: results of CALGB 89803. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(23), 3456–3461 (2007).
  • Van Cutsem E, Labianca R, Bodoky G et al. Randomized Phase III trial comparing biweekly infusional fluorouracil/leucovorin alone or with irinotecan in the adjuvant treatment of stage III colon cancer: PETACC-3. J. Clin. Oncol. 27(19), 3117–3125 (2009).
  • Allegra CJ, Yothers G, O’Connell MJ et al. Bevacizumab in stage II–III colon cancer: 5-year update of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project C-08 trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 31(3), 359–364 (2013).
  • de Gramont A, Van Cutsem E, Schmoll HJ et al. Bevacizumab plus oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer (AVANT): a Phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 13(12), 1225–1233 (2012).
  • Van Cutsem E, Lambrechts D, Prenen H, Jain RK, Carmeliet P. Lessons from the adjuvant bevacizumab trial on colon cancer: what next? J. Clin. Oncol. 29(1), 1–4 (2011).
  • Ebos JM, Kerbel RS. Antiangiogenic therapy: impact on invasion, disease progression, and metastasis. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 8(4), 210–221 (2011).
  • Alberts SR, Sargent DJ, Nair S et al. Effect of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin with or without cetuximab on survival among patients with resected stage III colon cancer: a randomized trial. JAMA 307(13), 1383–1393 (2012).
  • Karapetis CS, Khambata-Ford S, Jonker DJ et al. K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 359(17), 1757–1765 (2008).
  • Ngan SY, Burmeister B, Fisher RJ et al. Randomized trial of short-course radiotherapy versus long-course chemoradiation comparing rates of local recurrence in patients with T3 rectal cancer: Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group trial 01.04. J. Clin. Oncol. 30(31), 3827–3833 (2012).
  • Rödel C, Liersch T, Becker H et al.; German Rectal Cancer Study Group. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy and postoperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil and oxaliplatin versus fluorouracil alone in locally advanced rectal cancer: initial results of the German CAO/ARO/AIO-04 randomised Phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 13(7), 679–687 (2012).
  • Gérard JP, Azria D, Gourgou-Bourgade S et al. Clinical outcome of the ACCORD 12/0405 PRODIGE 2 randomized trial in rectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 30(36), 4558–4565 (2012).
  • Chen CF, Huang MY, Huang CJ et al. A observational study of the efficacy and safety of capecitabine versus bolus infusional 5-fluorouracil in pre-operative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 27(6), 727–736 (2012).
  • Midgley RS, McConkey CC, Johnstone EC et al. Phase III randomized trial assessing rofecoxib in the adjuvant setting of colorectal cancer: final results of the VICTOR trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(30), 4575–4580 (2010).
  • Lundberg GD. Aspirin helps prevent recurring colorectal adenomas – folic acid does not. Medscape J. Med. 10(3), 69 (2008).
  • Ali R, Toh HC, Chia WK; ASCOLT Trial Investigators. The utility of aspirin in Dukes C and high risk Dukes B colorectal cancer – the ASCOLT study: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 12, 261 (2011).
  • Liao X, Lochhead P, Nishihara R et al. Aspirin use, tumor PIK3CA mutation, and colorectal-cancer survival. N. Engl. J. Med. 367(17), 1596–1606 (2012).
  • Van Cutsem E, Tabernero J, Lakomy R et al. Addition of aflibercept to fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan improves survival in a Phase III randomized trial in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer previously treated with an oxaliplatin-based regimen. J. Clin. Oncol. 30(28), 3499–3506 (2012).
  • Nordlinger B, Sorbye H, Glimelius B et al.; EORTC Gastro-Intestinal Tract Cancer Group; Cancer Research UK; Arbeitsgruppe Lebermetastasen und-tumoren in der Chirurgischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Onkologie (ALM-CAO); Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group (AGITG); Fédération Francophone de Cancérologie Digestive (FFCD). Perioperative chemotherapy with FOLFOX4 and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer (EORTC Intergroup trial 40983): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 371(9617), 1007–1016 (2008).
  • Benoist S, Nordlinger B. The role of preoperative chemotherapy in patients with resectable colorectal liver metastases. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 16(9), 2385–2390 (2009).
  • Adam R, Delvart V, Pascal G et al. Rescue surgery for unresectable colorectal liver metastases downstaged by chemotherapy: a model to predict long-term survival. Ann. Surg. 240(4), 644–657; discussion 657 (2004).
  • Tournigand C, André T, Achille E et al. FOLFIRI followed by FOLFOX6 or the reverse sequence in advanced colorectal cancer: a randomized GERCOR study. J. Clin. Oncol. 22(2), 229–237 (2004).
  • Goldberg RM, Rothenberg ML, Van Cutsem E et al. The continuum of care: a paradigm for the management of metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncologist 12(1), 38–50 (2007).
  • Seymour MT, Maughan TS, Ledermann JA et al.; FOCUS Trial Investigators; National Cancer Research Institute Colorectal Clinical Studies Group. Different strategies of sequential and combination chemotherapy for patients with poor prognosis advanced colorectal cancer (MRC FOCUS): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 370(9582), 143–152 (2007).
  • Colucci G, Gebbia V, Paoletti G et al.; Gruppo Oncologico Dell’Italia Meridionale. Phase III randomized trial of FOLFIRI versus FOLFOX4 in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer: a multicenter study of the Gruppo Oncologico Dell’Italia Meridionale. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(22), 4866–4875 (2005).
  • Peeters M, Price T. Biologic therapies in the metastatic colorectal cancer treatment continuum – applying current evidence to clinical practice. Cancer Treat. Rev. 38(5), 397–406 (2012).
  • Falcone A, Ricci S, Brunetti I et al.; Gruppo Oncologico Nord Ovest. Phase III trial of infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI) compared with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: the Gruppo Oncologico Nord Ovest. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(13), 1670–1676 (2007).
  • Souglakos J, Androulakis N, Syrigos K et al. FOLFOXIRI (folinic acid, 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and irinotecan) vs FOLFIRI (folinic acid, 5-fluorouracil and irinotecan) as first-line treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer (MCC): a multicentre randomised Phase III trial from the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG). Br. J. Cancer 94(6), 798–805 (2006).
  • Saltz LB, Clarke S, Díaz-Rubio E et al. Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy as first-line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized Phase III study. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(12), 2013–2019 (2008).
  • Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 350(23), 2335–2342 (2004).
  • Giantonio BJ, Catalano PJ, Meropol NJ et al.; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E3200. Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFOX4) for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer: results from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E3200. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(12), 1539–1544 (2007).
  • Puthillath A, Patel A, Fakih MG. Targeted therapies in the management of colorectal carcinoma: role of bevacizumab. Onco. Targets. Ther. 2, 1–15 (2009).
  • Clarke SJ, Karapetis CS, Gibbs P et al. Overview of biomarkers in metastatic colorectal cancer: tumour, blood and patient-related factors. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 85(2), 121–135 (2013).
  • Sobrero AF, Maurel J, Fehrenbacher L et al. EPIC: Phase III trial of cetuximab plus irinotecan after fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin failure in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(14), 2311–2319 (2008).
  • Van Cutsem E, Köhne CH, Hitre E et al. Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 360(14), 1408–1417 (2009).
  • Amado RG, Wolf M, Peeters M et al. Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(10), 1626–1634 (2008).
  • Bokemeyer C, Bondarenko I, Makhson A et al. Fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin with and without cetuximab in the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 27(5), 663–671 (2009).
  • Peeters M, Price TJ, Cervantes A et al. Randomized Phase III study of panitumumab with fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) compared with FOLFIRI alone as second-line treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(31), 4706–4713 (2010).
  • De Roock W, Jonker DJ, Di Nicolantonio F et al. Association of KRAS p.G13D mutation with outcome in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer treated with cetuximab. JAMA 304(16), 1812–1820 (2010).
  • Tejpar S, Celik I, Schlichting M, Sartorius U, Bokemeyer C, Van Cutsem E. Association of KRAS G13D tumor mutations with outcome in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with first-line chemotherapy with or without cetuximab. J. Clin. Oncol. 30(29), 3570–3577 (2012).
  • Guerrero S, Casanova I, Farré L, Mazo A, Capellà G, Mangues R. K-ras codon 12 mutation induces higher level of resistance to apoptosis and predisposition to anchorage-independent growth than codon 13 mutation or proto-oncogene overexpression. Cancer Res. 60(23), 6750–6756 (2000).
  • Peeters M. KRAS mutations in colorectal trials using panitumumab. Ann. Oncol. (2011).
  • De Roock W, De Vriendt V, Normanno N, Ciardiello F, Tejpar S. KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and PTEN mutations: implications for targeted therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet Oncol. 12(6), 594–603 (2011).
  • Maughan TS, Adams RA, Smith CG et al.; MRC COIN Trial Investigators. Addition of cetuximab to oxaliplatin-based first-line combination chemotherapy for treatment of advanced colorectal cancer: results of the randomised Phase 3 MRC COIN trial. Lancet 377(9783), 2103–2114 (2011).
  • Van Cutsem E, Köhne CH, Láng I et al. Cetuximab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: updated analysis of overall survival according to tumor KRAS and BRAF mutation status. J. Clin. Oncol. 29(15), 2011–2019 (2011).
  • Tveit KM, Guren T, Glimelius B et al. Phase III trial of cetuximab with continuous or intermittent fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (Nordic FLOX) versus FLOX alone in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: the NORDIC-VII study. J. Clin. Oncol. 30(15), 1755–1762 (2012).
  • Douillard JY, Siena S, Cassidy J et al. Randomized, Phase III trial of panitumumab with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4) versus FOLFOX4 alone as first-line treatment in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer: the PRIME study. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(31), 4697–4705 (2010).
  • Seymour MT, Brown SR, Richman S et al. Addition of panitumumab to irinotecan: results of PICCOLO, a randomized controlled trial in advanced colorectal cancer (aCRC). J. Clin. Oncol. 29, Abstract 3523 (2011).
  • Adams RA, Meade AM, Madi A et al. Toxicity associated with combination oxaliplatin plus fluoropyrimidine with or without cetuximab in the MRC COIN trial experience. Br. J. Cancer 100(2), 251–258 (2009).
  • Grothey A, Lenz HJ, Cats A et al. Explaining the unexplainable: EGFR antibodies in colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 30(15), 1735–1737 (2012).
  • Tol J, Koopman M, Cats A et al. Chemotherapy, bevacizumab, and cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 360(6), 563–572 (2009).
  • Hecht JR, Mitchell E, Chidiac T et al. A randomized Phase IIIB trial of chemotherapy, bevacizumab, and panitumumab compared with chemotherapy and bevacizumab alone for metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 27(5), 672–680 (2009).
  • Chen HX, Cleck JN. Adverse effects of anticancer agents that target the VEGF pathway. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 6(8), 465–477 (2009).
  • Lise M, Da Pian PP, Nitti D, Pilati PL. Colorectal metastases to the liver: present results and future strategies. J. Surg. Oncol. Suppl. 2, 69–73 (1991).
  • Bismuth H, Adam R, Navarro F, Castaing D, Engerran L, Abascal A. Re-resection for colorectal liver metastasis. Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am. 5(2), 353–364 (1996).
  • Adam R, Avisar E, Ariche A et al. Five-year survival following hepatic resection after neoadjuvant therapy for nonresectable colorectal. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 8(4), 347–353 (2001).
  • Folprecht G, Grothey A, Alberts S, Raab HR, Köhne CH. Neoadjuvant treatment of unresectable colorectal liver metastases: correlation between tumour response and resection rates. Ann. Oncol. 16(8), 1311–1319 (2005).
  • Leichman L. The role of chemotherapy in the curative treatment of patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am. 16(3), 537–56, viii (2007).
  • Zdenkowski N, Chen S, van der Westhuizen A, Ackland S. Curative strategies for liver metastases from colorectal cancer: a review. Oncologist 17(2), 201–211 (2012).
  • Grothey A, Sugrue MM, Purdie DM et al. Bevacizumab beyond first progression is associated with prolonged overall survival in metastatic colorectal cancer: results from a large observational cohort study (BRiTE). J. Clin. Oncol. 26(33), 5326–5334 (2008).
  • Halfdanarson TR, Kendrick ML, Grothey A. The role of chemotherapy in managing patients with resectable liver metastases. Cancer J. 16(2), 125–131 (2010).
  • Bokemeyer C, Van Cutsem E, Rougier P et al. Addition of cetuximab to chemotherapy as first-line treatment for KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: pooled analysis of the CRYSTAL and OPUS randomised clinical trials. Eur. J. Cancer 48(10), 1466–1475 (2012).
  • Folprecht G, Gruenberger T, Bechstein WO et al. Tumour response and secondary resectability of colorectal liver metastases following neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cetuximab: the CELIM randomised Phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 11(1), 38–47 (2010).
  • Koopman M, Antonini NF, Douma J et al. Sequential versus combination chemotherapy with capecitabine, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin in advanced colorectal cancer (CAIRO): a Phase III randomised controlled trial. Lancet 370(9582), 135–142 (2007).
  • Ducreux M, Malka D, Mendiboure J et al.; Fédération Francophone de Cancérologie Digestive (FFCD) 2000–05 Collaborative Group. Sequential versus combination chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer (FFCD 2000-05): an open-label, randomised, Phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 12(11), 1032–1044 (2011).
  • Tebbutt NC, Wilson K, Gebski VJ et al. Capecitabine, bevacizumab, and mitomycin in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: results of the Australasian Gastrointestinal Trials Group Randomized Phase III MAX Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(19), 3191–3198 (2010).
  • Price TJ, Zannino D, Wilson K et al. Bevacizumab is equally effective and no more toxic in elderly patients with advanced colorectal cancer: a subgroup analysis from the AGITG MAX trial: an international randomised controlled trial of Capecitabine, Bevacizumab and Mitomycin C. Ann. Oncol. 23(6), 1531–1536 (2012).
  • Price TJ, Townsend AR, Beeke C et al. ‘Watchful waiting’ for metastatic colorectal cancer, antediluvian or an option to be considered again? Asia. Pac. J. Clin. Oncol. 8(1), 10–13 (2012).
  • Doroshow JH, Synold TW, Gandara D et al. Pharmacology of oxaliplatin in solid tumor patients with hepatic dysfunction: a preliminary report of the National Cancer Institute Organ Dysfunction Working Group. Semin. Oncol. 30(4 Suppl. 15), 14–19 (2003).
  • Eklund JW, Trifilio S, Mulcahy MF. Chemotherapy dosing in the setting of liver dysfunction. Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.) 19(8), 1057–1063; discussion 1063 (2005).
  • Ong SY, Clarke SJ, Bishop J, Dodds HM, Rivory LP. Toxicity of irinotecan (CPT-11) and hepato-renal dysfunction. Anticancer. Drugs 12(7), 619–625 (2001).
  • Townsend AR, Bishnoi S, Broadbridge V et al. Rechallenge with oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidine for metastatic colorectal carcinoma after prior therapy. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 36(1), 49–52 (2013).
  • Tournigand C, Cervantes A, Figer A et al. OPTIMOX1: a randomized study of FOLFOX4 or FOLFOX7 with oxaliplatin in a stop-and-Go fashion in advanced colorectal cancer – a GERCOR study. J. Clin. Oncol. 24(3), 394–400 (2006).
  • Chibaudel B, Maindrault-Goebel F, Lledo G et al. Can chemotherapy be discontinued in unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer? The GERCOR OPTIMOX2 Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 27(34), 5727–5733 (2009).
  • Labianca R, Sobrero A, Isa L et al.; Italian Group for the Study of Gastrointestinal Cancer-GISCAD. Intermittent versus continuous chemotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer: a randomised ‘GISCAD’ trial. Ann. Oncol. 22(5), 1236–1242 (2011).
  • Neo EL, Beeke C, Price T et al. South Australian clinical registry for metastatic colorectal cancer. ANZ J. Surg. 81(5), 352–357 (2011).
  • Bennouna J, Sastre J, Arnold D et al.; ML18147 Study Investigators. Continuation of bevacizumab after first progression in metastatic colorectal cancer (ML18147): a randomised Phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 14(1), 29–37 (2013).
  • Grothey A, Sobrero AF, Siena S et al. Results of a Phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial (CORRECT) of regorafenib plus best supportive care (BSC) versus placebo plus BSC in patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) who have progressed after standard therapies. Presented at: 2012 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium. San Francisco, CA, USA, 19–21 January 2012 (Abstract LBA385).
  • Yoshino T, Mizunuma N, Yamazaki K et al. TAS-102 monotherapy for pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled Phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 13(10), 993–1001 (2012).
  • Siu LL, Shapiro JD, Jonker DsJ et al. Phase III randomized trial of cetuximab (CET) plus either brivanib alaninate (BRIV) or placebo in patients (pts) with metastatic (MET) chemotherapy refractory K-RAS wild-type (WT) colorectal carcinoma (CRC): The NCIC Clinical Trials Group and AGITG CO.20 trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 30(Suppl. 4), Abstract 386 (2012).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.