Advanced search
Publication Cover
Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy Volume 13, 2013 - Issue 3
Submit an article Journal homepage
154
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Theme: Leukemia/Lymphoma - Review

Managing newly diagnosed follicular lymphoma: state of the art and future perspectives

Zhi-Ming Li State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
,
Michele Ghielmini Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland; Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
&
Alden A Moccia Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. [email protected]
Pages 313-325 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Anderson JR, Armitage JO, Weisenburger DD. Epidemiology of the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: distributions of the major subtypes differ by geographic locations. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Classification Project. Ann. Oncol. 9(7), 717–720 (1998).
  • Müller AM, Ihorst G, Mertelsmann R, Engelhardt M. Epidemiology of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL): trends, geographic distribution, and etiology. Ann. Hematol. 84(1), 1–12 (2005).
  • Nathwani BN, Harris NL, Weisenburger DD. Follicular lymphoma. In: Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. 162–168 (2001).
  • Mann RB, Berard CW. Criteria for the cytologic subclassification of follicular lymphomas: a proposed alternative method. Hematol. Oncol. 1(2), 187–192 (1983).
  • Piccaluga PP, Califano A, Klein U et al. Gene expression analysis provides a potential rationale for revising the histological grading of follicular lymphomas. Haematologica 93(7), 1033–1038 (2008).
  • Shustik J, Quinn M, Connors JM, Gascoyne RD, Skinnider B, Sehn LH. Follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma grades 3A and 3B have a similar outcome and appear incurable with anthracycline-based therapy. Ann. Oncol. 22(5), 1164–1169 (2011).
  • Chau I, Jones R, Cunningham D et al. Outcome of follicular lymphoma grade 3: is anthracycline necessary as front-line therapy? Br. J. Cancer 89(1), 36–42 (2003).
  • Lister TA, Crowther D, Sutcliffe SB et al. Report of a committee convened to discuss the evaluation and staging of patients with Hodgkin’s disease: Cotswolds meeting. J. Clin. Oncol. 7(11), 1630–1636 (1989).
  • Salles GA. Clinical features, prognosis and treatment of follicular lymphoma. Hematology Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program 216–225 (2007).
  • [No authors listed]. A clinical evaluation of the International Lymphoma Study Group classification of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Classification Project. Blood 89(11), 3909–3918 (1997).
  • Solal-Céligny P, Roy P, Colombat P et al. Follicular lymphoma international prognostic index. Blood 104(5), 1258–1265 (2004).
  • Al-Tourah AJ, Gill KK, Chhanabhai M et al. Population-based analysis of incidence and outcome of transformed non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(32), 5165–5169 (2008).
  • Montoto S, Davies AJ, Matthews J et al. Risk and clinical implications of transformation of follicular lymphoma to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(17), 2426–2433 (2007).
  • [No authors listed]. A predictive model for aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The International Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Prognostic Factors Project. N. Engl. J. Med. 329(14), 987–994 (1993).
  • Federico M, Bellei M, Marcheselli L et al. Follicular lymphoma international prognostic index 2: a new prognostic index for follicular lymphoma developed by the international follicular lymphoma prognostic factor project. J. Clin. Oncol. 27(27), 4555–4562 (2009).
  • López-Guillermo A, Montserrat E, Bosch F, Terol MJ, Campo E, Rozman C. Applicability of the International Index for aggressive lymphomas to patients with low-grade lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 12(7), 1343–1348 (1994).
  • Cheung KJ, Shah SP, Steidl C et al. Genome-wide profiling of follicular lymphoma by array comparative genomic hybridization reveals prognostically significant DNA copy number imbalances. Blood 113(1), 137–148 (2009).
  • Dave SS, Wright G, Tan B et al. Prediction of survival in follicular lymphoma based on molecular features of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. N. Engl. J. Med. 351(21), 2159–2169 (2004).
  • Farinha P, Masoudi H, Skinnider BF et al. Analysis of multiple biomarkers shows that lymphoma-associated macrophage (LAM) content is an independent predictor of survival in follicular lymphoma (FL). Blood 106(6), 2169–2174 (2005).
  • Taskinen M, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Nyman H, Eerola LM, Leppä S. A high tumor-associated macrophage content predicts favorable outcome in follicular lymphoma patients treated with rituximab and cyclophosphamide–doxorubicin–vincristine–prednisone. Clin. Cancer Res. 13(19), 5784–5789 (2007).
  • Conconi A, Motta M, Bertoni F et al. Patterns of survival of follicular lymphomas at a single institution through three decades. Leuk. Lymphoma 51(6), 1028–1034 (2010).
  • Horning SJ, Rosenberg SA. The natural history of initially untreated low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. N. Engl. J. Med. 311(23), 1471–1475 (1984).
  • Mac Manus MP, Hoppe RT. Is radiotherapy curative for stage I and II low-grade follicular lymphoma? Results of a long-term follow-up study of patients treated at Stanford University. J. Clin. Oncol. 14(4), 1282–1290 (1996).
  • Campbell BA, Voss N, Woods R et al. Long-term outcomes for patients with limited stage follicular lymphoma: involved regional radiotherapy versus involved node radiotherapy. Cancer 116(16), 3797–3806 (2010).
  • Tezcan H, Vose JM, Bast M, Bierman PJ, Kessinger A, Armitage JO. Limited stage I and II follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: the Nebraska Lymphoma Study Group experience. Leuk. Lymphoma 34(3–4), 273–285 (1999).
  • Advani R, Rosenberg SA, Horning SJ. Stage I and II follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: long-term follow-up of no initial therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 22(8), 1454–1459 (2004).
  • Friedberg JW, Byrtek M, Link BK et al. Effectiveness of first-line management strategies for stage I follicular lymphoma: analysis of the National LymphoCare Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 30(27), 3368–3375 (2012).
  • Solal-Céligny P, Lepage E, Brousse N et al.; Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’Adulte. Recombinant interferon alfa-2b combined with a regimen containing doxorubicin in patients with advanced follicular lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 329(22), 1608–1614 (1993).
  • YoungRC, LongoDL, GlatsteinE, IhdeDC, JaffeES, DeVitaVT Jr. The treatment of indolent lymphomas: watchful waiting v aggressive combined modality treatment. Semin. Hematol. 25(2 Suppl. 2), 11–16 (1988).
  • Brice P, Bastion Y, Lepage E et al.; Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’Adulte. Comparison in low-tumor-burden follicular lymphomas between an initial no-treatment policy, prednimustine, or interferon alfa: a randomized study from the Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes Folliculaires. J. Clin. Oncol. 15(3), 1110–1117 (1997).
  • Ardeshna KM, Smith P, Norton A et al.; British National Lymphoma Investigation. Long-term effect of a watch and wait policy versus immediate systemic treatment for asymptomatic advanced-stage non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 362(9383), 516–522 (2003).
  • Solal-Céligny P, Bellei M, Marcheselli L et al. Watchful waiting in low-tumor burden follicular lymphoma in the rituximab era: results of an F2-study database. J. Clin. Oncol. 30(31), 3848–3853 (2012).
  • Dana BW, Dahlberg S, Nathwani BN et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with low-grade malignant lymphomas treated with doxorubicin-based chemotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 11(4), 644–651 (1993).
  • Kimby E, Björkholm M, Gahrton G et al. Chlorambucil/prednisone vs. CHOP in symptomatic low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: a randomized trial from the Lymphoma Group of Central Sweden. Ann. Oncol. 5(Suppl. 2), 67–71 (1994).
  • McLaughlin P, Hagemeister FB, Romaguera JE et al. Fludarabine, mitoxantrone, and dexamethasone: an effective new regimen for indolent lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 14(4), 1262–1268 (1996).
  • Velasquez WS, Lew D, Grogan TM et al.; Southwest Oncology Group. Combination of fludarabine and mitoxantrone in untreated stages III and IV low-grade lymphoma: S9501. J. Clin. Oncol. 21(10), 1996–2003 (2003).
  • Solal-Céligny P, Salles G, Brousse N et al. Single 4 dose rituximab treatment for low-tumor burden follicular Lymphoma (FL): survival analyses with a follow-up of at least 5 years (Abstract 585). Blood 104, 169a (2004).
  • Martinelli G, Schmitz SF, Utiger U et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with follicular lymphoma receiving single-agent rituximab at two different schedules in trial SAKK 35/98. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(29), 4480–4484 (2010).
  • Kahl BS, Hong F, Williams ME et al. Results of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Protocol E4402 (RESORT): a randomized Phase III study comparing two different rituximab dosing strategies for low tumor burden follicular lymphoma. Blood 118, (Abstract 6) (2011).
  • Forstpointner R, Dreyling M, Repp R et al.; German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group. The addition of rituximab to a combination of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone (FCM) significantly increases the response rate and prolongs survival as compared with FCM alone in patients with relapsed and refractory follicular and mantle cell lymphomas: results of a prospective randomized study of the German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 104(10), 3064–3071 (2004).
  • Marcus R, Imrie K, Belch A et al. CVP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CVP as first-line treatment for advanced follicular lymphoma. Blood 105(4), 1417–1423 (2005).
  • Hiddemann W, Kneba M, Dreyling M et al. Frontline therapy with rituximab added to the combination of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) significantly improves the outcome for patients with advanced-stage follicular lymphoma compared with therapy with CHOP alone: results of a prospective randomized study of the German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 106(12), 3725–3732 (2005).
  • Herold M, Haas A, Srock S et al.; East German Study Group Hematology and Oncology Study. Rituximab added to first-line mitoxantrone, chlorambucil, and prednisolone chemotherapy followed by interferon maintenance prolongs survival in patients with advanced follicular lymphoma: an East German Study Group Hematology and Oncology Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(15), 1986–1992 (2007).
  • Nastoupil L, Sinha R, Byrtek M et al. A comparison of the effectiveness of first-line chemoimmunotherapy regimens for follicular lymphoma (FL) used in the United States. Blood 118, (Abstract 97) (2011).
  • Morschhauser F, Recher C, Milpied N et al. A 4-weekly course of rituximab is safe and improves tumor control for patients with minimal residual disease persisting 3 months after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: results of a prospective multicenter Phase II study in patients with follicular lymphoma. Ann. Oncol. 23(10), 2687–2695 (2012).
  • Federico M, Luminari S, Dondi A. R-CVP versus R-CHOP versus R-FM as first-line therapy for advanced-stage follicular lymphoma: final results of FOLL05 trial from the Findazione Italiana Linfomi (FIL). J. Clin. Oncol. 30, (Abstract 8006) (2012).
  • Rummel MJ, Niederle N, Maschmeyer G. Bendamustine plus rituximab is superior in respect of progression free survival and cr rate when compared to CHOP plus rituximab as first-line treatment of patients with advanced follicular, indolent, and mantle cell lymphomas: final results of a randomized Phase III study of the StiL (Study Group Indolent Lymphomas, Germany). Blood 114, 168–169 (Abstract 405) (2009).
  • Flinn IW. CD37: the comeback kid. Blood 118(15), 4007–4008 (2011).
  • Zinzani PL, Tani M, Pulsoni A et al. Fludarabine and mitoxantrone followed by yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan in previously untreated patients with follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma trial: a Phase II non-randomised trial (FLUMIZ). Lancet Oncol. 9(4), 352–358 (2008).
  • Morschhauser F, Radford J, Van Hoof A et al. Phase III trial of consolidation therapy with yttrium-90-ibritumomab tiuxetan compared with no additional therapy after first remission in advanced follicular lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(32), 5156–5164 (2008).
  • Hagenbeek A, Radford J, Van Hoof A et al. 90Y-Ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin®) consolidation of first remission in advanced-stage follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: updated results after a median follow-up of 66.2 months from the international, randomized, Phase III first-line indolent trial (FIT) In 414 patients. Blood 116, (Abstract 594) (2010).
  • Stopeck AT, Unger JM, Rimsza LM et al. A Phase 2 trial of standard-dose cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone (CHOP) and rituximab plus bevacizumab for patients with newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: SWOG 0515. Blood 120(6), 1210–1217 (2012).
  • Rohatiner A, Radford J, Deakin D et al. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the role of interferon as initial and maintenance therapy in patients with follicular lymphoma. Br. J. Cancer 85(1), 29–35 (2001).
  • Rohatiner AZ, Gregory WM, Peterson B et al. Meta-analysis to evaluate the role of interferon in follicular lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(10), 2215–2223 (2005).
  • Ai WZ, Tibshirani R, Taidi B, Czerwinski D, Levy R. Anti-idiotype antibody response after vaccination correlates with better overall survival in follicular lymphoma. Blood 113(23), 5743–5746 (2009).
  • Elstrom RL, Leonard JP, Coleman M, Brown RK. Combined PET and low-dose, noncontrast CT scanning obviates the need for additional diagnostic contrast-enhanced CT scans in patients undergoing staging or restaging for lymphoma. Ann. Oncol. 19(10), 1770–1773 (2008).
  • Freedman A, Neelapu SS, Nichols C et al. Placebo-controlled Phase III trial of patient-specific immunotherapy with mitumprotimut-T and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor after rituximab in patients with follicular lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 27(18), 3036–3043 (2009).
  • Schuster SJ, Neelapu SS, Santos CF, Popa-McKiver MA, McCord AM, Kwak LW. Idiotype vaccination as consolidation therapy: time for integration into standard of care for follicular lymphoma? J. Clin. Oncol. 29(36), 4845–4846 (2011).
  • Bachy E, Brice P, Delarue R et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with newly diagnosed follicular lymphoma in the prerituximab era: effect of response quality on survival – a study from the Groupe D’etude des Lymphomes de L’adulte. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(5), 822–829 (2010).
  • Ghielmini M, Schmitz SF, Cogliatti SB et al. Prolonged treatment with rituximab in patients with follicular lymphoma significantly increases event-free survival and response duration compared with the standard weekly x 4 schedule. Blood 103(12), 4416–4423 (2004).
  • Hainsworth JD, Litchy S, Shaffer DW, Lackey VL, Grimaldi M, Greco FA. Maximizing therapeutic benefit of rituximab: maintenance therapy versus re-treatment at progression in patients with indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma – a randomized Phase II trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(6), 1088–1095 (2005).
  • van Oers MH, Klasa R, Marcus RE et al. Rituximab maintenance improves clinical outcome of relapsed/resistant follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma in patients both with and without rituximab during induction: results of a prospective randomized Phase 3 intergroup trial. Blood 108(10), 3295–3301 (2006).
  • Salles G, Seymour JF, Offner F et al. Rituximab maintenance for 2 years in patients with high tumour burden follicular lymphoma responding to rituximab plus chemotherapy (PRIMA): a Phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 377(9759), 42–51 (2011).
  • Ardeshna KM, Smith P, Qian W. An intergroup randomised trial of rituximab versus a watch and wait strategy in patients with stage II, III, IV, asymptomatic, non-bulky follicular lymphoma (grades 1, 2 and 3a). A preliminary analysis. Blood 116, (Abstract 6) (2010).
  • van Oers MH, Van Glabbeke M, Giurgea L et al. Rituximab maintenance treatment of relapsed/resistant follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: long-term outcome of the EORTC 20981 Phase III randomized intergroup study. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(17), 2853–2858 (2010).
  • Vidal L, Gafter-Gvili A, Salles G et al. Rituximab maintenance for the treatment of patients with follicular lymphoma: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 103(23), 1799–1806 (2011).
  • Vitolo U, Chiappella A, Ferreri AJ et al. First-line treatment for primary testicular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with rituximab–CHOP, CNS prophylaxis, and contralateral testis irradiation: final results of an international Phase II trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 29(20), 2766–2772 (2011).
  • Ghielmini M, Rufibach K, Salles G et al. Single agent rituximab in patients with follicular or mantle cell lymphoma: clinical and biological factors that are predictive of response and event-free survival as well as the effect of rituximab on the immune system: a study of the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK). Ann. Oncol. 16(10), 1675–1682 (2005).
  • Vidal L, Gafter-Gvili A, Leibovici L et al. Rituximab maintenance for the treatment of patients with follicular lymphoma: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 101(4), 248–255 (2009).
  • Coiffier B. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer treatment: role of lamivudine prophylaxis. Cancer Invest. 24(5), 548–552 (2006).
  • Lenz G, Dreyling M, Schiegnitz E et al.; German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group. Myeloablative radiochemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation in first remission prolongs progression-free survival in follicular lymphoma: results of a prospective, randomized trial of the German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 104(9), 2667–2674 (2004).
  • Deconinck E, Foussard C, Milpied N et al.; GOELAMS. High-dose therapy followed by autologous purged stem cell transplantation and doxorubicin-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced follicular lymphoma: a randomized multicenter study by GOELAMS. Blood 105(10), 3817–3823 (2005).
  • Gyan E, Foussard C, Bertrand P et al.; Groupe Ouest-Est des Leucémies et des Autres Maladies du Sang (GOELAMS). High-dose therapy followed by autologous purged stem cell transplantation and doxorubicin-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced follicular lymphoma: a randomized multicenter study by the GOELAMS with final results after a median follow-up of 9 years. Blood 113(5), 995–1001 (2009).
  • Sebban C, Mounier N, Brousse N et al. Standard chemotherapy with interferon compared with CHOP followed by high-dose therapy with autologous stem cell transplantation in untreated patients with advanced follicular lymphoma: the GELF-94 randomized study from the Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’Adulte (GELA). Blood 108(8), 2540–2544 (2006).
  • Ladetto M, De Marco F, Benedetti F et al.; Gruppo Italiano Trapianto di Midollo Osseo (GITMO); Intergruppo Italiano Linfomi (IIL). Prospective, multicenter randomized GITMO/IIL trial comparing intensive (R-HDS) versus conventional (CHOP-R) chemoimmunotherapy in high-risk follicular lymphoma at diagnosis: the superior disease control of R-HDS does not translate into an overall survival advantage. Blood 111(8), 4004–4013 (2008).
  • Al Khabori M, de Almeida JR, Guyatt GH, Kuruvilla J, Crump M. Autologous stem cell transplantation in follicular lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 104(1), 18–28 (2012).
  • Tse WW, Lazarus HM, Van Besien K. Stem cell transplantation in follicular lymphoma: progress at last? Bone Marrow Transplant. 34(11), 929–938 (2004).
  • Rohatiner AZ, Nadler L, Davies AJ et al. Myeloablative therapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation for follicular lymphoma at the time of second or subsequent remission: long-term follow-up. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(18), 2554–2559 (2007).
  • Schouten HC, Qian W, Kvaloy S et al. High-dose therapy improves progression-free survival and survival in relapsed follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: results from the randomized European CUP trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 21(21), 3918–3927 (2003).
  • Tomblyn MR, Ewell M, Bredeson C et al. Autologous versus reduced-intensity allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for patients with chemosensitive follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma beyond first complete response or first partial response. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 17(7), 1051–1057 (2011).
  • van Besien K, Loberiza FR Jr, Bajorunaite R et al. Comparison of autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for follicular lymphoma. Blood 102(10), 3521–3529 (2003).
  • Khouri IF, McLaughlin P, Saliba RM et al. Eight-year experience with allogeneic stem cell transplantation for relapsed follicular lymphoma after nonmyeloablative conditioning with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab. Blood 111(12), 5530–5536 (2008).
  • Rezvani AR, Storer B, Maris M et al. Nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in relapsed, refractory, and transformed indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(2), 211–217 (2008).
  • Czuczman MS, Fayad L, Delwail V et al.; 405 Study Investigators. Ofatumumab monotherapy in rituximab-refractory follicular lymphoma: results from a multicenter study. Blood 119(16), 3698–3704 (2012).
  • Sehn LH, Assouline SE, Stewart DA et al. A Phase 1 study of obinutuzumab induction followed by 2 years of maintenance in patients with relapsed CD20-positive B-cell malignancies. Blood 119(22), 5118–5125 (2012).
  • Salles G, Morschhauser F, Lamy T et al. Phase 1 study results of the type II glycoengineered humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody obinutuzumab (GA101) in B-cell lymphoma patients. Blood 119(22), 5126–5132 (2012).
  • Sehn LH, Goy A, Offner FC et al. Randomized phase ii trial comparing ga101 (obinutuzumab) with rituximab in patients with relapsed cd20 indolent b-cell non-hodgkin lymphoma: preliminary analysis of the gauss study Blood 118 Abstract 269 (2012).
  • Radford J, Davies A, Cartron G et al. Obinutuzumab (GA101) in combination with FC or CHOP in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma: final results of the Phase I GAUDI study (BO21000). Blood 118, (Abstract 270) (2011).
  • Hagenbeek A, Gadeberg O, Johnson P et al. First clinical use of ofatumumab, a novel fully human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody in relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma: results of a Phase 1/2 trial. Blood 111(12), 5486–5495 (2008).
  • Fowler NH, Kahanic SP, Forero A et al. Results of a Phase ii study with bendamustine and ofatumumab in untreated indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Blood 118, (Abstract 778) (2011).
  • Strauss SJ, Morschhauser F, Rech J et al. Multicenter Phase II trial of immunotherapy with the humanized anti-CD22 antibody, epratuzumab, in combination with rituximab, in refractory or recurrent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 24(24), 3880–3886 (2006).
  • Czuczman MS, Thall A, Witzig TE et al. Phase I/II study of galiximab, an anti-CD80 antibody, for relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(19), 4390–4398 (2005).
  • Robak T, Robak P, Smolewski P. TRU-016, a humanized anti-CD37 IgG fusion protein for the potential treatment of B-cell malignancies. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs 10(12), 1383–1390 (2009).
  • Advani A, Coiffier B, Czuczman MS et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary clinical activity of inotuzumab ozogamicin, a novel immunoconjugate for the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: results of a Phase I study. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(12), 2085–2093 (2010).
  • Bjornsti MA, Houghton PJ. The TOR pathway: a target for cancer therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4(5), 335–348 (2004).
  • Kahl BS, Byrd JC, Flinn IW et al. Clinical safety and activity in a Phase 1 study of CAL-101, an isoform-selective inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase P110, in patients with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 116, (Abstract 1777) (2010).
  • Strauss SJ, Maharaj L, Hoare S et al. Bortezomib therapy in patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma: potential correlation of in vitro sensitivity and tumor necrosis factor alpha response with clinical activity. J. Clin. Oncol. 24(13), 2105–2112 (2006).
  • Goy A, Younes A, McLaughlin P et al. Phase II study of proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(4), 667–675 (2005).
  • Coiffier B, Osmanov EA, Hong X et al.; LYM-3001 study investigators. Bortezomib plus rituximab versus rituximab alone in patients with relapsed, rituximab-naive or rituximab-sensitive, follicular lymphoma: a randomised Phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 12(8), 773–784 (2011).
  • Sehn LH, MacDonald D, Rubin S et al. Bortezomib ADDED to R-CVP is safe and effective for previously untreated advanced-stage follicular lymphoma: a Phase II study by the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 29(25), 3396–3401 (2011).
  • Anderson KC. Lenalidomide and thalidomide: mechanisms of action – similarities and differences. Semin. Hematol. 42(4 Suppl. 4), S3–S8 (2005).
  • Witzig TE, Vose JM, Zinzani PL et al. An international Phase II trial of single-agent lenalidomide for relapsed or refractory aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Ann. Oncol. 22(7), 1622–1627 (2011).
  • Fowler N, Younes A. There will be blood: targeting tumor vasculature. Blood 113(10), 2121–2122 (2009).
  • Lister TA, Cullen MH, Beard ME et al. Comparison of combined and single-agent chemotherapy in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of favourable histological type. Br. Med. J. 1(6112), 533–537 (1978).
  • Nickenig C, Dreyling M, Hoster E et al.; German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group. Combined cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and prednisone (CHOP) improves response rates but not survival and has lower hematologic toxicity compared with combined mitoxantrone, chlorambucil, and prednisone (MCP) in follicular and mantle cell lymphomas: results of a prospective randomized trial of the German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group. Cancer 107(5), 1014–1022 (2006).
  • Solal-Céligny P, Brice P, Brousse N et al. Phase II trial of fludarabine monophosphate as first-line treatment in patients with advanced follicular lymphoma: a multicenter study by the Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’Adulte. J. Clin. Oncol. 14(2), 514–519 (1996).
  • Flinn IW, Byrd JC, Morrison C et al. Fludarabine and cyclophosphamide with filgrastim support in patients with previously untreated indolent lymphoid malignancies. Blood 96(1), 71–75 (2000).
  • Hochster HS, Oken MM, Winter JN et al. Phase I study of fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide in patients with previously untreated low-grade lymphoma: results and and long-term follow-up – a report from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 18(5), 987–994 (2000).
  • Crawley CR, Foran JM, Gupta RK et al. A Phase II study to evaluate the combination of fludarabine, mitoxantrone and dexamethasone (FMD) in patients with follicular lymphoma. Ann. Oncol. 11(7), 861–865 (2000).
  • Rohatgi N, LaRocca RV, Bard V, Sethuraman G, Foon KA. Phase II trial of sequential therapy with fludarabine followed by cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone, vincristine, and prednisone for low-grade follicular lymphomas. Am. J. Hematol. 70(3), 181–185 (2002).
  • Friedberg JW, Cohen P, Chen L et al. Bendamustine in patients with rituximab-refractory indolent and transformed non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: results from a Phase II multicenter, single-agent study. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(2), 204–210 (2008).
  • Hochster H, Weller E, Gascoyne RD et al. Maintenance rituximab after cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone prolongs progression-free survival in advanced indolent lymphoma: results of the randomized Phase III ECOG1496 Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 27(10), 1607–1614 (2009).
  • Forstpointner R, Unterhalt M, Dreyling M et al.; German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group (GLSG). Maintenance therapy with rituximab leads to a significant prolongation of response duration after salvage therapy with a combination of rituximab, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and mitoxantrone (R-FCM) in patients with recurring and refractory follicular and mantle cell lymphomas: results of a prospective randomized study of the German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group (GLSG). Blood 108(13), 4003–4008 (2006).
  • Moccia AA, Hoskins P, Klasa R et al. Front-line therapy with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CVP) followed by 2 years of rituximab maintenance for follicular lymphoma (FL) is associated with excellent outcomes and improved progression-free survival (PFS) in comparison to no maintenance. (Abstract 1803). Blood (2010).

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.