Statins and stroke prevention

References

• Kannel WB. Contributions of the Framingham Study of the conquest of coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol.62, 1109–1112 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson PWF, D’Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factors categories. Circulation97, 1837–1847 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enbergs A, Burger R, Reinecke H, Borggrefe M, Breithardt G, Kerber S. Prevalence of coronary artery disease in a general population without suspicion of coronary artery disease: angiographic analysis of subjects aged 40–70 years referred for catheter ablation therapy. Eur. Heart J.21, 45–52 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet344, 1383–1389 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moyè LA et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N. Engl. J. Med.336, 1001–1009 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N. Engl. J. Med.339, 1349–1357 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N. Engl. J. Med.333, 1301–1307 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet360, 1623–1630 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels. JAMA279, 1615–1622 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF heart protection study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet360, 7–22 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower than average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo–Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial – Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Lancet364, 1149–1158 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomized trials of statins. Lancet366, 1267–1278 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karam JG, Loney-Hutchinson L, McFarlane SI; Stroke Prevetion by Aggressive Reduction in Cholestrol Levels (SPARCL) Investigators. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N. Engl. J. Med.355, 549–559 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Moonis M, Kane K, Schwiderski U, Sandage BW, Fisher M. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors improve acute ischemic stroke outcome. Stroke36, 1298–1300 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amarenco P, Lavallée P, Touboul PJ. Stroke prevention, blood cholesterol and statins. Lancet Neurol.3, 271–278 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellosta S, Ferri N, Bernini F et al. Non-lipid-related effects of statins. Ann. Med.32, 164–176 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prospective Studies Collaboration. Cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure and stroke. Lancet346, 647–1653 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Sacco RL, Benson RT, Kargman DE et al. High density lipoprotein cholesterol and ischemic stroke in the elderly: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. JAMA285, 2729–2735 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenstrom E, Boysen G, Nyboe J. Influence of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides on risk of cerebrovascular disease: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. BMJ309, 11–15 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischemic heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ326, 1423–1429 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf PA. Epidemiology of stroke. In: Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management (4th Edition). Mohr JP, Choi DW, Grotta JC et al. (Eds). Churchill Livingstone, NY, USA (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Iso H, Jacobs DR, Wentworth D et al. Serum cholesterol levels and six year mortality from stroke in 350,977 men screened for the Muliple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. N. Engl. J. Med.320, 904–910 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amarenco P, Tonkin AM. Statins for stroke prevention. Disappointment and hope. Circulation109(Suppl. III), III44–III49 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zureik M, Touboul PJ, Bonithon-Kopp C et al. Cross-sectional and 4 year longitudinal associations between brachial pulse pressure and common carotid intima-media thickness in a general population. The EVA study. Stroke30, 550–555 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amarenco P, Labreuche J, Lavallée P, Touboul PJ. Statins in stroke prevention and carotid atherosclerosis. Systematic review and up-to-date meta-analysis. Stroke35, 2902–2909 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang S, Wu Y, Li X. Effects of statin therapy on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis177, 433–442 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sillesen H, Amarenco P, Hennerici MG et al. Atorvastatin reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Stroke39, 3297–3302 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan TY, Kuo YL, Lin WC, Chen TY. Effect of lipid-lowering therapy on the progression of intracranial arterial stenosis. J. Neurol.256, 187–193 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisby M, Nordin-Fredriksson G, Shah PK et al. Pravastatin treatment increases collagen content and decreases lipid content, inflammation, metalloproteinases and cell death in human carotid plaques: implications for plaque stabilization. Circulation103, 926–933 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima JAC, Desai MY, Steen H, Warren WP, Gautam S, Lai S. Statin induced cholesterol lowering and plaque regression after 6 months of magnetic resonance imaging – monitored therapy. Circulation110, 2336–2341 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitt B, Mancini GB, Ellis SG et al. Pravastatin Limitation of Atherosclerosis in the Coronary Arteries (PLAC-I): reduction in atherosclerosis progression and clinical events. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.26, 1133–1139 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura M, Kurose I, Russell J, Granger DN. Effects of fluvastatin on leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion in hypercholesterolemic rats. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.17, 1521–1526 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehr HA, Seemuller J, Hubner C, Menger MD, Messmer K. Oxidized LDL-induced leukocyte/endothelium interaction in vivo involves the receptor for platelet activating factor. Arterioscler. Thromb.13, 1013–1018 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Notarbartolo A, Davi G, Averna M et al. Inhibition of thromboxane biosynthesis and platelet function by simvastatin in type IIa hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.15, 247–251 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer J, Eller T, Brauer P et al. Effects of long-term treatment with lovastatin on the clotting system and blood platelets. Ann. Hematol.64, 196–201 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan CJ. Prevention of stroke and dementia with statins: effects beyond lipid lowering. Am. J. Cardiol.91(Suppl.), B23–B29 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterzer P, Meintzschel F, Rosler A et al. Pravastatin improves cerebral vasomotor reactivity in patients with subcortical small-vessel disease. Stroke32, 2817–2820 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavallée PC, Labreuche J, Gorgora-Rivera F et al. Placebo-controlled trial of high-dose atorvastatin in patients with severe cerebral small vessel disease. Stroke40, 1721–1728 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Herbert PR, Gazianon JM, Hennekens CH. An overview of trials of cholesterol lowering and risk of stroke. Arch. Intern. Med.155, 50–55 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Cheung BMY, Lauder IJ, Lau CP, Kumana CR. Meta-analysis of large randomized controlled trials to evaluate the impact of statins on cardiovascular outcomes. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.57, 640–651 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White HD, Simes RJ, Anderson NE et al. Pravastatin therapy and the risk of stroke. N. Engl. J. Med.343, 317–326 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin versus care: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT-LLT). JAMA288, 2998–3007 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotto AM Jr. Ongoing clinical trials of statins. Am. J. Cardiol.88(Suppl.), F36–F40 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan AS et al. Design and baseline characteristics of the stroke prevention by aggressive reduction in cholesterol levels (SPARCL). Cerebrovasc. Dis.16, 389–395 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plehn JF, Davis BR, Sacks FM et al. Reduction of stroke incidence after myocardial infarction with pravastatin: The Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Study. Circulation99, 216–223 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Kyushu Lipid Intervention Study Group. Pravastatin use and risk of coronary events and cerebral infarction in Japanese men with moderate hypercholesterolemia: the Kyushu Lipid Intervention Study. J. Atheroscler. Thromb.7, 110–121 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD et al.; the Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) Study Investigators. Effect of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA285, 1711–1718 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters D, Schwart GG, Olsson AG et al. for the MIRACL Study Investigators. Effects of atorvastatin on stroke in patients with unstable angina on non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: a Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) substudy. Circulation106, 1690–1695 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GISSI (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto del Miocardio) Study Investigators. Results of the low-dose (20 mg) pravastatin GISSI Prevenzione trial in 4271 patients with recent myocardial infarction: do stopped trials contribute to overall knowledge? Ital. Heart J.1, 810–820 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blazing MA, De Lemos JA, Dyke CK, Califf RM, Bilheimer D, Braunwald E. The A to Z Trial: methods and rationale for a single trial investigating combined use of low-molecular-weight heparin with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban and defining the efficacy of early aggressive simvastatin therapy. Am. Heart J.142, 211–217 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Lemos JA, Blazing MA, Wiviott SD et al.; A to Z Investigators. Early intensive versus a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes: Phase Z of the A to Z trial. JAMA292, 1307–1316 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Mercouris BR et al. Treatment with atorvastatin to the National Cholesterol Educational Program goal versus ‘usual’ care in secondary coronary heart disease prevention: the greek Atorvastatin and Coronary Heart Disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study. Curr. Med. Res. Opin.18, 220–228 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byington RP, Davis BR, Plehn JF et al.; the PPP Investigators. Reduction of stroke events with pravastatin. Circulation103, 387–392 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor AJ, Kent SM, Flaherty PJ, Coyle LC, Markwood TT, Vernalis MN. ARBITER: Arterial Biology for Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol: a randomized trial comparing the effects of atorvastatin and pravastatin on carotid intima medial thickness. Circulation106, 2055–2060 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasternak RC. The ALLHAT Lipid Lowering Trial. Less is less. JAMA288, 3042–3044 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saver PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR et al.; the ASCOT Investigators: prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial – Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicenter randomised controlled trial. Lancet361, 1149–1158 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colhoun HM, Beteridge DJ, Durrington PN et al.; CARDS Investigators. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in Type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet364, 685–696 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koren MJ, Hunninghake DB; the ALLIANCE Investigators. Clinical outcomes in managed-care patients with coronary heart disease treated aggressively in lipid-lowering disease management clinics. The ALLIANCE Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.44, 1772–1779 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH et al.; the Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy – Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 22 Investigators. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med.350, 1495–1504 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaRosa J, Grundy SM, Waters DD et al.; the Treating to New Targets (TNT) Investigators. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N. Engl. J. Med.352, 1425–1435 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen TR, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJ et al.; the Incremental Decrease in End Point Through Aggressive Lipid Lowering (IDEAL) Study Group (2005). High-dose atorvastatin versus usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction. JAMA294, 2437–2445 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura H, Arakawa K, Itakura A et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with pravastatin in Japan (MEGA study): a prospective randomised controlled trial. Lancet368, 1155–1163 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knopp RH, D’Emden M, Smilde JG, Pocock SJ. Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in the prevention of cardiovascular and points in subjects with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care29, 1478–1485 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman L, Armitage J, Bulbulia R et al. Study of the Effectiveness of Additional Reductions in Cholesterol and Homocysteine (SEARCH): characteristics of a randomized trial among 12,064 myocardial infarction survivors. Am. Heart J.154, 815–823 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FAH et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N. Engl. J. Med.359, 2195–2207 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale KM, Coleman CI, Henyan NN, Kluger J, White CM. Statins and cancer risk. JAMA295, 74–80 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bays H. Statin safety: an overview and assessment of the data – 2005. Am. J. Cardiol.97(Suppl.), C6–C26 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson PD, Clarkson P, Karas RH. Statin-associated myopathy. JAMA289, 1681–1690 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briel M, Studer M, Glass TR, Bucher HC. Effects of statins on stroke prevention in patients with and without coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Med.117, 596–606 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blauw GJ, Lagaay AM, Smelt AHM, Westendorp RGJ. Stroke, statins and cholesterol: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Stroke28, 946–950 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crouse JR III, Byington RP, Hoen HM, Furberg CD. Reductase inhibitor monotherapy and stroke prevention. Arch. Intern. Med.157, 1305–1310 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amarenco P, Labreuche J. Lipid management in the prevention of stroke: review and update meta-analysis of statins for stroke prevention. Lancet Neurol.8, 453–463 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. Effect of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20,536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions. Lancet363, 757–767 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coull BM. Statin therapy after acute ischemic stroke in the Heart Protection Study. Stroke35, 2233–2234 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paciaroni M. Hennerici M, Agnelli G, Bogousslavsky J. Statins and stroke prevention. Cerebrovasc. Dis.24, 170–182 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Kent DM. Editorial. An equal opportunity for the initiation of statin therapy. N. Engl. J. Med.355, 613–615 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giroud M, Creisson E, Fayolle H et al. Risk factors for primary cerebral hemorrhage: a population-based study – the Stroke Registry of Dijon. Neuroepidemiology14, 20–26 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrift AG, McNeil JJ, Forbes A, Donnan GA; Melbourne Risk Factor Study (MERFS) Group. Risk factors for cerebral hemorrhage in the era of well-controlled hypertension. Stroke27, 2020–2025 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergouwen MDI, De Haan RJ, Vermeulen M et al. Statin treatment and the occurrence of hemorrhagic stroke in patients with a history of cerebrovascular disease. Stroke39, 497–502 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein LB, Amarenco P, Szarek M et al. Hemorrhagic stroke in the stroke prevention by aggressive reduction in cholesterol levels study. Neurology70, 2364–2370 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bang OY, Saver JL, Liebeskind DS et al. Cholesterol level and symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke thrombolysis. Neurology68, 737–742 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manktelow BN, Potter JF. Interventions in the management of serum lipids for preventing stroke recurrence. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (3), CD002091 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Adams RJ, Albers G, Alberts MJ et al. Update to the AHA/ASA recommendations for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke39, 1647–1652 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkind MS, Sacco RL, Macarthur RB et al. High-dose lovastatin for acute ischemic stroke: results of the Phase I Dose Escalation Neuroprotection with Statin Therapy for acute recovery trial (NeuSTART). Cerebrovasc. Dis.28, 266–275 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ovbiagele B, Javer JL. Intensive statin therapy after stroke or transient ischemic attack. A SPARCLing success! Stroke38, 1110–1112 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Ballantyne CM, Abate N, Yuan Z et al. Dose comparison study of the combination of ezetimibe and simvastatin (Vytorin) versus atorvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia: the Vytorin Versus Atorvastatin (VYVA) study. Am. Heart J.149, 464–473 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freiberg JJ, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Jensen JS et al. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of ischemic stroke in the general population. JAMA300, 2142–2152 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. N. Engl. J. Med.341, 410–418 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar