Cardiovascular disease is preventable among women

References

• Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2009 update. A report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation119, e21–e181 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGill HC Jr, McMahan CA, Gidding SS. Preventing heart disease in the 21st Century. Implications of the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study. Circulation117, 1216–1227 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGill HC Jr, McMahan CA, Zieske AW et al. Associations of coronary heart disease risk factors with the intermediate lesion of atherosclerosis in youth. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.20, 1998–2004 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leupker RV. US Trends. In: Coronary Heart Disease Epidemiology. From Aetiology to Public Health (2nd Edition). Marmot M, Elliott P (Eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 73–82 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Petitti DB, Sidney S, Quesenberry Jr, Bernstein A. Incidence of stroke and myocardial infarction in women of reproductive age. Stroke28, 280–283 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tejada C, Strong JP, Montenegro MR, Restrepo C, Solberg LA. Distribution of coronary and aortic atherosclerosis by geographic location, race, and sex. In: The Geographic Pathology of Atherosclerosis McGill HC Jr (Ed.), Williams & Wilkins Company, MD, USA, 509–526 (1968).
   Google Scholar
• Newman AB, Naydeck BL, Ives DG et al. Coronary artery calcium, carotid artery wall thickness, and cardiovascular disease outcomes in adults 70 to 99 years old. Am. J. Cardiol.101, 186–192 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation97, 1837–1847 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd-Jones DM, Leip EP, Larson MG et al. Prediction of lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease by risk factor burden at 50 years of age. Circulation113, 791–798 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akosah KO, Schaper A, Cogbill C, Schoenfeld P. Preventing myocardial infarction in the young adult in the first place: how do the National Cholesterol Education Panel III guidelines perform? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.41, 1475–1479 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosca L, Appel LJ, Benjamin EJ et al. Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Circulation109, 672–693 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein JL, Hobbs HH, Brown MS. Familial hypercholesterolemia. In: The Metabolic and Molecular Basis of Inherited Disease (Volume 11) (7th Edition). Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D (Eds.). McGraw-Hill, Inc., NY, USA, 1981–2030 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Kuller LH, Matthews KA, Edmundowicz D, Chang Y. Incident coronary artery calcium among postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis200, 273–285 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• O’Keefe JH Jr, Cordian L, Harris WH et al. Optimal low-density lipoproteins is 50 to 70 mg/dl. Lower is better and physiologically normal. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.43, 2142–2146 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rim EB, Stampfer RJ. Diet, lifestyle, and longevity: the net steps? JAMA292, 1490–1492 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamler J, Neaton JD, Garside DB, Daviglus ML. Current status: six established major risk factors and low risk. In: Coronary Heart Disease Epidemiology. From Aetiology to Public Health (2nd Edition). Marmot M, Elliott P (Eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 32–70 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Dyer CA, Sinclair AJ. The premature ageing syndromes: insights into the ageing process. Age Ageing27, 73–80 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott RD, Ueshima H, Rodriguez BL et al. Coronary artery calcification in Japanese men in Japan and Hawaii. Am. J. Epidemiol.166, 1280–1287 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunker CH, Okoro FI, Markovic N et al. Relationship of hypertension to socioeconomic status in a West African population. Ethn. Health1, 33–45 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin J-L et al. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction. Final report of the Lyon Diet Heart study. Circulation99, 779–785 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giugliano D, Esposito K. Mediterranean diet and metabolic diseases. Curr. Opin. Lipidol.19, 63–68 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meilahn E. Sex steroid hormonal influences on coronary artery disease. In: Health and Disease Among Women: Biological and Environmental Influences. Ness RB, Kuller LH (Eds). Oxford University Press, NY, USA, 155–182 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Barton M, Meyer MR, Haas E. Hormone replacement therapy and atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: does aging limit therapeutic benefits? Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.27, 1669–1672 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xing D, Nozell S, Chen Y-F, Hage F, Oparil S. Estrogen and mechanisms of vascular protection. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.29, 289–295 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cromwell WC, Otvos JD, Keyes MJ et al. LDL particle number and risk of future cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring study – implications for LDL management. J. Clin. Lipidol.1, 583–592 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis SE, Gloth ST, Blumenthal RS et al. Ethinyl estradiol acutely attenuates abnormal coronary vasomotor responses to acetylcholine in postmenopausal women. Circulation89, 52–60 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison MA, Manson JE, Langer RD et al. Oophorectomy, hormone therapy, and subclinical coronary artery disease in women with hysterectomy: the Women’s Health Initiative coronary artery calcium study. Menopause15, 639–647 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause JAMA297, 1465–1477 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shufelt CL, Merz NB. Contraceptive hormone use and cardiovascular disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.53, 221–231 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbott E, Mathur TM, Zborowski JV, McHugh-Pemu KP. Evidence for an increased prevalence of early-onset cardiovascular events among women with polycystic ovary syndrome (Abstract 158). Circulation105, 30 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Pierpoint T, McKeigue PM, Isaacs AJ, Wild SH, Jacobs HS. Mortality of women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long-term follow-up. J. Clin. Epidemiol.51, 581–586 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith GCS, Pell JP, Walsh D. Pregnancy complications and maternal risk of ischaemic heart disease: a retrospective cohort study of 129 290 births. Lancet357, 2002–2006 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lykke JA, Langhoff-Roos J, Sibai BM, Funai EF, Triche EW, Paidas MJ. Hypertensive pregnancy disorders and subsequent cardiovascular morbidity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus in the mother. Hypertension53, 944–951 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willer CJ, Sanna S, Jackson AU et al. Newly identified loci that influence lipid concentrations and risk of coronary artery disease. Nat. Genet.40, 161–169 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzi S, Meilahn EN, Rairie JE et al. Age-specific incidence rates of myocardial infarction and angina in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: comparison with the Framingham study. Am. J. Epidemiol.145, 408–415 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon DH, Karlson EW, Rimm EB et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in women diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation107, 1303–1307 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panoulas VF, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Metsios GS et al. Association of interleukin-6 (IL-6)-174G/C gene polymorphism with cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the role of obesity and smoking. Atherosclerosis204, 178–183 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Longo FJ, Oliver-Minarro D, de la Torre I et al. Association between anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and ischemic heart disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis. Rheum.61, 419–424 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Halm VP, Nurmohamed MT, Twisk JWR, Dijkmans BAC, Voskuyl AE. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are associated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a case control study. Arthritis. Res. Ther.8, R151 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pambianco G, Costacou T, Ellis D, Becker DJ, Klein R, Orchard TJ. The 30-year natural history of Type 1 diabetes complications. The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications study experience. Diabetes55, 1463–1469 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) study research group. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with Type 1 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med.353, 2643–2653 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wing RR, Matthews KA, Kuller LH, Meilahn EN, Plantinga P. Waist to hip ratio in middle-aged women: associations with behavioral and psychosocial factors and with changes in cardiovascular risk factors. Arterioscler. Thromb.11, 1250–1257 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denke MA, Sempos CT, Grundy SM. Excess body weight. An under-recognized contributor to dyslipidemia in white American women. Arch. Intern. Med.154, 401–410 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barter PJ, Ballantyne CM, Carmena R et al. ApoB versus cholesterol in estimating cardiovascular risk and in guiding therapy: report of the thirty-person/ten-country panel. J. Intern. Med.259, 247–258 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sniderman A. Targets for LDL-lowering therapy. Curr. Opin. Lipidol.20, 282–287 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, McNamara JR, Fruchart J-C et al. Effects of gender and menopausal status on plasma lipoprotein subspecies and particle sizes. J. Lipid. Res.37, 1886–1896 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• deGoma EM, deGoma RL, Rader DJ. Beyond high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Evaluating high-density lipoprotein function as influenced by novel therapeutic approaches. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.51, 2199–2211 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuller LH, Simkin-Silverman LR, Wing RR, Meilahn EN, Ives DG. Women’s Healthy Lifestyle Project: a randomized clinical trial. Results at 54 months. Circulation103, 32–37 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildman RP, Schott LL, Brockwell S, Kuller LH, Sutton-Tyrrell K. A dietary and exercise intervention slows menopause-associated progression of subclinical atherosclerosis as measured by intima-media thickness of the carotid arteries. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.44, 579–585 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women. Principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA288, 321–333 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Women’s Health Initiative Steering Committee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA291, 1701–1712 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuller LH, Matthews KA, Meilahn EN. Estrogens and women’s health: interrelation of coronary heart disease, breast cancer and osteoporosis. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.74, 297–309 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsia J, Otvos JD, Rossouw JE et al. Lipoprotein particle concentrations may explain the absence of coronary protection in the Women’s Health Initiative hormone trials. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.28, 1666–1671 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauch U, Osende JI, Fuster V, Badimon JJ, Fayhad Z, Chesebro JH. Thrombus formation on atherosclerotic plaques: pathogenesis and clinical consequences. Ann. Intern. Med.134, 224–238 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal S, Buring JE, Rifai N, Mora S, Sacks FM. Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. JAMA298, 309–316 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson JE, Allison MA, Rossouw JE et al. Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification. N. Engl. J. Med.356, 2591–2602 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chlebowski RT, Kuller LH, Prentice RL et al. Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women. N. Engl. J. Med.360, 573–587 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Endogenous Hormones, Breast Cancer Collaborative group. Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies. J. Natl Cancer. Inst.94, 606–616 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cauley JA, Gutai JP, Glynn NW, Paternostro-Bales M, Cottington E, Kuller LH. Serum estrone concentrations and coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.4, 14–18 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Kuller LH. Women and cardiovascular heart disease. In: Coronary Heart Disease Epidemiology. From Aetiology to Public Health (2nd Edition). Marmot M, Elliott P (Eds). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 331–347 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Spencer EA, Pirie KL, Stevens RJ et al. Diabetes and modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the prospective Million Women study. Eur. J. Epidemiol.23, 793–799 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skyler JS, Bergenstal R, Bonow RO et al. Intensive glycemic control and the prevention of cardiovascular events: implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA Diabetes trials. Diabetes Care32, 187–192 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havas S. The ACCORD trial and control of blood glucose level in Type 2 diabetes. Arch. Intern. Med.169, 150–154 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in Type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med.359, 1577–1589 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with Type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med.360, 129–139 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montori VM, Fernandez-Balsells M. Glycemic control in Type 2 diabetes: time for an evidence-based about face? Ann. Intern. Med.150, 803–808 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow V, Aronson MD, Hormbake R, Mottur-Pilson C, Weiss KB; Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians. Lipid control in the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann. Intern. Med.140, 644–649 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa J, Borges M, David C, Vas Carnerio A. Efficacy of lipid lowering drug treatment for diabetic and non-diabetic patients: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br. Med. J.332, 1115–1124 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The FIELD study investigators. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomized controlled trial. Lancet366, 1849–1861 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson L. The Hypertension Optimal Treatment study and the importance of lowering blood pressure. J. Hypertens.17, S9–S13 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prisant ML, Louard RJ. Controversies surrounding the treatment of the hypertensive patient with diabetes. Curr. Hypertens. Rep.1, 512–520 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Narayan KMV, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Sorensen SW, Williamson DF. Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States. JAMA290, 1884–1890 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raggi P, Gongora MC, Gopal A, Callister TQ, Budoff M, Shaw LJ. Coronary artery calcium to predict all-cause mortality in elderly men and women. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.52, 17–23 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuller LH, Arnold AM, Psaty BM et al. 10-year follow-up of subclinical cardiovascular disease and risk of coronary heart disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch. Intern. Med.166, 71–78 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Folsom AR, Kronmal RA, Detrano RC et al. Coronary artery calcification compared with carotid intima-media thickness in the prediction of cardiovascular disease incidence. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Arch. Intern Med.168, 1333–1339 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myerson M, Coady S, Taylor H, Rosamond WD, Goff DC Jr; ARIC investigators. Declining severity of myocardial infarction from 1987–2002. The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) study. Circulation119, 503–514 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHEP cooperative research group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA265, 3255–3264 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afilalo J, Duque G, Steele R, Jukema JW, de Craen AJM, Eisenberg MJ. Statins for secondary prevention in elderly patients. A hierarchical Baysian meta-analysis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.51, 37–45 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland P, Gidding SS, Tracy RP. Commentary: lifelong prevention of atherosclerosis: the critical importance of major risk factor exposures. Intl J. Epidemiol.30, 1129–1134 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey AL, Scantlebury DC, Smyth SS. Thrombosis and antithrombotic therapy in women. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.29, 284–288 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamirani YS, Pandey S, Rivera JJ et al. Markers of inflammation and coronary artery calcification; a systematic review. Atherosclerosis201, 1–7 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe GDO. Fibrin D-dimer and cardiovascular risk. Semin. Vasc. Med.5, 387–398 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuller LH, Tracy R, Belloso W et al. Inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers and mortality in patients with HIV infection. PLoS Med.5, e203 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virmani R, Burke AP, Farb A, Kolodgie FD. Pathology of the vulnerable plaque. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.47, C13–C18 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrose JA. In search of the ‘vulnerable plaque’. Can it be localized and will focal regional therapy ever be an option for cardiac prevention? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.51, 1539–1542 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pundziute G, Schuijf JD, Jukema JW et al. Evaluation of plaque characteristics in acute coronary syndromes: non-invasive assessment with multi-slice computed tomography and invasive evaluation with intravascular ultrasound radiofrequency data analysis. Eur. Heart J.29, 2373–2381 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budoff MJ, Nasir K, McClelland RL et al. Coronary calcium predicts events better with absolute calcium sores than age–sex–race/ethnicity percentiles. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.53, 345–352 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detrano R, Guerci AD, Carr JJ et al. Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups. N. Engl. J. Med.358, 1336–1345 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig W, Khuseyinova N. Biomarkers of atherosclerotic plaque instability and rupture. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.27, 15–26 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulati M, Cooper-De Hoff RM, McClure C et al. Adverse cardiovascular outcomes in women with nonobstructive coronary artery disease. A report from the Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation Study and the St James Women Take Heart Project. Arch. Intern. Med.169, 843–850 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reis SE, Holubkov R, Conrad Smith AJ et al. Coronary microvascular dysfunction is highly prevalent in women with chest pain in the absence of coronary artery disease: results from the NHLBI WISE study. Am. Heart. J.141, 735–741 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson JG, Wallace R, Limacher M et al. Elderly women diagnosed with non-specific chest pain may be at increased cardiovascular risk. J. Womens Health15, 1151–1160 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf K, Schneider A, Breitner S et al. Air temperature and the occurrence of myocardial infarction in Augsburg, Germany. Circulation120, 735–742 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein SE, Zhu J, Najafi AH, Burnett MS. Insights into the role of infection in atherogenesis and in plaque rupture. Circulation119, 3133–3141 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everson-Rose SA, Lewis TT. Psychosocial factors and cardiovascular diseases. Ann. Rev. Public Health26, 469–500 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraemer HC, Stice E, Kazdin A, Offord D, Kupfer D. How do risk factors work together? Mediators, moderators, and independent, overlapping, and proxy risk factors. Am. J. Psychiatry158, 848–856 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassertheil-Smoller S, Shumaker S, Ockene J et al. Depression and cardiovascular sequelae in postmenopausal women. The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI). Arch. Intern. Med.164, 289–298 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaccarino V, Johnson BD, Sheps DS et al. Depression, inflammation, and incident cardiovascular disease in women with suspected coronary ischemia: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored WISE study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.50, 2044–2050 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger JS, Roncaglioni MC, Avanzini F et al. Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in women and men: a sex-specific meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA295, 306–313 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packard CJ, O’Reilly DS, Caslake MJ et al. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 as an independent predictor of coronary heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med.343, 1148–1155 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenson RS, Hislop C, McConnell D et al. Effects of 1-H-indol-3-glyoxamide (A-002) on concentration of secretory phospholipase A2 (PLASMA study): a Phase II double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet373, 649–658 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohler ER, Ballantyne CM, Davidson MH et al. The effect of darapladib on plasma lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity and cardiovascular biomarkers in patients with stable coronary heart disease or coronary heart disease risk equivalent: the results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.51, 1632–1641 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klareskog L, Catrina AI, Paget S. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet373, 659–672 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FAH et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N. Engl. J. Med.359, 2195–2207 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotto AM Jr, Whitney E, Stein EA et al. Relation between baseline and on-treatment lipid parameters and first acute major coronary events in the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS). Circulation101, 477–484 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinlay S. Low-density lipoprotein-dependent and -independent effects of cholesterol-lowering therapies on C-reactive protein. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.49, 2003–2009 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong E, Freiberg M, Tracy R, Kuller L. Epidemiology of cytokines. The Women On the Move through Activity and Nutrition (WOMAN) study. Am. J. Epidemiol.168, 443–453 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozanski A, Gransar H, Wong ND et al. Clinical outcomes after both coronary calcium scanning and exercise myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.49, 1352–1361 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oguma Y, Shinoda-Tagawa S. Physical activity decreases cardiovascular disease risk in women. Review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Prev. Med.26, 407–418 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR et al. Physical activity and public health. Updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation116, 1081–1093 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams PT. Physical fitness and activity as separate heart disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.33, 754–761 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mora S, Redberg RF, Cui Y et al. Ability of exercise testing to predict cardiovascular and all-cause death in asymptomatic women. A 20-year follow-up of the Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study. JAMA290, 1600–1607 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balady GJ, Larson MG, Vasan RS et al. Usefulness of exercise testing in the prediction of coronary disease among asymptomatic persons as a function of the Framingham Risk Score. Circulation110, 1920–1925 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettee KK, Larouere BM, Kriska AM et al. Associations among walking performance, physical activity, and subclinical cardiovascular disease. Prev. Cardiol.10, 134–140 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sui X, LaMonte MJ, Blair SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a predictor or nonfatal cardiovascular events in asymptomatic women and men. Am. J. Epidemiol.165, 1413–1423 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Church TS, Earnest CP, Skinner JS et al. Effects of different doses of physical activity on cardiorespiratory fitness among sedentary, overweight or obese postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA297, 2081–2091 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creager MA, White CJ, Hiatt WR et al Atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease symposium II. Executive summary. Circulation118, 2811–2825 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ankle Brachial Index Collaboration. Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham risk score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality. A meta-analysis. JAMA300, 197–208 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao D, Cooper L, Cai J et al. The prevalence and severity of white matter lesions and hypertension, its treatment, and its control. The ARIC study. Stroke27, 2262–2270 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuller LH, Lopez OL, Jagust WJ et al. Determinants of vascular dementia in the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study. Neurology64, 1548–1552 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoog I. A review on blood pressure and ischaemic white matter lesions. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord.9(Suppl. 1), 13–19 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Rourke MF, Safar ME. Relationship between aortic stiffening and microvascular disease in brain and kidney. Hypertension46, 200–204 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeer SE, Hollander M, van Dijk EJ, Hofman A, Koudstaal PJ, Breteler MMB. Silent brain infarcts and white matter lesions increase stroke risk in the general population. The Rotterdam Scan Study. Stroke34, 1126–1129 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuller LH. Commentary on ‘Vascular cognitive impairment: today and tomorrow’. Alzheimers. Dement.2, 195–197 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Havlik RJ, Foley DJ, Sayer B, Masaki K, White L, Launer VJ. Variability in midlife systolic blood pressure is related to late-life brain white matter lesions: the Honolulu–Asia Aging study. Stroke33, 26–30 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin EJ, Chen P-S, Bild DE. Prevention of atrial fibrillation. Report from a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop. Circulation119, 606–618 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ott A, Breteler MMB, de Bruyne MC, van Harskamp F, Grobbee DE, Hofman A. Atrial fibrillation and dementia in a population-based study. The Rotterdam Study. Stroke28, 316–321 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorelick PB, William M. Feinberg lecture: cognitive vitality and the role of stroke and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Stroke36, 875–879 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrix SL, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Johnson KC et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on stroke in the Women’s Health Initiative. Circulation113, 2424–2434 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix SL, Limacher M et al. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women. The Women’s Health Initiative. JAMA289, 2673–2684 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumaker SA, Legault C, Kuller L et al. Conjugated equine estrogens and incidence of probable dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study. JAMA291, 2947–2958 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wald NJ, Law MR. A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%. Br. Med. J.326, 1419–1424 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Marchie A et al. Effects of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods vs lovastatin on serum lipids and C-reactive protein. JAMA290, 502–510 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosca L, Mochari H, Liao M et al. A novel family-based intervention trial to improve heart health: FIT Heart: results of a randomized controlled trial. Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes1, 98–106 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuller LH. Weight loss and reduction of blood pressure and hypertension. Hypertension54, 700 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson PM. Is weight loss beneficial for reduction of morbidity and mortality? Diabetes Care31, S278–S283 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Kim KP, Einstein AJ, de Gonzalez AB. Coronary artery calcification screening. Estimated radiation does and cancer risk. Arch. Intern. Med.169, 188–1194 (2009).
   Google Scholar