Travel-related thromboembolism: mechanisms and avoidance

References

• Annual Review of Cicil Aviation. ICAO J.61, 1–44 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Homans J. Thrombosis of deep leg veins due to prolonged sitting. N. Engl. J. Med.250, 148–149 (1954).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannegieter SC, Doggen CJM, van Houwelingen HC, Rosendaal FR. Travel-related venous thrombosis: results from a large population-based case control study (MEGA study). PLoS Med.3(8), E307 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Partsch H. Air travel-related deep venous thrombosis. Vieanna views. Cardiovasc. Surg.9, 147–149 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schobersberger W, Toff WD, Eklöf B et al. Traveler’s thrombosis: international consensus statement. VASA37, 311–317 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferrari E, Chevallier T, Chapelier A et al. Travel as a risk factor for venous thromboembolic disease: a case–control study. Chest115, 440–444 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraaijenhagen RA, Haverkamp D, Koopman MMW et al. Travel and risk of venous thrombosis. Lancet356, 1492–1493 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samama MM. An epidemiologic study of risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in medical outpatients: the Sirius study. Arch. Intern. Med.160, 3415–3420 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arya R, Barnes JA, Hossain U, Patel RK, Cohen AT. Long-haul flights and deep vein thrombosis: a significant risk only when additional risk factors are also present. Br. J. Haematol.116, 653–654 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelman CW, Kortt MA, Becker NG et al. Deep vein thrombosis and air travel: record linkage study. BMJ327, 1072 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinelli I, Taioli E, Battaglioli T et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism after air travel. Arch. Intern. Med.163, 2271–2274 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz T, Siegert G, Oettler W et al. Venous thrombosis after long-haul flights. Arch. Intern. Med.163, 2759–2764 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuipers S, Schreijer AJM, Cannegieter SC, Büller HR, Rosendaal FR, Middeldorp S. Travel and venous thrombosis: a systematic review. J. Intern. Med.262, 615–634 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes RJ, Hopkins RJ, Hill S et al. Frequency of venous thromboembolism in low to moderate risk long distance air travelers: the New Zealand Air Traveller’s Thrombosis (NZATT) study. Lancet362, 2039–2044 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson BF, Münster M, Smith A et al. The BEST study-a prospective study to compare business class versus economy class air travel as a cause of thrombosis. S. Afr. Med. J.93, 522–528 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuipers S, Cannegieter SC, Middeldorp S, Robyn L, Büller HR, Rosendaal FR. The absolute risk of venous thrombosis after air travel: a cohort study of 8,755 employees of international organisation. PLoS Med.4, E290 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapostolle F, Surget V, Borron SW et al. Severe pulmonary embolism associated with air travel. N. Engl. J. Med.345, 779–783 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paganin F, Bourde A, Yvin JL et al. Venous thromboembolism in passengers following a 12-h flight: a case–control study. Aviat. Space Environ. Med.74, 1277–1280 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pérez-Rodríguez E, Jiménez D, Díaz G et al. Incidence of air travel-related pulmonary embolism at the Madrid-Barajas airport. Arch. Intern. Med.163, 2766–2770 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parkin L, Bell ML, Herbison GP, Paul C, Skegg DCG. Air travel and fatal pulmonary embolism. Thromb. Haemost.95, 807–814 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beam DM, Courtney DM, Kabrhel C, Moore CL, Richman PB, Kilne JA. Risk of thromboembolism varies, depending on category of immobility in outpatients. Ann. Emerg. Med.54, 147–152 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aryal KR, Al-Khaffat A. Venous thromboembolic complications following air travel. What’s the quantitative risk? A literature review. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg.31, 187–199 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adi YY, Bayliss SS, Rouse AA, Taylor RR. The association between air travel and deep vein thrombosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord.4, 7 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ansari MT, Mahmoud MT, Karlberg JPE. The association between seated immobility and local lower-limb venous coagulability in healthy adult volunteers: a simulation of prolonged travel immobility. Blood Coag. Fibrinolysis17, 335–341 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philbrick JT, Shumate R, Siadaty MS, Becker DM. Air travel and venous thromboembolism: a systematic review. J. Gen. Int. Med.22, 107–114 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trujillo-Santos AJ, Jimenez-Puente A, Perea-Milla E. Association between long travel and venous thromboembolic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control studies. Ann. Hematol.87, 79–86 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra D, Parisini E, Mozaffarian D. Meta-analysis: travel and risk for venous thromboembolism. Ann. Intern. Med.151, 180–190 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendz B, Rostrup M, Sevre K, Andersen TO, Sandset PM. Association between hypobaric hypoxia and activation of coagulation in human beings. Lancet356, 1657–1658 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodkinson PD, Hunt BJ, Parmar K, Ernsting J. Is mild normobaric hypoxia a risk factor for venous thromboembolism? J. Thromb. Haemost.1, 2131–2133 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stricker H, Colucci G, Godio M, Mossi G, Mombelli G. The influence of a prolonged sitting position on the biochemical markers of coagulation activation in healthy subjects: evidence of reduced thrombin generation. J. Thromb. Haemost.1, 380–399 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schobersberger W, Fries D, Mittermayr M et al. Changes of biochemical markers and functional tests for clot formation during long-haul flights. Thromb. Res.108, 19–24 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schobersberger W, Mittermayr M, Innerhofer P et al. Coagulation changes and edema formation during long-distance bus travel. Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis15, 419–425 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bocalon H, Boneu B, Emmerich J, Thalamass C, Ruidavets JB. Long-haul flights do not activate hemostasis in young healthy men. J. Thromb. Haemost.3, 1539–1541 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stricker H, Colucci G, Alberio L, Mombelli G. Variation in coagulation inhibitors during prolonged sitting: possible pathogenetic mechanism for travel-associated thrombosis. J. Thromb. Haemost.4, 900–902 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tardy B, Tardy-Poncet B, Bara L et al. Effects of long travels in sitting position in elderly volunteers on biological markers of coagulation activity and fibrinolysis. Thromb. Res.83, 153–160 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brundrett G. Comfort and health in commercial aircraft: a literature review. J. R. Soc. Promot. Health121, 29–37 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silverman D, Gendreau M. Medical issues associated with commercial flights. Lancet373, 2067–2077 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosby A, Talbot NP, Harrison P, Keeling D, Robbins PA. Relation between acute hypoxia and activation of coagulation in human beings. Lancet361, 2207–2208 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bärtsch P, Straub PW, Haeverli A, Hypobaric hypoxia. Lancet357, 955–956 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schobersberger W, Mittermayr M, Fries D et al. Changes in blood coagulation of arm and leg veins during a simulated long-haul flight. Thromb. Res.119, 293–300 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittermayr M, Fries D, Innerhofer P. Formation of edema and fluid shifts during a long-haul flight. J. Travel Med.10, 334–339 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delis KT, Knaggs AL, Sonecha TN, Zervas V, Jenkins MP, Wolfe JHN. Lower limb venous haemodynamic impairment on dependency: quantification and implications for the “economy class” position. Thromb. Haemost.91, 941–950 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreijer AJ, Cannegieter SC, Meijers JCM, Middeldorp S, Büller HR, Rosendaal FR. Activation of coagulation system during air travel: a crossover study. Lancet367, 832–838 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toff WD, Jones CI, Ford I et al. Effect of hypobaric hypoxia, simulating conditions during long-haul air travel, on coagulation, fibrinolysis, platelet function, and endothelial activation. JAMA295, 2251–2261 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schobersberger W, Schobersberger B, Mittermayr M, Fries D, Streif W. Air travel, hypobaric hypoxia, and prothrombotic changes. JAMA296, 2313–2314 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nicholson AN. Dehydration and long-haul flights? Trav. Med. Int.16, 177–181 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Winkel J, Jorgensen K. Swelling of the foot, its vascular volume and systemic hemoconcentration during long-term constrained sitting. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.55, 162–166 (1986).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitosugi M, Niwa M, Takatsu A. Rheological changes in venous blood during prolonged sitting. Thromb. Res.100, 409–412 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashita K, Yamaguchi K, Yamamoto T et al. Hematological change in venous blood of the lower leg during prolonged sitting in a low humidity and hypobaric environment. J. Physiol. Anthropol. Appl. Human Sci.24, 611–615 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schreijer AJM, Cannegieter SC, Caramella M et al. Fluid loss does not explain coagulation activation during air travel. Thromb. Haemost.99, 1053–1059 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesteven P, Robinson B. Incidence of symptomatic thrombosis in a stable population of 650,000: travel and other risk factors. Aviat. Space Environ. Med.73, 593–596 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McQuillan AD, Eikelboom JW, Baker RI. Venous thromboembolism in travelers: can we identify those at risk? Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis14, 671–675 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreijer AJM, Cannegieter SC, Doggen CJM, Rosendaal FR. The effect of flight-related behaviour on the risk of venous thrombosis after air travel. Br. J. Haematol.144, 425–429 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuipers S, Cannegieter SC, Doggen CJM, Rosendaal FR. Effect of elevated levels of coagulation factors on the risk of venous thrombosis in long-distance travelers. Blood113, 2064–2069 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitos K, Cannon M, Cannon S, Garth S, Fletcher JP. Effect of leg exercises on popliteal venous blood flow during prolonged immobility of seated subjects: implications for prevention of travel-related deep vein thrombosis. J. Thrombosis Haemost.5, 1890–1895 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppens M, Van Doormal FF, Schreijer AJM, Rosendaal FR, Büller HR. Intermittent mechanical compression for prevention of traveller’s thrombosis. J. Thromb. Haemost.4, 1836–1838 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giddings JC, Morris RJ, Ralis HM, Jennings GM, Davies DA, Woodcock JP. Systemic haemostasis after intermittent pneumatic compression. Clues for the investigation of DVT prophylaxis and travelers thrombosis. Clin. Lab. Haem.26, 269–273 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lurie F, Kistner RL, Eklof B, Tsukamoto JK. Prevention of air travel-related deep venous thrombosis with mechanical devices: active foot movements produce similar hemodynamic effects. J. Vasc. Surg.44, 889–891 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amaragiri SV, Lees TA. Elastic compression stockings for prevention of deep vein thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.3, CD001484 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Clarke M, Hopewell S, Juszczack E, Eisinga A, Kjeldstrøm M. Compression stockings for preventing deep vein thrombosis in airline passengers. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.2, CD004002.2 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh HF, Lee FP. Graduated compression stockings as prophylaxis for flight-related venous thrombosis: systematic literature review. J. Advanced Nursing51, 83–98 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism. American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest133, S381–S453 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN et al. Venous thrombosis from air travel: the LONFLIT3 study-prevention with aspirin vs low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in high-risk subjects: a randomized trial. Angiology53, 1–6 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British Committee for Standards in Haematology (BCSH). Risk of Venous Thrombosis and Long Distance Travel (Including Air Flights) Information for Travelers. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK (2007).
   Google Scholar
• British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee. Managing passengers with respiratory disease planning air travel: British Thoracic Society recommendations. Thorax57, 289–304 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson HG, Chee YL. Aspirin and other antiplatelet drugs in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. Blood Rev.22, 107–116 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas P, Landgraf H. Studies on travel-related thrombosis. VASA37, 299–310 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirsh J, O’Donell M, Eikelboom JW. Beyond unfractioned heparin and warfarin. Current and future advances. Circulation116, 552–560 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Rodewald P et al. Prevention of venous thrombosis and thrombophlebitis in long-haul flights with Pycnogenol®. Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost.10, 373–377 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Ricci A et al. Prevention of edema and flight microangiopathy with Venoruton (HR), (0-[β-hydroxyethyl]-rutosides) in patients with varicose veins. Angiology56, 289–293 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scurr JH, Gulati OP. Zinopin® – the rationale for its use as a food supplement in traveller’s thrombosis and motion sickness. Phytother. Res.18, 687–695 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar