Management of cardiovascular disease in Turner syndrome

References

• Sybert VP, McCauley E. Turner’s syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med.351(12), 1227–1238 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjerrild BE, Havmand Mortensen K, Gravholt CH. Turner syndrome and clinical treatment. Br. Med. Bull.86, 77–93 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostberg JE, Brookes JAS, McCarthy C, Halcox J, Conway GS. A comparison of echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging in cardiovascular screening of adults with Turner syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.89(12), 5966–5971 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucher CA, Sargent CA, Ogata T, Affara NA. Breakpoint analysis of Turner patients with partial Xp deletions: implications for the lymphoedema gene location. J. Med. Genet.38, 591–598 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day G, Szvetko A, Griffiths L et al.SHOX gene is expressed in vertebral body growth plates in idiopathic and congenital scoliosis: implications for the etiology of scoliosis in Turner syndrome. J. Orthop. Res.27(6), 807–813 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzanti L, Cacciari E. Congenital heart disease in patients with Turner’s Syndrome. J. Pediatrics133(5), 688–692 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Völkl TM, Degenhardt K, Koch A, Simm D, Dörr HG, Singer H. Cardiovascular anomalies in children and young adults with Ullrich–Turner syndrome the Erlangen experience. Clin. Cardiol.28(2), 88–92 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sybert VP. Cardiovascular malformations and complications in Turner syndrome. Pediatrics101(1), 1–7 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotsche CO, Krag-Olsen B, Nielsen J, Sorenson KE, Kristensen BO. Prevalence of cardiovascular malformations and association with karyotypes in Turner’s syndrome. Arch. Dis. Child.71, 433–436 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis PM, Punch MR, Bove EL, Van De Ven CJ. Outcome of infants with hypoplastic left heart and Turner syndromes. Obstet. Gynencol.93(4), 532–535 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Egmond H, Orye E, Praet M, Coppens M, Devloo-Blancquaert A. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome and 45X karyotype. Br. Heart J.60(1), 69–71 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ho VB, Bakalov VK, Cooley M et al. Major vascular anomalies in Turner syndrome: prevalence and magnetic resonance angiographic features. Circulation110, 1694–1700 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douchin S, Rossignol AM, Klein SK, Siché JP, Baguet JP, Bost M. Heart malformations and vascular complications associated with Turner’s syndrome. Prospective study of 26 patients. Arch. Mal Coeur Vaiss.93(5), 565–570 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sachdev V, Matura LA, Sidenko S et al. Aortic valve disease in Turner syndrome. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.51(19), 1904–1909 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen NH, Hjerrild BE, Sorensen K et al. Sublinical left ventricular dysfunction in normotensive women with Turner syndrome. Heart92, 1516–1517 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sozen AB, Cefle K, Kudat H et al. Left ventricular thickness is increased in nonhypertensive Turner’s syndrome. Echocardiography.26(8), 943–949 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark EB. Neck web and congenital heart defects: a pathogenic association in 45 X-O Turner syndrome? Teratology29, 355–361 (1984).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anisimov A, Alitalo A, Korpisalo P et al. Activated forms of VEGF-C and VEGF-D provide improved vascular function in skeletal muscle. Circ. Res. (104), 1302–1312 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandenberg H, Steegers EA, Gittenberger-de-Groot AC. Potential involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor in pathophysiology of Turner syndrome. Med. Hypotheses65(2), 300–304 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massa G, Verlinde F, De Schepper J et al. Trends in age at diagnosis of Turner syndrome. Arch. Dis. Child.90, 267–268 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravholt CH. Turner syndrome in adulthood. Horm. Res.64(2), 86–93 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stochholm K, Juul S, Knud J, Naeraa RW, and Gravholt CH. Prevalence, incidence, diagnostic delay, and mortality in Turner syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab.91(10), 3897–3902 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravelo HR, Stephenson LW, Friedman S et al. Coarctation resection in children with Turner’s syndrome: a note of caution. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.80(3), 427–430 (1980).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badmanaban B, Mole D, Sarsam MA. Descending aortic dissection post coarctation repair in a patient with Turner’s syndrome. J. Card. Surg.18(2), 153–154 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fejzic Z, van Oort. Fatal dissection of the descending aorta after implantation of a stent in a 19 year old female with Turner syndrome. Cardiol. Young15, 529–531 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prandstraller D, Mazzanti L, Picchio FM et al. Turner’s syndrome: cardiologic profile according to the different chromosomal patterns and long-term clinical follow-up of 136 nonpreselected patients. Pediatr. Cardiol.20(2), 108–112 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammash NM, Seward JB, Warnes CA et al. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection: diagnosis by transesophageal echocardiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.29, 1351–1358 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravholt CH, Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Stochholm K et al. Clinical and epidemiological description of aortic dissection in Turner’s syndrome. Cardiol. Young16, 430–436 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo CF, Cannata A, Lanfranconi M, Vitali E, Garatti A, Bonacina E. Is aortic wall generation related to bicuspid aortic valve anatomy in patients with valvular disease? J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.36(4), 937–942 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Yetman AT, Graham T. The dilated aorta in patients with congenital cardiac defects. J. Am. Coll. Card.53(6), 461–467 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matura LA, Ho VB, Rosing DR, Bondy CA. Aortic dilation and dissection in Turner syndrome. Circulation116(5), 1663–1670 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez L, Arheart KL, Colan SD et al. Turner syndrome is an independent risk factor for aortic dilation in the young. Pediatrics (121), e1622–e1627 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Dulac Y, Pienkowski C, Abadir S, Tauber M, Acar P. Cardiovascular abnormalities in Turner’s syndrome: what prevention? Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis.101(7–8), 485–490 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson M, Silberbach M. Dissection of the aorta in Turner syndrome: two cases and review of 85 cases in the literature. J. Med. Genet. (44), 745–749 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravholt CH, Hansen KW, Erlandsen M, Ebbehoj E, Christiansen JS. Nocturnal hypertension and impaired sympathovagal tone in Turner syndrome. J. Hypertens.24(2), 353–360 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprague AH, Khalil RA. Inflammatory cytokines in vascular dysfunction and vascular disease. Biochem. Pharmacol.78(6), 539–552 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golledge J, Clancy P, Jamrozik K, Norman PE. Obesity, adopokines and abdominal aortic aneurysm: health in men study. Circulation116, 2275–2279 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karakaya O, Barutcu I, Esen AM et al. Relationship between circulating plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B) concentration and aortic root dilation. Am. J. Hypertens.19(4), 361–365 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yetman AT, McCrindle BW. The impact of obesity in patients with Marfan syndrome. Can. J. Cardiol. (2010) (In Press).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mortensen K, Aydin MA, Rybczynski M et al. Augmentation index relates to progression of aortic disease in adults with Marfan syndrome. Am. J. Hypertens.22(9), 971–979 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grotenhuis HB, Ottenkamp J, Westenberg JJ, Bax JJ, Kroft LJ, deRoos A. Reduced aortic elasticity and dilatation are associated with aortic regurgitation and left ventricular hypertrophy in nonstenotic bicuspid aortic valve patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.49(15), 1660–1665 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Berg J, Bannink EM, Wielopolski PA, Pattynama PM, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Helbing WA. Aortic distensibility and dimensions and the effects of growth hormone treatment in the Turner syndrome. Am. J. Cardiol.97(11), 1644–1649 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baguet JP, Douchin S, Pierre H, Rossignol AM, Bost M, Mallion JM. Stuctural and functional abnormalities of large arteries in the Turner syndrome. Heart9, 1442–1446 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Ostberg JE, Donald AE, Halcox JPJ, Storry C, McCarthy C, Conway GS. Vasculopathy in Turner syndrome: arterial dilatatioin and intimal thickening without endothelial dysfunction. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.90(9), 5161–5166 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaelba DC, Pickett F. Simple table to identify children and adolescents needing further evaluation of blood pressure. Pediatrics123(6), 297–304 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Virdis R, Cantu MC, Ghizzoni L et al. Blood pressure behaviour and control in Turner syndrome. Clin. Exp. Hypertens. A8(405), 787–791 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichiardopol C, Mota M, Braicu D, Militaru C, Mixich F. Diabetes mellitus and Turner syndrome. Rom. J. Intern. Med.45(3), 299–304 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ding EL, Song Y, Manson JE et al. Sex hormone-binding globulin and risk of Type 2 diabetes in women and men. N. Engl. J. Med. (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Bakalov VK, Cheng C, Zhou J, Bondy CA. X-chormosome gene dosage and the risk of diabetes in Turner syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.94(9), 3289–3296 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross JL, Feuillan P, Long LM, Kowal K, Kushner H, Cutler GB. Lipid abnormalities in Turner syndrome. J. Pediatr.126(2), 242–245 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oya ID, Schoppen S, Lasunción MA et al. Sex hormone-binding globulin levels and metabolic syndrome and its features in adolescents. Pediatr. Diabetes DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00559.x (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bondy CA. Care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: a guideline of the Turner syndrome study group. J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab.92(1), 10–25 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Mansoury M, Berntorp K, Bryman I. Elevated liver enzymes in Turner syndrome during a 5-year follow-up study. Clin. Endocrinol.68(3), 485–490 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalla Pozza R, Bechtold S, Urschel S, Netz H, Schwarz HP. QTc interval prolongation in children with Turner syndrome: the results of exercise testing and 24-h ECG. Eur J. Pediatr.168(1), 59–64 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swerdlow AJ, Hermon C, Jacobs PA et al. Mortality and cancer incidence in persons with numerical sex chromosome abnormalities: a cohort study. Ann. Hum. Genet.65, 177–188 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aligeti VR, Horn HR. Turner’s syndrome and coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol.99(5), 741–742 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komori H, Matsuishi T, Abe T et al. Turner syndrome and occlusion of the internal carotid artery. J. Child. Neurol.8(4), 412–415 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoemaker MJ, Swerdlow AJ, Higgins CD, Wright AF, Jacobs PA; United Kingdom Clinical Cytogenetics Group. Mortality in women with Turner syndrome in Great Britain: a national cohort study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.93(12), 4735–4742 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bondy CA, Ceniceros I, Van PL, Bakalov K, Rosing DR. Prolonged Rate-corrected QT interval and other electrocardiogram abnormalities in girls with Turner Syndrome. Pediatrics118(4), 1220–1225 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Sozen AB, Cefle K, Kudat H et al. Atrial and ventricular arryhthmogenic potential in Turner Syndrome. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol.31(9), 1140–1145 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The practice committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Increased maternal cardiovascular mortality associated with pregnancy in women with Turner syndrome. Fertil. Steril. (83), 1074–1075 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA288(3), 321–333 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harman M, Naftolin F, Brinton EA, Judelson DR. Is the estrogen controversy over? Deconstructing the Women’s Health Initiative study: a critical evaluation of the evidence. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1052, 43–56 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harman SM, Brinton EA, Cedars M et al. KEEPS: The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study. Climacteric8(1), 3–12 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsheikh M, Conway GS. The impact of obesity on cardiovascular risk factors in Turner’s syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol.49(4), 447–450 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langrish JP, Mills NL, Bath LE. Cardiovascular effects of physiological and standard sex steroid replacement regimens in premature ovarian failure. Hypertension53(5), 805–811 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koulouri O, Ostberg J, Conway GS. Liver dysfunction in Turner’s syndrome: prevalence, natural history and effect of exogenous oestrogen. Clin. Endocrinol.69(2), 306–310 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bannink EM, van der Palen RL, Mulder PG, de Muick Keizer-Schrama SM. Long-term follow-up of GH-treated girls with Turner syndrome: metabolic consequences. Horm. Res.71(6), 343–349 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bondy CA, Van PL, Bakalov VK, Ho VB. Growth hormone treatment and aortic dimensions in Turner syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.91(5), 1785–1788 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bondy CA, Bakalov VK, Lange ED, Ceniceros I. Deficient medical care for adults with the Turner syndrome. Ann. Int. Med.145(11), 866–867 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devernay M, Ecosse E, Coste J, Carel JC. Determinants of medical care for young women with Turner syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckerman-Levin N, Zinder O, Greenberg A, Levin M, Jacob G, Hochberg Z. Physiological and catecholamine response to sympathetic stimulation in Turner syndrome. Clin. Cendocrinol.64(4), 410–415 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon KJ, Blobe GC. Role of transforming growth factor beta superfamily signaling pathways in human disease. Biochemica Biophysica. Acta1782, 197–228 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies RR, Gallo A, Coady MA et al. Novel measurement of relative aortic size predicts rupture of thoracic aortic aneurysms. Ann. Thorac. Surg.81(1), 169–177 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parish LM, Gorman JH, Kahn S et al. Aortic size in acute type A dissection: implications for preventive ascending aortic replacement. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.35(6), 941–945 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orliaguet O, Pepin JL, Bettega G, Ferretti G, Mignotte HN, Levy P. Sleep apnoea and Turner’s syndrome. Eur. Resp. J.17, 153–155 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar