Blood pressure-lowering treatment for primary and secondary prevention of different types of stroke

References

• World Health Organization. The Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (2004).
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Preventing Chronic Disease: A Vital Investment. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Special report from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Classification of cerebrovascular diseases III. Stroke21, 637–676 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. World Health Report 2002: Reducing Risk, Promoting Healthy Life. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet362, 1527–1535 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rashid P, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath P. Blood pressure reduction and secondary prevention of stroke and other vascular events: a systematic review. Stroke34, 2741–2748 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Task Force on Stroke. Recommendations on stroke prevention, diagnosis and therapy. Report of the WHO Task Force on Stroke and Other Cerebrovascular Disorders. Stroke20, 1407–1431 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet360, 1903–1913 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asia–Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. Blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases in the Asia–Pacific region. J. Hypertens.21, 707–716 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigin V, Parag V, Lawes CM et al.; on behalf of the Asia–Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. Smoking and elevated blood pressure are the most important risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage in the Asia–Pacific region: an overview of 26 cohorts involving 306,620 participants. Stroke36, 1360–1365 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis BR, Vogt T, Frost PH et al.; for the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Cooperative Research Group. Risk factors for stroke and type of stroke in persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Stroke29, 1333–1340 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanizaki Y, Kiyohara Y, Kato I et al. Incidence and risk factors for subtypes of cerebral infarction in a general population: the Hisayama Study. Stroke31, 2616–2622 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz UG, Rothwell PM. Differences in vascular risk factors between etiological subtypes of ischemic stroke: importance of population-based studies. Stroke34, 2050–2059 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers A, MacMahon S, Gamble G et al. Blood pressure and risk of stroke in patients with cerebrovascular disease. BMJ313, 147 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arima H, Chalmers J, Woodward M et al.; for the PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Lower target blood pressures are safe and effective for the prevention of recurrent stroke: the PROGRESS trial. J. Hypertens.24, 1201–1208 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irie K, Yamaguchi T, Minematsu K, Omae T. The J-curve phenomenon in stroke recurrence. Stroke24, 1844–1849 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacMahon S, Rodgers A, Neal B, Chalmers J. Blood pressure lowering for the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction and stroke. Hypertension29, 537–538 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turan TN, Cotsonis G, Lynn MJ, Chaturvedi S, Chimowitz M. Relationship between blood pressure and stroke recurrence in patients with intracranial arterial stenosis. Circulation115, 2969–2975 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Effects of different regimens to lower blood pressure on major cardiovascular events in older and younger adults: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ336, 1121–1123 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE et al.; for the HYVET Study Group. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N. Engl. J. Med.358, 1887–1898 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry H, Davis B, Price T et al.; for the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) Cooperative Research Group. Effect of treating isolated systolic hypertension on the risk of developing various types and subtypes of stroke: the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA284, 465–471 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosch J, Yusuf S, Pogue J et al.; on behalf of the HOPE Investigators. Use of ramipril in preventing stroke: double blind randomised trial. BMJ324, 699–702 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kizer JR, Dahlof B, Kjeldsen SE et al. Stroke reduction in hypertensive adults with cardiac hypertrophy randomized to losartan versus atenolol: the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension Study. Hypertension45, 46–52 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PATS Collaborating Group. Post-stroke antihypertensive treatment study: a preliminary result. Chin. Med. J.108, 710–717 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The INDANA (INdividual Data ANalysis of Antihypertensive intervention trials) Project Collaborators. Effect of antihypertensive treatment in patients having already suffered from stroke: gathering the evidence. Stroke28, 2557–2562 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOPE (Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation) Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N. Engl. J. Med.342, 145–153 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood pressure lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischemic attack. Lancet358, 1033–1041 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers A, Chapman N, Woodward M et al.; on behalf of the PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Perindopril-based blood pressure lowering in individuals with cerebrovascular disease: consistency of benefits by age, sex and region. J. Hypertens.22, 653–659 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman N, Huxley R, Anderson C et al. Effects of a perindopril-based blood pressure lowering regimen on the risk of recurrent stroke according to stroke subtype and medical history: the PROGRESS trial. Stroke35, 116–121 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berthet K, Neal BC, Chalmers JP et al.; on behalf of the PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Reductions in the risks of recurrent stroke in patients with and without diabetes: the PROGRESS trial. Blood Press.13, 7–13 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arima H, Hart RG, Colman S et al.; for the PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Perindopril-based blood pressure-lowering reduces major vascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation and prior stroke or transient ischemic attack. Stroke36, 2164–2169 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL et al.; for the PRoFESS Study Group. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. N. Engl. J. Med.359, 1225–1237 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Blood Pressure in Acute Stroke Collaboration. Vasoactive drugs for acute stroke (review). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.2, CD002839 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Schrader J, Luders S, Kulschewski A et al.; on behalf of the ACCESS Study Group. The ACCESS Study: evaluation of Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survivors. Stroke34, 1699–1703 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter JF, Robinson TG, Ford GA et al. Controlling hypertension and hypotension immediately post-stroke (CHHIPS): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trial. Lancet Neurol.8, 48–56 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson CS, Huang Y, Wang JG et al.; INTERACT Investigators. Intensive blood pressure reduction in acute cerebral haemorrhage trial (INTERACT): a randomised pilot trial. Lancet Neurol.7, 391–399 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A et al. 2007 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J. Hypertens.25, 1105–1187 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al.; and the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension42, 1206–1252 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization International Society of Hypertension Writing Group. 2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. J. Hypertens.21, 1983–1992 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlöf B, Sever PS, Poulter NR et al.; for the ASCOT Investigators. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo–Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial–Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT–BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet366, 895–906 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindholm LH, Carlberg B, Samuelsson O. Should β-blockers remain first choice in the treatment of primary hypertension? A meta-analysis. Lancet366, 1545–1553 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Hypertension: management of hypertension in adults in primary care (partial update of NICE clinical guideline 18). NICE clinical guideline 34. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, London, UK (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Khan NA, Hemmelgarn B, Herman RJ et al.; for the Canadian Hypertension Education Program. The 2008 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: part 2 – therapy. Can. J. Cardiol.24, 465–475 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL et al.; for the ACCOMPLISH trial investigators. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N. Engl. J. Med.359, 2417–2428 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The ONTARGET Investigators. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N. Engl. J. Med.358, 1547–1559 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlöf B, Devereux R, Kjeldsen S et al.; LIFE study group. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet359, 995–1003 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrader J, Luders S, Kulschewski A et al.; for the MOSES Study Group. Morbidity and mortality after stroke, eprosartan compared with nitrendipine for secondary prevention: principal results of a prospective randomised controlled study (MOSES). Stroke36, 1218–1226 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers S, Dahlöf B, Elmfeldt D, Julius S; for the HOT Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomized trial. Lancet351, 1755–1762 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber MA, Julius S, Kjeldsen SE et al.; for the VALUE trial group. Blood pressure dependent and independent effects of antihypertensive treatment on clinical events in the VALUE trial. Lancet363, 2049–2051 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepine CJ, Kowey PR, Kupfer S et al.; for the INVEST Investigators. Predictors of adverse outcome among patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.47, 547–551 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, Messerli F, Bakris G, Zhou Q, Champion A, Pepine CJ. Blood pressure control and improved cardiovascular outcomes in the International Verapamil SR–Trandolapril Study. Hypertension50, 299–305 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Zhang Y, Liu G et al.; for the FEVER Study Group. The Felodipine Event Reduction (FEVER) Study: a randomized long-term placebo-controlled trial in Chinese hypertensive patients. J. Hypertens.23, 2157–2172 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar