References
- Rosamond W, Flegal K, Furie K et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2008 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation117(4), e25–e146 (2008).
- Carandang R, Seshadri S, Beiser A et al. Trends in incidence, lifetime risk, severity, and 30-day mortality of stroke over the past 50 years. JAMA296(24), 2939–2946 (2006).
- Kleindorfer D, Broderick J, Khoury J et al. The unchanging incidence and case-fatality of stroke in the 1990s: a population-based study. Stroke37(10), 2473–2478 (2006).
- Brown DL, Boden-Albala B, Langa KM et al. Projected costs of ischemic stroke in the United States. Neurology67(8), 1390–1395 (2006).
- Bays CL. Quality of life of stroke survivors: a research synthesis. J. Neurosci. Nurs.33(6), 310–316 (2001).
- de Haan RJ, Limburg M, Van der Meulen JH, Jacobs HM, Aaronson NK. Quality of life after stroke. Impact of stroke type and lesion location. Stroke26(3), 402–408 (1995).
- Sneeuw KC, Aaronson NK, de Haan RJ, Limburg M. Assessing quality of life after stroke. The value and limitations of proxy ratings. Stroke28(8), 1541–1549 (1997).
- Nichols-Larsen DS, Clark PC, Zeringue A, Greenspan A, Blanton S. Factors influencing stroke survivors’ quality of life during subacute recovery. Stroke36(7), 1480–1484 (2005).
- Xie J, Wu EQ, Zheng ZJ et al. Impact of stroke on health-related quality of life in the noninstitutionalized population in the United States. Stroke37(10), 2567–2572 (2006).
- Lisabeth LD, Smith MA, Brown DL, Moyé LA, Risser JM, Morgenstern LB. Ethnic differences in stroke recurrence. Ann. Neurol.60(4) 469–475 (2006).
- Thom T, Haase N, Rosamond W et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation113(6), e85–e151 (2006).
- Horner RD, Matchar DB, Divine GW, Feussner JR. Racial variations in ischemic stroke-related physical and functional impairments. Stroke22(12), 1497–1501 (1991).
- Jones MR, Horner RD, Edwards LJ et al. Racial variation in initial stroke severity. Stroke31(3), 563–567 (2000).
- Kuhlemeier KV, Stiens SA. Racial disparities in severity of cerebrovascular events. Stroke25(11), 2126–2131 (1994).
- Gaines K, Burke G. Ethnic differences in stroke: Black–White differences in the United States population. SECORDS Investigators. Southeastern Consortium on Racial Differences in Stroke. Neuroepidemiology14(5), 209–239 (1995).
- Ayala C, Greenlund KJ, Croft JB et al. Racial/ethnic disparities in mortality by stroke subtype in the United States, 1995–1998. Am. J. Epidemiol.154(11), 1057–1063 (2001).
- Gillum RF. Stroke mortality in blacks. Disturbing trends. Stroke30(8), 1711–1715 (1999).
- Jha AK, Shlipak MG, Hosmer W, Frances CD, Browner WS. Racial differences in mortality among men hospitalized in the Veterans Affairs health care system. JAMA285(3), 297–303 (2001).
- Shen JJ, Washington EL, Aponte-Soto L. Racial disparities in the pathogenesis and outcomes for patients with ischemic stroke. Manag. Care Interface17(3), 28–34 (2004).
- Sands LP, Landefeld CS, Ayers SM et al. Disparities between Black and White patients in functional improvement after hospitalization for an acute illness. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.53(10), 1811–1816 (2005).
- Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care; Institute of Medicine (IOM). Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare. Smedley B, Stith A, Nelson A (Eds). National Academies Press. Washington DC, USA (2003)
- Harada ND, Chun A, Chiu V, Pakalniskis A. Patterns of rehabilitation utilization after hip fracture in acute hospitals and skilled nursing facilities. Med. Care38(11), 1119–1130 (2000).
- Hoenig H, Rubenstein L, Kahn K. Rehabilitation after hip fracture – equal opportunity for all? Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.77(1), 58–63 (1996).
- Stansbury JP, Jia H, Williams LS, Vogel WB, Duncan PW. Ethnic disparities in stroke: epidemiology, acute care, and postacute outcomes. Stroke36(2), 374–386 (2005).
- Ellis C, Breland HL, Egede LE. Racial/ethnic differences in utilization of post-stroke rehabilitation services: a systematic review. Ethn. Dis.18(3), 365–372 (2008).
- Bhandari VK, Kushel M, Price L, Schillinger D. Racial disparities in outcomes of inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.86(11), 2081–2086 (2005).
- Stineman MG, Ross RN, Hamilton BB et al. Inpatient rehabilitation after stroke: a comparison of lengths of stay and outcomes in the Veterans Affairs and non-Veterans Affairs health care system. Med. Care39(2), 123–137 (2001).
- Gregory PC, Han E, Morozova O, Kuhlemeier KV. Do racial disparities exist in access to inpatient stroke rehabilitation in the state of Maryland? Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehab.85(10), 814–819 (2006).
- Chiou-Tan FY, Keng MJ Jr, Graves DE, Chan KT, Rintala DH. Racial/ethnic differences in FIM scores and length of stay for underinsured patients undergoing stroke inpatient rehabilitation. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil.85(5), 415–423 (2006).
- Ottenbacher KJ, Campbell J, Kuo YF, Deutsch A, Ostir GV, Granger CV. Racial and ethnic differences in postacute rehabilitation outcomes after stroke in the United States. Stroke39(5), 1514–1519 (2008).
- Cook C, Stickley L, Ramey K, Knotts VJ. A variables associated with occupational and physical therapy stroke rehabilitation utilization and outcomes. J. Allied Health34(1) 3–10 (2005).
- Fridriksson J, Frank E, Vesselinov R. Utilization of speech–language pathology and audiology services in stroke patients. J. Med. Speech Lang. Pathol.13(4), 223–231 (2005).
- Weech-Maldonado R. Racial–ethnic differences in nursing home rehabilitation care. Presented at: 6th Annual Medicaid Policy and Research Conference; State Health Care Innovation: Cost Quality and Access. Tallahasse, FL, USA, 9–12 July 2007.
- US CDC. Outpatient rehabilitation among stroke survivors – 21 states and the district of Columbia, 2005. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep.56(20), 504–507 (2007).
- Wilson NJ, Kizer KW. The VA health care system: an unrecognized national safety net. Health Aff.16(4), 200–204 (1997).
- Stineman MG, Asch DA. Comparing VA and non-VA health care: the case of post-stroke rehabilitation. LDI Issue Brief6(5), 1–4 (2001).
- Oddone EZ, Petersen LA, Weinberger M, Freedman J, Kressin NR. Contribution of the Veterans Health Administration in understanding racial disparities in access and utilization of health care: a spirit of inquiry. Med. Care40(Suppl. 1), I3–I13 (2002).
- Goldstein LB, Matchar DB, Hoff-Lindquist J, Samsa GP, Horner RD. Veterans Administration Acute Stroke (VASt) study: lack of race/ethnic-based differences in utilization of stroke-related procedures or services. Stroke34(4), 999–1004 (2003).
- Jacobs BS, Birbeck G, Mullard AJ et al. Quality of hospital care in African American and White patients with ischemic stroke and TIA. Neurology66(6), 809–814 (2006).
- Rebuilding the Unity of Health and the Environment in Rural America. Merchant J, Coussens C, Gibert D (Eds). The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA (2006).
- Levi J, Segal LM, Juliano C. Prevention for a Healthier America: Investments in Disease Prevention Yield Significant Savings, Stronger Communities. Trust for America’s Health, Washington, DC, USA (2008).
Website
- The Cochrane Collaboration. EPOC: specific resources for review authors www.epoc.cochrane.org/en/handsearchers.html (Accessed 24 October 2007)