76
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Clinical manifestation and current management of patent foramen ovale

, , , , &
Pages 1011-1022 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Hagen PT, Scholz DG, Edwards WD. Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 965 normal hearts. Mayo Clin. Proc.59(1), 17–20 (1984).
  • Lechat P, Mas JL, Lascault G et al. Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in patients with stroke. N. Engl. J. Med.318(18), 1148–1152 (1988).
  • Medina A, de Lezo JS, Caballero E, Ortega JR. Platypnea–orthodeoxia due to aortic elongation. Circulation104(6), 741 (2001).
  • Torti SR, Billinger M, Schwerzmann M et al. Risk of decompression illness among 230 divers in relation to the presence and size of patent foramen ovale. Eur. Heart J.25(12), 1014–1020 (2004).
  • Anzola GP, Magoni M, Guindani M, Rozzini L, Dalla Volta G. Potential source of cerebral embolism in migraine with aura: a transcranial Doppler study. Neurology52(8), 1622–1625 (1999).
  • Meissner I, Whisnant JP, Khandheria BK et al. Prevalence of potential risk factors for stroke assessed by transesophageal echocardiography and carotid ultrasonography: the SPARC study. Stroke prevention: assessment of risk in a community. Mayo Clin. Proc.74(9), 862–869 (1999).
  • Homma S, Sacco RL. Patent foramen ovale and stroke. Circulation112(7), 1063–1072 (2005).
  • Kuhl HP, Hoffmann R, Merx MW et al. Transthoracic echocardiography using second harmonic imaging: diagnostic alternative to transesophageal echocardiography for the detection of atrial right to left shunt in patients with cerebral embolic events. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.34(6), 1823–1830 (1999).
  • Ha JW, Shin MS, Kang S et al. Enhanced detection of right-to-left shunt through patent foramen ovale by transthoracic contrast echocardiography using harmonic imaging. Am. J. Cardiol.87(5), 669–671, A611 (2001).
  • Di Tullio M, Sacco RL, Massaro A et al. Transcranial Doppler with contrast injection for the detection of patent foramen ovale in stroke patients. Int. J. Card. Imaging9(1), 1–5 (1993).
  • Devuyst G, Despland PA, Bogousslavsky J, Jeanrenaud X. Complementarity of contrast transcranial Doppler and contrast transesophageal echocardiography for the detection of patent foramen ovale in stroke patients. Eur. Neurol.38(1), 21–25 (1997).
  • Belkin RN, Pollack BD, Ruggiero ML, Alas LL, Tatini U. Comparison of transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography with contrast and color flow Doppler in the detection of patent foramen ovale. Am. Heart J.128(3), 520–525 (1994).
  • Daniels C, Weytjens C, Cosyns B et al. Second harmonic transthoracic echocardiography: the new reference screening method for the detection of patent foramen ovale. Eur. J. Echocardiogr.5(6), 449–452 (2004).
  • Madala D, Zaroff JG, Hourigan L, Foster E. Harmonic imaging improves sensitivity at the expense of specificity in the detection of patent foramen ovale. Echocardiography21(1), 33–36 (2004).
  • Kronik G, Slany J, Moesslacher H. Contrast M-mode echocardiography in diagnosis of atrial septal defect in acyanotic patients. Circulation59(2), 372–378 (1979).
  • Homma S, Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, Mihalatos D, Li Mandri G, Mohr JP. Characteristics of patent foramen ovale associated with cryptogenic stroke. A biplane transesophageal echocardiographic study. Stroke25(3), 582–586 (1994).
  • Hamann GF, Schatzer-Klotz D, Frohlig G et al. Femoral injection of echo contrast medium may increase the sensitivity of testing for a patent foramen ovale. Neurology50(5), 1423–1428 (1998).
  • Schuchlenz HW, Weihs W, Horner S, Quehenberger F. The association between the diameter of a patent foramen ovale and the risk of embolic cerebrovascular events. Am. J. Med.109(6), 456–462 (2000).
  • Ho SY, McCarthy KP, Rigby ML. Morphological features pertinent to interventional closure of patent oval foramen. J. Interv. Cardiol.16(1), 33–38 (2003).
  • Jauss M, Zanette E. Detection of right-to-left shunt with ultrasound contrast agent and transcranial Doppler sonography. Cerebrovasc. Dis.10(6), 490–496 (2000).
  • Ponnuthurai FA, van Gaal WJ, Burchell A, Mitchell AR, Wilson N, Ormerod OJ. Safety and feasibility of day case patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure facilitated by intracardiac echocardiography. Int. J. Cardiol.131(3), 438–440 (2009).
  • Sacco RL, Ellenberg JH, Mohr JP et al. Infarcts of undetermined cause: the NINCDS Stroke Data Bank. Ann. Neurol.25(4), 382–390 (1989).
  • Di Tullio M, Sacco RL, Gopal A, Mohr JP, Homma S. Patent foramen ovale as a risk factor for cryptogenic stroke. Ann. Intern. Med.117(6), 461–465 (1992).
  • Steiner MM, Di Tullio MR, Rundek T et al. Patent foramen ovale size and embolic brain imaging findings among patients with ischemic stroke. Stroke29(5), 944–948 (1998).
  • Handke M, Harloff A, Olschewski M, Hetzel A, Geibel A. Patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke in older patients. N. Engl. J. Med.357(22), 2262–2268 (2007).
  • Hausmann D, Mugge A, Becht I, Daniel WG. Diagnosis of patent foramen ovale by transesophageal echocardiography and association with cerebral and peripheral embolic events. Am. J. Cardiol.70(6), 668–672 (1992).
  • Jones EF, Calafiore P, Donnan GA, Tonkin AM. Evidence that patent foramen ovale is not a risk factor for cerebral ischemia in the elderly. Am. J. Cardiol.74(6), 596–599 (1994).
  • Mas JL, Arquizan C, Lamy C et al. Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both. N. Engl. J. Med.345(24), 1740–1746 (2001).
  • Homma S, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR, Sciacca RR, Mohr JP. Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale: patent foramen ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study. Circulation105(22), 2625–2631 (2002).
  • Meissner I, Khandheria BK, Heit JA et al. Patent foramen ovale: innocent or guilty? Evidence from a prospective population-based study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.47(2), 440–445 (2006).
  • Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, Sciacca RR, Jin Z, Homma S. Patent foramen ovale and the risk of ischemic stroke in a multiethnic population. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.49(7), 797–802 (2007).
  • De Castro S, Cartoni D, Fiorelli M et al. Morphological and functional characteristics of patent foramen ovale and their embolic implications. Stroke31(10), 2407–2413 (2000).
  • Windecker S, Meier B. Is closure recommended for patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke? Patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke: to close or not to close? Closure: what else! Circulation118(19), 1989–1998 (2008).
  • Falk V, Walther T, Krankenberg H, Mohr FW. Trapped thrombus in a patent foramen ovale. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.45(2), 90–92 (1997).
  • Caes FL, Van Belleghem YV, Missault LH, Coenye KE, Van Nooten GJ. Surgical treatment of impending paradoxical embolism through patent foramen ovale. Ann. Thorac. Surg.59(6), 1559–1561 (1995).
  • Chaturvedi S. Coagulation abnormalities in adults with cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale. J. Neurol. Sci.160(2), 158–160 (1998).
  • Kiernan TJ, Yan BP, Cubeddu RJ et al. May–Thurner syndrome in patients with cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale: an important clinical association. Stroke40(4), 1502–1504 (2009).
  • Mesa D, Franco M, Suarez de Lezo J et al. [Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in young patients with cerebral ischemic accident of unknown origin]. Rev. Esp. Cardiol.56(7), 662–668 (2003).
  • Overell JR, Bone I, Lees KR. Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Neurology55(8), 1172–1179 (2000).
  • Pezzini A, Del Zotto E, Magoni M et al. Inherited thrombophilic disorders in young adults with ischemic stroke and patent foramen ovale. Stroke34(1), 28–33 (2003).
  • Karttunen V, Hiltunen L, Rasi V, Vahtera E, Hillbom M. Factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutation may predispose to paradoxical embolism in subjects with patent foramen ovale. Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis14(3), 261–268 (2003).
  • Botto N, Spadoni I, Giusti S, Ait-Ali L, Sicari R, Andreassi MG. Prothrombotic mutations as risk factors for cryptogenic ischemic cerebrovascular events in young subjects with patent foramen ovale. Stroke38(7), 2070–2073 (2007).
  • Cramer SC, Rordorf G, Maki JH et al. Increased pelvic vein thrombi in cryptogenic stroke: results of the Paradoxical Emboli from Large Veins in Ischemic Stroke (PELVIS) study. Stroke35(1), 46–50 (2004).
  • Mohr JP, Thompson JL, Lazar RM et al. A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med.345(20), 1444–1451 (2001).
  • Bogousslavsky J, Garazi S, Jeanrenaud X, Aebischer N, Van Melle G. Stroke recurrence in patients with patent foramen ovale: the Lausanne Study. Lausanne Stroke with Paradoxal Embolism Study Group. Neurology46(5), 1301–1305 (1996).
  • Cujec B, Mainra R, Johnson DH. Prevention of recurrent cerebral ischemic events in patients with patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic strokes or transient ischemic attacks. Can. J. Cardiol.15(1), 57–64 (1999).
  • Albers GW, Amarenco P, Easton JD, Sacco RL, Teal P. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest133(6 Suppl.), S630–S669 (2008).
  • Messe SR, Silverman IE, Kizer JR et al. Practice parameter: recurrent stroke with patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology62(7), 1042–1050 (2004).
  • Kizer JR, Devereux RB. Clinical practice. Patent foramen ovale in young adults with unexplained stroke. N. Engl. J. Med.353(22), 2361–2372 (2005).
  • Windecker S, Wahl A, Chatterjee T et al. Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with paradoxical embolism: long-term risk of recurrent thromboembolic events. Circulation101(8), 893–898 (2000).
  • Khairy P, O’Donnell CP, Landzberg MJ. Transcatheter closure versus medical therapy of patent foramen ovale and presumed paradoxical thromboemboli: a systematic review. Ann. Intern. Med.139(9), 753–760 (2003).
  • Braun M, Gliech V, Boscheri A et al. Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in patients with paradoxical embolism. Periprocedural safety and mid-term follow-up results of three different device occluder systems. Eur. Heart J.25(5), 424–430 (2004).
  • Post MC, Van Deyk K, Budts W. Percutaneous closure of a patent foramen ovale: single-centre experience using different types of devices and mid-term outcome. Acta Cardiol.60(5), 515–519 (2005).
  • Slavin L, Tobis JM, Rangarajan K, Dao C, Krivokapich J, Liebeskind DS. Five-year experience with percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale. Am. J. Cardiol.99(9), 1316–1320 (2007).
  • Anzai H, Child J, Natterson B et al. Incidence of thrombus formation on the CardioSEAL and the Amplatzer interatrial closure devices. Am. J. Cardiol.93(4), 426–431 (2004).
  • Krumsdorf U, Ostermayer S, Billinger K et al. Incidence and clinical course of thrombus formation on atrial septal defect and patient foramen ovale closure devices in 1,000 consecutive patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.43(2), 302–309 (2004).
  • Drighil A, El Mosalami H, Elbadaoui N, Chraibi S, Bennis A. Patent foramen ovale: a new disease? Int. J. Cardiol.122(1), 1–9 (2007).
  • Schoen SP, Boscheri A, Lange SA et al. Incidence of aortic valve regurgitation and outcome after percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects and patent foramen ovale. Heart94(7), 844–847 (2008).
  • Schwerzmann M, Windecker S, Wahl A et al. Implantation of a second closure device in patients with residual shunt after percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv.63(4), 490–495 (2004).
  • Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G et al. Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: co-sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Circulation113(10), E409–E449 (2006).
  • Slottow TL, Steinberg DH, Waksman R. Overview of the 2007 Food and Drug Administration Circulatory System Devices Panel meeting on patent foramen ovale closure devices. Circulation116(6), 677–682 (2007).
  • Dearani JA, Ugurlu BS, Danielson GK et al. Surgical patent foramen ovale closure for prevention of paradoxical embolism-related cerebrovascular ischemic events. Circulation100(19 Suppl.), II171–II175 (1999).
  • Devuyst G, Bogousslavsky J, Ruchat P et al. Prognosis after stroke followed by surgical closure of patent foramen ovale: a prospective follow-up study with brain MRI and simultaneous transesophageal and transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Neurology47(5), 1162–1166 (1996).
  • Nendaz MR, Sarasin FP, Junod AF, Bogousslavsky J. Preventing stroke recurrence in patients with patent foramen ovale: antithrombotic therapy, foramen closure, or therapeutic abstention? A decision analytic perspective. Am. Heart J.135(3), 532–541 (1998).
  • Deeik RK, Thomas RM, Sakiyalak P, Botkin S, Blakeman B, Bakhos M. Minimal access closure of patent foramen ovale: is it also recommended for patients with paradoxical emboli? Ann. Thorac. Surg.74(4), S1326–S1329 (2002).
  • Argenziano M, Oz MC, Kohmoto T et al. Totally endoscopic atrial septal defect repair with robotic assistance. Circulation108 (Suppl. 1), II191–II194 (2003).
  • Chang CL, Donaghy M, Poulter N. Migraine and stroke in young women: case-control study. The World Health Organisation Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. BMJ318(7175), 13–18 (1999).
  • Carolei A, Marini C, De Matteis G. History of migraine and risk of cerebral ischaemia in young adults. The Italian National Research Council Study Group on Stroke in the Young. Lancet347(9014), 1503–1506 (1996).
  • Kruit MC, van Buchem MA, Hofman PA et al. Migraine as a risk factor for subclinical brain lesions. JAMA291(4), 427–434 (2004).
  • Wilmshurst P, Pearson M, Nightingale S. Re-evaluation of the relationship between migraine and persistent foramen ovale and other right-to-left shunts. Clin. Sci. (Lond.)108(4), 365–367 (2005).
  • Schwerzmann M, Nedeltchev K, Meier B. Patent foramen ovale closure: a new therapy for migraine. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv.69(2), 277–284 (2007).
  • Dowson A, Mullen MJ, Peatfield R et al. Migraine Intervention With STARFlex Technology (MIST) trial: a prospective, multicenter, double-blind, sham-controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of patent foramen ovale closure with STARFlex septal repair implant to resolve refractory migraine headache. Circulation117(11), 1397–1404 (2008).
  • Carroll JD. Migraine Intervention With STARFlex Technology trial: a controversial trial of migraine and patent foramen ovale closure. Circulation117(11), 1358–1360 (2008).
  • Shub C, Tajik AJ, Seward JB, Dines DE. Detecting intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt with contrast echocardiography. Observations in a patient with diffuse pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas. Mayo Clin. Proc.51(2), 81–84 (1976).
  • Naqvi TZ, Nagai T, Atar S, Siegel RJ. Early appearance of echo-contrast simulating an intracardiac shunt in a patient with liver cirrhosis and intrapulmonary shunting. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr.15(4), 379–381 (2002).
  • Godart F, Rey C, Prat A et al. Atrial right-to-left shunting causing severe hypoxaemia despite normal right-sided pressures. Report of 11 consecutive cases corrected by percutaneous closure. Eur. Heart J.21(6), 483–489 (2000).
  • Cheng TO. Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale: a definitive treatment for platypnea-orthodeoxia. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv.51(1), 120 (2000).
  • Delgado G, Inglessis I, Martin-Herrero F et al. Management of platypnea–orthodeoxia syndrome by transcatheter closure of atrial communication: hemodynamic characteristics, clinical and echocardiographic outcome. J. Invasive Cardiol.16(10), 578–582 (2004).
  • Guerin P, Lambert V, Godart F et al. Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with platypnea–orthodeoxia: results of a multicentric French registry. Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol.28(2), 164–168 (2005).
  • Ortega Trujillo JR, Suarez de Lezo Herreros de Tejada J, Garcia Quintana A, Melian Nuez F, Rodriguez Delgado R, Medina Fernandez-Aceytuno A. [Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with platypnea–orthodeoxia]. Rev. Esp. Cardiol.59(1), 78–81 (2006).
  • Vik A, Jenssen BM, Brubakk AO. Paradoxical air embolism in pigs with a patent foramen ovale. Undersea Biomed. Res.19(5), 361–374 (1992).
  • Cartoni D, De Castro S, Valente G et al. Identification of professional scuba divers with patent foramen ovale at risk for decompression illness. Am. J. Cardiol.94(2), 270–273 (2004).
  • Hacievliyagil SS, Gunen H, Kosar FM, Sahin I, Kilic T. Prevalence and clinical significance of a patent foramen ovale in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir. Med.100(5), 903–910 (2006).
  • Soliman A, Shanoudy H, Liu J, Russell DC, Jarmukli NF. Increased prevalence of patent foramen ovale in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr.12(2), 99–105 (1999).
  • Webb G, Gatzoulis MA. Atrial septal defects in the adult: recent progress and overview. Circulation114(15), 1645–1653 (2006).
  • Shanoudy H, Soliman A, Raggi P, Liu JW, Russell DC, Jarmukli NF. Prevalence of patent foramen ovale and its contribution to hypoxemia in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest113(1), 91–96 (1998).
  • Beelke M, Angeli S, Del Sette M et al. Obstructive sleep apnea can be provocative for right-to-left shunting through a patent foramen ovale. Sleep25(8), 856–862 (2002).
  • Johansson MC, Eriksson P, Peker Y, Hedner J, Rastam L, Lindblad U. The influence of patent foramen ovale on oxygen desaturation in obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur. Respir. J.29(1), 149–155 (2007).
  • Yaggi HK, Concato J, Kernan WN, Lichtman JH, Brass LM, Mohsenin V. Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke and death. N. Engl. J. Med.353(19), 2034–2041 (2005).
  • Allemann Y, Hutter D, Lipp E et al. Patent foramen ovale and high-altitude pulmonary edema. JAMA296(24), 2954–2958 (2006).
  • Konstantinides S, Geibel A, Kasper W, Olschewski M, Blumel L, Just H. Patent foramen ovale is an important predictor of adverse outcome in patients with major pulmonary embolism. Circulation97(19), 1946–1951 (1998).
  • Knauth M, Ries S, Pohimann S et al. Cohort study of multiple brain lesions in sport divers: role of a patent foramen ovale. BMJ314(7082), 701–705 (1997).
  • Purandare N, Oude Voshaar RC, McCollum C, Jackson A, Burns A. Paradoxical embolisation and cerebral white matter lesions in dementia. Br. J. Radiol.81(961), 30–34 (2008).
  • Adami A, Rossato G, Cerini R et al. Right-to-left shunt does not increase white matter lesion load in migraine with aura patients. Neurology71(2), 101–107 (2008).
  • Divekar A, Gaamangwe T, Shaikh N, Raabe M, Ducas J. Cardiac perforation after device closure of atrial septal defects with the Amplatzer septal occluder. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.45(8), 1213–1218 (2005).
  • Ries MW, Kampmann C, Rupprecht HJ, Hintereder G, Hafner G, Meyer J. Nickel release after implantation of the Amplatzer occluder. Am. Heart J.145(4), 737–741 (2003).
  • Büscheck F, Sievert H, Kleber F et al. Patent foramen ovale using the Premere device: the results of the CLOSEUP trial. J. Interv. Cardiol.19(4), 328–333 (2006).
  • Jones TK, Latson LA, Zahn E et al. Results of the U.S. multicenter pivotal study of the HELEX septal occluder for percutaneous closure of secundum atrial septal defects. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.49(22), 2215–2221 (2007).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.