254
Views
60
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Acute cardioembolic stroke: an update

&
Pages 367-379 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Ferro JM. Cardioembolic stroke: an update. Lancet Neurol.2, 177–188 (2003).
  • MacDougall NJ, Amarasinghe S, Muir KW. Secondary prevention of stroke. Expert Rev. Neurother.7(9), 1103–1115 (2009).
  • Khoo CW, Lip GY. Clinical outcomes of acute stroke patients with atrial fibrillation. Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther.7(4), 371–374 (2009).
  • Arboix A, Vericat MC, Pujades R, Massons J, García-Eroles L, Oliveres M. Cardioembolic infarction in the Sagrat Cor-Alianza Hospital of Barcelona Stroke Registry. Acta Neurol. Scand.96, 407–412 (1997).
  • Pujadas R, Arboix A, Anguera N, Rafel J, Sagués F, Casañas R. Mitral annular calcification as a marker of complex aortic atheroma in patients with stroke of uncertain etiology. Echocardiography25, 124–131 (2008).
  • Pujadas RC, Arboix A, Casañas-Muñoz R, Anguera-Ferrando N. Specific cardiac disorders in 402 consecutive patients with ischaemic cardioembolic stroke. Int. J. Cardiol.95, 129–134 (2004).
  • Arboix A, García-Eroles L, Massons J, Oliveres M. Predictive clinical factors of in-hospital mortality in 231 consecutive patients with cardioembolic cerebral infarction. Cerebrovasc. Dis.8, 8–13 (1998).
  • Arboix A, García Eroles L, Massons JB, Oliveres M, Pujades R, Targa C. Atrial fibrillation and stroke: clinical presentation of cardioembolic versus atherothrombotic infarction. Int. J. Cardiol.73, 33–42 (2000).
  • Adams HP, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke24, 35–41 (1993).
  • Simons LA, Simons J, Friedlander Y, McCallum J. A comparison of risk factors for coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke: the Dubbo Study of Australian Elderly. Heart Lung Circ.18, 330–333 (2009).
  • Lubitz SA, Yi BA, Ellinor PT. Genetics of atrial fibrillation. Heart Fail. Clin.6, 239–247 (2010).
  • Arboix A, García-Eroles L, Comes E et al. Importance of cardiovascular risk profile for in-hospital mortality due to cerebral infarction. Rev. Esp. Cardiol.61, 1020–1029 (2008).
  • Ferro JM. Brain embolism. Answers to practical questions. J. Neurol.250, 139–147 (2003).
  • Weir NU. An update on cardioembolic stroke. Postgrad. Med. J.84, 133–142 (2008).
  • Murtagh B, Smalling RW. Cardioembolic stroke. Curr. Atherosclr. Rep.8, 310–316 (2006).
  • Arboix A, Martí-Vilalta JL. Lacunar stroke. Expert Rev. Neurother.9(2), 179–196 (2009).
  • Arboix A, Oliveres M, Massons J, Pujades R, García-Eroles L. Early differentiation of cardioembolic from atherothrombotic cerebral infarction: a multivariate analysis. Eur. J. Neurol.6, 677–683 (1999).
  • Ramirez-Lassepas M, Cipolle RJ, Bjork RJ et al. Can embolic stroke be diagnosed on the basis of neurologic clinical criteria? Arch. Neurol.44, 87–89 (1987).
  • Kittner SJ, Sharkness CM, Sloan MA et al. Infarcts with a cardiac source of embolism in the NINDS Stroke Data Bank: neurological examination. Neurology42, 299–302 (1992).
  • Kittner SJ, Sharkness CM, Price TR et al. Infarcts with a cardiac source of embolism in the NINSDS Stroke Data Bank: historical features. Neurology40, 281–284 (1990).
  • Caplan LR. Brain embolism, revisited. Neurology43, 1281–1287 (1993).
  • Fiorelli M, Bastianello S, von Kummer R et al. Hemorrhagic transformation within 36 hours of a cerebral infarct. Relationships with early clinical deterioration and 3-month outcome in the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study I (ECASS I) Cohort. Stroke30, 2280–2284 (1999).
  • Morris JG, Duffis EJ, Fisher M. Cardiac workup of ischemic stroke. Can we improve our diagnostic yield? Stroke40, 2893–2898 (2009).
  • Marini C, De Santis F, Sacco S et al. Contribution of atrial fibrillation to incidence and outcome of ischemic stroke: results from a population-based study. Stroke36, 1115–1119 (2005).
  • Douen AG, Pageau N, Medic S. Serial electrocardiographic assessments significantly improve detection of atrial fibrillation 2.6-fold in patients with acute stroke. Stroke39, 480–482 (2008).
  • Gaillard N, Deltour S, Vilotijevic B et al. Detection of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation with transtelephonic EKG in TIA or stroke patients. Neurology74, 1666–1670 (2010).
  • Ustrell X, Pellisé A. Cardiac workup of ischemic stroke. Current Cardiol. Rev.6, 175–183 (2010).
  • Cacciatore A, Russo LS Jr. Lacunar infarction as an embolic complication of cardiac and arch angiography. Stroke22, 1603–1605 (1991).
  • Lodder J, Bamford JM, Sandercock PAG, Jones LN, Warlow CP. Are hypertension or cardiac embolism likely causes of lacunar infarction? Stroke21, 375–381 (1990).
  • Arboix A, García-Eroles K, Massons J, Oliveres M, Targa C. Lacunar infarcts in patients aged 85 years and older. Acta Neurol. Scand.101, 25–29 (2000).
  • Di Tullio MR, Homma S. Mechanisms of cardioembolic stroke. Curr. Cardiol. Rep.4, 141–148 (2002).
  • Kent DM, Trikalinos TA, Thaler DE. Patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med.358, 1519–1520 (2008).
  • Overell JR, Bone I, Lees KR. Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke: a meta-analysis of case–control studies. Neurology55, 1172–1179 (2000).
  • Serena J, Marti-Fàbregas J, Santamarina E et al. Recurrent stroke and massive right-to-left shunt: results from the prospective Spanish multicenter (CODICIA) study. Stroke39, 3131–3136 (2008).
  • Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G et al. Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: co-sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke37(2), 577–617 (2006).
  • Messé SR, Silverman IE, Kizer JR et al. Practice parameter: recurrent stroke with patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology62, 1042–1050 (2004).
  • The European Stroke Organization (ESO) Executive Committee and the ESO Writing Committee. ESO Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke 2008. Cerebrovasc. Dis.25, 457–507 (2008).
  • Amarenco P, Duyckaerts C, Tzourio C, Henin D, Bousser MG, Hauw JJ. The prevalence of ulcerated plaques in the aortic arch in patients with stroke. N. Engl. J. Med.326, 21–25 (1992).
  • Meissner I, Khandheria BK, Sheps SG et al. Atherosclerosis of the aorta: risk factor, risk marker, or innocent bystander? A prospective population-based transesophageal echocardiographic study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.44, 1018–1024 (2004).
  • Pujadas R, Arboix A, Anguera N, Oliveres M, Massons J, Comes E. [Role of complex aortic atheroma plaques in the recurrence of unexplained cerebral infarction]. Rev. Esp. Cardiol.58, 34–40 (2005).
  • Tunick PA, Nayar AC, Goodkin GM et al. Effect of treatment on the incidence of stroke and other emboli in 519 patients with severe thoracic aortic plaque. Am. J. Cardiol.90, 1333–1335 (2002).
  • Benjamin EJ, Plehn JF, D’Agostino RB et al. Mitral annular calcification and the risk of stroke in an elderly cohort. N. Engl. J. Med.327, 374–379 (1992).
  • Hornig CR, Brainin M, Mast H. Cardioembolic stroke: results from three current stroke data banks. Neuroepidemiology13, 318–323 (1994).
  • Lodder J, Krijne-Kubat B, Broekman J. Cerebral hemorrhagic infarction at autopsy: cardiac embolic cause and the relationship to the cause of death. Stroke17, 626–629 (1986).
  • Caplan LR, Hier DB, D’Cruz I. Cerebral embolism in the Michael Reese stroke Registry. Stroke14, 530–536 (1983).
  • Cerebral Embolism Task Force. Cardiogenic brain embolism. Arch. Neurol.43, 71–84 (1986).
  • Arboix A, García Eroles L, Oliveres M, Massons JB, Targa C. Clinical predictors of early embolic recurrence in presumed cardioembolic infarction. Cerebrovasc. Dis.8, 345–353 (1998).
  • Yamanouchi H, Shimada H, Tomonaga M, Matsushita S. Recurrence of embolic stroke in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). An autopsy study. Acta Neurol. Scand.80, 123–129 (1989).
  • Sacco RL, Shi T, Zamanillo MC, Kargman DE. Predictors of mortality and recurrence after hospitalized cerebral infarction in an urban community: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Neurology44, 626–634 (1994).
  • Sacco RL, Foulkes MA, Mohr JP, Wolf PA, Hier DB, Price TR. Determinants of early recurrence of cerebral infarction. The Stroke Data Bank. Stroke20, 983–989 (1989).
  • Bogousslavsky J, Van Melle G, Regli F. The Lausanne Stroke Registry: analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients with first stroke. Stroke19, 1083–1092 (1988).
  • Syme PD, Byrne AW, Chen R et al. Community-based stroke incidence in a Scottish population: the Scottish Borders Stroke Study. Stroke36, 1837–1843 (2005).
  • The Paul Coverdell prototype Registries Writing Group. Acute stroke care in the US. Results from 4 pilot prototypes of the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry. Stroke36, 1232–1240 (2005).
  • Ghandehari K, Izadi Z. The Khorasan Stroke Registry: results of five-year hospital-based study. Cerebrovasc. Dis.23, 132–139 (2007).
  • Grau AJ, Weimar C, Buggle F et al. Risk factors, outcome, and treatment in subtypes of ischemic stroke: the German Stroke Data Bank. Stroke32, 2559–2599 (2001).
  • Sandercock P, Bamford J, Dennis M et al. Atrial fibrillation and stroke: prevalence in different types of stroke and influence on early and long term prognosis (Oxforsdshire community stroke project). BMJ305, 1460–1465 (1992).
  • Bogousslavsky J, Cachin C, Regli F, Despland PA, Van Melle G, Kappenberger L. Cardiac sources of embolism and cerebral infarction – clinical consequences and vascular concomitants: the Lausanne Stroke Registry. Neurology41, 855–859 (1991).
  • Keller TS, McGillicuddy JE, LaBond VA, Kindt GW. Volume expansion in focal cerebral ischemia: the effect of cardiac output on local cerebral blood flow. Clin. Neurosurg.29, 40–50 (1982).
  • Lavy S, Stern S, Melamed E, Cooper G, Keren A, Levy P. Effect of chronic atrial fibrillation on regional cerebral blood flow. Stroke11, 35–38 (1980).
  • Petersen P, Kastrup J, Videbaek R, Boysen G. Cerebral blood flow before and after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. J. Cereb. Blood. Flow. Metab.9, 422–425 (1989).
  • Friedman PJ. Atrial fibrillation after stroke in the elderly. Stroke22, 209–214 (1991).
  • Censori B, Camerlingo M, Casto L, Ferraro B, Gazzaniga GC, Cesana B. Prognostic factors in first-ever stroke in the carotid territory seen within 6 hours after onset. Stroke24, 532–535 (1993).
  • Montaner J, Perea-Gainza M, Delgado P et al. Etiologic diagnosis of ischemic stroke subtypes with plasma biomarkers. Stroke39, 2280–2287 (2008).
  • Foerch C, Montaner J, Furie KL, Ning MM, Lo EH. Searching for oracles? Blood biomarkers in acute stroke. Neurology73, 393–399 (2009).
  • Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke22, 983–988 (1991).
  • Ay H, Furie KL, Singhal A, Smith WS, Sorensen AG, Koroshetz WJ. An evidence-based causative classification system for acute ischemic stroke. Ann. Neurol.58, 688–697 (2005).
  • Ois A, Gomis M, Rodriguez-Campello A et al. Factors associated with a high risk of recurrence in patients with transient ischemic attack or minor stroke. Stroke39, 1717–1721 (2008).
  • van de Beek D, Kremers W, Daly RC et al. Effect of neurologic complications on outcome after heart transplant. Arch. Neurol.65, 226–231 (2008).
  • Belvís R, Martí-Fàbregas J, Cocho D et al. Cerebrovascular disease as a complication of cardiac transplantation. Cerebrovasc. Dis.19, 267–271 (2005).
  • Fuchs S, Stabile E, Kinnaird TD et al. Stroke complicating percutaneous coronary interventions: incidence, predictors, and prognostic implications. Circulation106, 86–91 (2002).
  • Alió J, Esplugas E, Arboix A, Rubio F. Cerebrovascular events in cardiac catheterization. Stroke24, 1264 (1993).
  • Wahlgren N, Ahmed N, Davalos A et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke in the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-Monitoring Study (SITS-MOST): an observational study. Lancet369, 275–282 (2007).
  • del Zoppo GJ, Saver CJ, Jauch EC, Adams HP. Expansion of the time window for treatment of acute ischemic stroke with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. A science Advisory from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke40, 2945–2948 (2009).
  • Gasparotti R, Grassi M, Mardighian D et al. Perfusion CT in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis: predictive value of infarct core size on clinical outcome. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.30, 722–727 (2009).
  • Ogawa A, Mori E, Minematsu K et al. Randomized trial of intraarterial infusion of urokinase within 6 hours of middle cerebral artery stroke. The Middle Cerebral Artery Embolism Local Fibrinolytic Intervention Trial (MELT) Japan. Stroke38, 2633–2639 (2007).
  • Smith WS, Sung G, Saver J; for the Multi MERCI Investigators. Mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke: final results of the Multi MERCI trial. Stroke39, 1205–1212 (2008).
  • Molina CA, Montaner J, Arenillas JF, Ribo M, Rubiera M, Alvarez-Sabin J. Differential pattern of tissue plasminogen activator-induced proximal middle cerebral artery recanalization among stroke subtypes. Stroke35, 486–490 (2004).
  • Adams HP, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular radiology and intervention council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in research interdisciplinary working groups. Stroke38, 1655–1711 (2007).
  • Doufekias E, Segal AZ, Kizer JR. Cardiogenic and aortogenic brain embolism. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.51, 1049–1059 (2008).
  • Cervera A, Amaro S, Obach V, Chamorro A. Prevention of ischemic stroke: antithrombotic therapy in cardiac embolism. Curr. Drug. Targets8, 824–831 (2007).
  • Chamorro A, Busse O, Obach V et al. The rapid anticoagulation prevents ischemic damage study in acute stroke – final results from the writing committee. Cerebrovasc. Dis.19, 402–404 (2005).
  • Camerlingo M, Salvi P, Belloni G, Gamba T, Cesana BM, Mamoli A. Intravenous heparin started within the first 3 hours after onset of symptoms as a treatment for acute nonlacunar hemispheric cerebral infarctions. Stroke36, 2415–2420 (2005).
  • Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch. Intern. Med.154, 1449–1457 (1994).
  • No authors listed. Patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at low risk of stroke during treatment with aspirin: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III Study. The SPAF III Writing Committee for the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. JAMA279, 1273–1277 (1998).
  • Singer DE, Albers GW, Dalen JE, Go AS, Halperin JL, Manning WJ. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest126(3 Suppl.), 429S–456S (2004).
  • Albers GW, Dalen JE, Laupacis A, Manning WJ, Petersen P, Singer DE. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Chest119(1 Suppl.), 194S–206S (2001).
  • Gage BF, van Walraven C, Pearce L et al. Selecting patients with atrial fibrillation for anticoagulation: stroke risk stratification in patients taking aspirin. Circulation110, 2287–2292 (2004).
  • Wang TJ, Massaro JM, Levy D et al. A risk score for predicting stroke or death in individuals with new-onset atrial fibrillation in the community: the Framingham Heart Study. JAMA290, 1049–1056 (2003).
  • Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N. Engl. J. Med.361, 1139–1151 (2009).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.