Stem cells for cardiac repair in acute myocardial infarction

References

• Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation121(7), e46–e215 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidenreich PA, Trogdon JG, Khavjou OA et al. Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation123(8), 933–944 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marelli D, Desrosiers C, el-Alfy M, Kao RL, Chiu RC. Cell transplantation for myocardial repair: an experimental approach. Cell Transplant.1(6), 383–390 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linzbach AJ. Heart failure from the point of view of quantitative anatomy. Am. J. Cardiol.5, 370–382 (1960).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soonpaa MH, Field LJ. Survey of studies examining mammalian cardiomyocyte DNA synthesis. Circ. Res.83(1), 15–26 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergmann O, Bhardwaj RD, Bernard S et al. Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans. Science324(5923), 98–102 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajstura J, Gurusamy N, Ogorek B et al. Myocyte turnover in the aging human heart. Circ. Res.107(11), 1374–1386 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Werf F, Bax J, Betriu A et al. Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with persistent ST-segment elevation: the Task Force on the Management of ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur. Heart J.29(23), 2909–2945 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimmeler S, Aicher A, Vasa M et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) increase endothelial progenitor cells via the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J. Clin. Invest.108(3), 391–397 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landmesser U, Engberding N, Bahlmann FH et al. Statin-induced improvement of endothelial progenitor cell mobilization, myocardial neovascularization, left ventricular function, and survival after experimental myocardial infarction requires endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation110(14), 1933–1939 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahlmann FH, de Groot K, Mueller O, Hertel B, Haller H, Fliser D. Stimulation of endothelial progenitor cells: a new putative therapeutic effect of angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Hypertension45(4), 526–529 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang CH, Verma S, Hsieh IC et al. Enalapril increases ischemia-induced endothelial progenitor cell mobilization through manipulation of the CD26 system. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol.41(1), 34–43 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahlmann FH, de Groot K, Spandau JM et al. Erythropoietin regulates endothelial progenitor cells. Blood103(3), 921–926 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanagisawa-Miwa A, Uchida Y, Nakamura F et al. Salvage of infarcted myocardium by angiogenic action of basic fibroblast growth factor. Science257(5075), 1401–1403 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugano Y, Anzai T, Yoshikawa T et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor attenuates early ventricular expansion after experimental myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc. Res.65(2), 446–456 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura T, Mizuno S, Matsumoto K, Sawa Y, Matsuda H, Nakamura T. Myocardial protection from ischemia/reperfusion injury by endogenous and exogenous HGF. J. Clin. Invest.106(12), 1511–1519 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padin-Iruegas ME, Misao Y, Davis ME et al. Cardiac progenitor cells and biotinylated insulin-like growth factor-1 nanofibers improve endogenous and exogenous myocardial regeneration after infarction. Circulation120(10), 876–887 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaruba MM, Huber BC, Brunner S et al. Parathyroid hormone treatment after myocardial infarction promotes cardiac repair by enhanced neovascularization and cell survival. Cardiovasc. Res.77(4), 722–731 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxena A, Fish JE, White MD et al. Stromal cell-derived factor-1α is cardioprotective after myocardial infarction. Circulation117(17), 2224–2231 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlman JD, Hibberd MG, Chuang ML et al. Magnetic resonance mapping demonstrates benefits of VEGF-induced myocardial angiogenesis. Nat. Med.1(10), 1085–1089 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segers VF, Lee RT. Protein therapeutics for cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction. J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res.5(3), 469–477 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Zohlnhofer D, Dibra A, Koppara T et al. Stem cell mobilization by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for myocardial recovery after acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.51(15), 1429–1437 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry TD, Annex BH, McKendall GR et al. The VIVA trial: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Ischemia for Vascular Angiogenesis. Circulation107(10), 1359–1365 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastrup J, Jorgensen E, Ruck A et al. Direct intramyocardial plasmid vascular endothelial growth factor-A165 gene therapy in patients with stable severe angina pectoris. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study: the Euroinject One trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.45(7), 982–988 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mummery CL, Davis RP, Krieger JE. Challenges in using stem cells for cardiac repair. Sci. Transl. Med.2(27), 27ps17 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidarsson H, Hyllner J, Sartipy P. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to cardiomyocytes for in vitro and in vivo applications. Stem Cell Rev.6, 108–120 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menard C, Hagege AA, Agbulut O et al. Transplantation of cardiac-committed mouse embryonic stem cells to infarcted sheep myocardium: a preclinical study. Lancet366(9490), 1005–1012 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laflamme MA, Gold J, Xu C et al. Formation of human myocardium in the rat heart from human embryonic stem cells. Am. J. Pathol.167(3), 663–671 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao F, Lin S, Xie X et al.In vivo visualization of embryonic stem cell survival, proliferation, and migration after cardiac delivery. Circulation113(7), 1005–1014 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai J, Yi FF, Yang XC et al. Transplantation of embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes improves cardiac function in infarcted rat hearts. Cytotherapy9(3), 283–291 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiao H, Zhang H, Yamanaka S et al. Long-term improvement in post-infarct left ventricular global and regional contractile function mediated by embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging4(1), 33–41 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomescot A, Leschik J, Bellamy V et al. Differentiation in vivo of cardiac committed human embryonic stem cells in post-myocardial infarcted rats. Stem Cells9(25), 2200–2205 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Zhao T, Zhang ZN, Rong Z, Xu Y. Immunogenicity of induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature474(7350), 212–215 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell126(4), 663–676 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed RP, Ashraf M, Buccini S, Shujia J, Haider HK. Cardiac tumorgenic potential of induced pluripotent stem cells in an immunocompetent host with myocardial infarction. Regen. Med.6(2), 171–178 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Lister R, Pelizzola M, Kida YS et al. Hotspots of aberrant epigenomic reprogramming in human induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature471(7336), 68–73 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gore A, Li Z, Fung HL et al. Somatic coding mutations in human induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature471(7336), 63–67 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Fernandez A, Nelson TJ, Ikeda Y, Terzic A. c-MYC independent nuclear reprogramming favors cardiogenic potential of induced pluripotent stem cells. J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res.3(1), 13–23 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pera MF. Stem cells: The dark side of induced pluripotency. Nature471(7336), 46–47 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Grandmaison GL, Clairand I, Durigon M. Organ weight in 684 adult autopsies: new tables for a Caucasoid population. Forensic Sci. Int.119(2), 149–154 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebkhi A, Zhao L, Lu L, Haley CS, Nunez DJ, Wilkins MR. Genetic determination of cardiac mass in normotensive rats: results from an F344xWKY cross. Hypertension33(4), 949–953 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Schachinger V, Aicher A, Dobert N et al. Pilot trial on determinants of progenitor cell recruitment to the infarcted human myocardium. Circulation118(14), 1425–1432 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perin EC, Silva GV, Assad JA et al. Comparison of intracoronary and transendocardial delivery of allogeneic mesenchymal cells in a canine model of acute myocardial infarction. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol.44(3), 486–495 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Baldazzi F, Jorgensen E, Ripa RS, Kastrup J. Release of biomarkers of myocardial damage after direct intramyocardial injection of genes and stem cells via the percutaneous transluminal route. Eur. Heart J.29(15), 1819–1826 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause K, Jaquet K, Schneider C et al. Percutaneous intramyocardial stem cell injection in patients with acute myocardial infarction. First-in-man study. Heart95(14), 1145–1152 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friis T, Haack-Sorensen M, Mathiasen AB et al. Mesenchymal stromal cell derived endothelial progenitor treatment in patients with refractory angina. Scand. Cardiovasc. J.45(3), 161–168 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazo M, Planat-Benard V, Abizanda G et al. Transplantation of adipose derived stromal cells is associated with functional improvement in a rat model of chronic myocardial infarction. Eur. J. Heart Fail.10(5), 454–462 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arminan A, Gandia C, Garcia-Verdugo JM et al. Mesenchymal stem cells provide better results than hematopoietic precursors for the treatment of myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.55(20), 2244–2253 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toma C, Pittenger MF, Cahill KS, Byrne BJ, Kessler PD. Human mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to a cardiomyocyte phenotype in the adult murine heart. Circulation105(1), 93–98 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beitnes JO, Oie E, Shahdadfar A et al. Intramyocardial injections of human mesenchymal stem cells following acute myocardial infarction modulate scar formation and improve left ventricular function. Cell Transplant. (2011) (In Press).
   Google Scholar
• Murry CE, Reinecke H, Pabon LM. Regeneration gaps: observations on stem cells and cardiac repair. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.47(9), 1777–1785 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson D, Liu H, Fan TH, Nerem R, Dudley SC Jr. A tissue engineering approach to progenitor cell delivery results in significant cell engraftment and improved myocardial remodeling. Stem Cells25(9), 2350–2357 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekiya N, Matsumiya G, Miyagawa S et al. Layered implantation of myoblast sheets attenuates adverse cardiac remodeling of the infarcted heart. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.138(4), 985–993 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bel A, Planat-Bernard V, Saito A et al. Composite cell sheets: a further step toward safe and effective myocardial regeneration by cardiac progenitors derived from embryonic stem cells. Circulation122(Suppl. 11), S118–S123 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens KR, Pabon L, Muskheli V, Murry CE. Scaffold-free human cardiac tissue patch created from embryonic stem cells. Tissue Eng. Part A15(6), 1211–1222 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Zimmermann WH, Melnychenko I, Wasmeier G et al. Engineered heart tissue grafts improve systolic and diastolic function in infarcted rat hearts. Nat. Med.12(4), 452–458 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlic D, Kajstura J, Chimenti S et al. Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium. Nature410(6829), 701–705 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC et al. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science284(5411), 143–147 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor DA, Atkins BZ, Hungspreugs P et al. Regenerating functional myocardium: improved performance after skeletal myoblast transplantation. Nat. Med.4(8), 929–933 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowell JD, Rubart M, Pasumarthi KBS, Soonpaa MH, Field LJ. Myocyte and myogenic stem cell transplantation in the heart. Cardiovasc. Res.58(2), 336–350 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leobon B, Garcin I, Menasche P, Vilquin JT, Audinat E, Charpak S. Myoblasts transplanted into rat infarcted myocardium are functionally isolated from their host. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA100(13), 7808–7811 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes S, Amirault JC, Lande G et al. Autologous myoblast transplantation after myocardial infarction increases the inducibility of ventricular arrhythmias. Cardiovasc. Res.69(2), 348–358 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menasche P, Alfieri O, Janssens S et al. The Myoblast Autologous Grafting in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy (MAGIC) trial: first randomized placebo-controlled study of myoblast transplantation. Circulation117(9), 1189–1200 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltrami AP, Barlucchi L, Torella D et al. Adult cardiac stem cells are multipotent and support myocardial regeneration. Cell114(6), 763–776 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RR, Barile L, Cho HC et al. Regenerative potential of cardiosphere-derived cells expanded from percutaneous endomyocardial biopsy specimens. Circulation115(7), 896–908 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Amario D, Fiorini C, Campbell PM et al. Functionally competent cardiac stem cells can be isolated from endomyocardial biopsies of patients with advanced cardiomyopathies. Circ. Res.108(7), 857–861 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porrello ER, Mahmoud AI, Simpson E et al. Transient regenerative potential of the neonatal mouse heart. Science331(6020), 1078–1080 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisan M, Chen CW, Corselli M, Andriolo G, Lazzari L, Peault B. Perivascular multipotent progenitor cells in human organs. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1176, 118–123 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare JM, Traverse JH, Henry TD et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study of intravenous adult human mesenchymal stem cells (prochymal) after acute myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.54(24), 2277–2286 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee RH, Pulin AA, Seo MJ et al. Intravenous hMSCs improve myocardial infarction in mice because cells embolized in lung are activated to secrete the anti-inflammatory protein TSG-6. Cell Stem Cell5(1), 54–63 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meisel R, Zibert A, Laryea M, Gobel U, Daubener W, Dilloo D. Human bone marrow stromal cells inhibit allogeneic T-cell responses by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated tryptophan degradation. Blood103(12), 4619–4621 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren G, Zhang L, Zhao X et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated immunosuppression occurs via concerted action of chemokines and nitric oxide. Cell Stem Cell2(2), 141–150 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Blanc K, Frassoni F, Ball L et al. Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of steroid-resistant, severe, acute graft-versus-host disease: a Phase II study. Lancet371(9624), 1579–1586 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Blanc K, Ringden O. Immunobiology of human mesenchymal stem cells and future use in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant.11(5), 321–334 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behfar A, Yamada S, Crespo-Diaz R et al. Guided cardiopoiesis enhances therapeutic benefit of bone marrow human mesenchymal stem cells in chronic myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.56(9), 721–734 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartunek J, Wijns W, Dolatabadi D et al. C-CURE multicenter trial: lineage specified bone marrow derived cardiopoietic mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of ischemic cardiomyopathy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.57(Suppl. 14), E200 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Theise ND, Nimmakayalu M, Gardner R et al. Liver from bone marrow in humans. Hepatology32(1), 11–16 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mezey E, Chandross KJ, Harta G, Maki RA, McKercher SR. Turning blood into brain: cells bearing neuronal antigens generated in vivo from bone marrow. Science290(5497), 1779–1782 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomita S, Li RK, Weisel RD et al. Autologous transplantation of bone marrow cells improves damaged heart function. Circulation100(19 Suppl.), II247–II256 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balsam LB, Robbins RC. Haematopoietic stem cells and repair of the ischaemic heart. Clin. Sci.109(6), 483–492 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murry CE, Soonpaa MH, Reinecke H et al. Haematopoietic stem cells do not transdifferentiate into cardiac myocytes in myocardial infarcts. Nature428(6983), 664–668 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nygren JM, Jovinge S, Breitbach M et al. Bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells generate cardiomyocytes at a low frequency through cell fusion, but not transdifferentiation. Nat. Med.10(5), 494–501 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauer BE, Brehm M, Zeus T et al. Repair of infarcted myocardium by autologous intracoronary mononuclear bone marrow cell transplantation in humans. Circulation106(15), 1913–1918 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Rendon E, Brunskill S, Doree C et al. Stem cell treatment for acute myocardial infarction. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.4, CD006536 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Wollert KC, Meyer GP, Lotz J et al. Intracoronary autologous bone-marrow cell transfer after myocardial infarction: the BOOST randomised controlled clinical trial. Lancet364(9429), 141–148 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer GP, Wollert KC, Lotz J et al. Intracoronary bone marrow cell transfer after myocardial infarction: eighteen months’ follow-up data from the randomized, controlled BOOST (Bone Marrow Transfer to Enhance ST-elevation Infarct Regeneration) trial. Circulation113(10), 1287–1294 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer GP, Wollert KC, Lotz J et al. Intracoronary bone marrow cell transfer after myocardial infarction: 5-year follow-up from the randomized-controlled BOOST trial. Eur. Heart J.30(24), 2978–2984 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachinger V, Erbs S, Elsasser A et al. Intracoronary bone marrow-derived progenitor cells in acute myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med.355(12), 1210–1221 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tendera M, Wojakowski W, Ruzyllo W et al. Intracoronary infusion of bone marrow-derived selected CD34+CXCR4+ cells and non-selected mononuclear cells in patients with acute STEMI and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: results of randomized, multicentre Myocardial Regeneration by Intracoronary Infusion of Selected Population of Stem Cells in Acute Myocardial Infarction (REGENT) Trial. Eur. Heart J.30(11), 1313–1321 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch A, Nijveldt R, van de V et al. Intracoronary infusion of mononuclear cells from bone marrow or peripheral blood compared with standard therapy in patients after acute myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the randomized controlled HEBE trial. Eur. Heart J.32(14), 1736–1747 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penicka M, Horak J, Kobylka P et al. Intracoronary injection of autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells in patients with large anterior acute myocardial infarction: a prematurely terminated randomized study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.49(24), 2373–2374 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wohrle J, Merkle N, Mailander V et al. Results of intracoronary stem cell therapy after acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol.105(6), 804–812 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lunde K, Solheim S, Aakhus S et al. Intracoronary injection of mononuclear bone marrow cells in acute myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med.355(12), 1199–1209 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beitnes JO, Hopp E, Lunde K et al. Long term results after intracoronary injection of autologous mononuclear bone marrow cells in acute myocardial infarction. The ASTAMI randomized, controlled study. Heart95(24), 1983–1989 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachinger V, Erbs S, Elsasser A et al. Improved clinical outcome after intracoronary administration of bone-marrow-derived progenitor cells in acute myocardial infarction: final 1-year results of the REPAIR-AMI trial. Eur. Heart J.27(23), 2775–2783 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnesen H, Lunde K, Aakhus S, Forfang K. Cell therapy in myocardial infarction. Lancet369(9580), 2142–2143 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lunde K, Aakhus S. Bone marrow-derived stem cells for treatment of ischemic heart disease: background and experience from clinical trials. In: Handbook of Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy. Dimarakis I (Ed.). Imperial College Press, London, UK (2009).
   Google Scholar