Renin–angiotensin system blockade and reduction of cardiovascular risk: future perspectives

References

• Dzau V. The cardiovascular continuum and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockade. J. Hypertens.23(Suppl. 1), S9–S17 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary. Eur. Heart J.28, 2375–2414 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falaschetti E, Chaudhury M, Mindell J, Poulter N. Continued improvement in hypertension management in England: results from the Health Survey for England 2006. Hypertension53, 480–485 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicotra F, Wettermark B, Sturkenboom MC et al. Management of antihypertensive drugs in three European countries. J. Hypertens.27, 1917–1922 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De la Sierra A, Ruilope LM, Coca A, Luque-Otero M. [Relationship between cardiovascular risk profile and anti-hypertensive drug use]. Med. Clin. (Barc.)115, 41–45 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angeli F, Reboldi G, Verdecchia P. Modern treatment of patients at risk: still HOPE for ACE inhibitors? Exp. Opin. Pharmacother.12, 839–843 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flather MD, Yusuf S, Kober L et al. Long-term ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients. Lancet355, 1575–1581 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg R, Yusuf S. Overview of randomized trial of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. JAMA273, 1450–1456 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of perindopril-based blood pressure lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet358, 1033–1041 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N. Engl. J. Med.342, 145–153 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ338, b1665 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sierra C, de la Sierra A. Antihypertensive, cardiovascular, and pleiotropic effects of angiotensin-receptor blockers. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens.14, 435–441 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusf S et al. Effects of candesartan on in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM–Alternative trial. Lancet362, 772–776 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Telmisartan Randomised Assessment Study in ACE Intolerant Subjects with Cardiovascular Disease (TRANSCEND) investigators. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet372, 1174–1183 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ et al. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N. Engl. J. Med.349, 1893–1906 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The ONTARGET Investigators. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N. Engl. J. Med.358, 1547–1559 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet359, 995–1003 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrader J, Lüders S, Kulschewski A et al. Morbidity and mortality after stroke, eprosartan compared with nitrendipine for secondary prevention. Principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke36, 1218–1226 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M et al. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet363, 2022–2031 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De la Sierra A, Salazar J. What is the role of direct renin inhibitors in the treatment of the hypertensive diabetic patient? Adv Ther.28, 716–727 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De la Sierra A, Ruilope LM. [Can we achieve a greater reduction of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in patients already treated with renin–angiotensin system blockers?]. Med. Clin. (Barc.)135, 212–214 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaglehole R, Bonita R, Horton R et al. Priority actions for the non-communicable disease crisis. Lancet377, 1438–1447 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annand SS, Yusuf S. Stemming the global tsunami of cardiovascular disease. Lancet377, 529–532 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. N. Engl. J. Med.344, 3–10 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. JNC 7 – complete version. Hypertension42, 1206–1252 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Whelton PK, He J. Worldwide prevalence of hypertension: a systematic review. J. Hypertens.22, 11–19 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Banegas JR et al. Hypertension prevalence and blood pressure levels in 6 European countries, Canada, and the United States. JAMA289, 2363–2369 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, Pyorala K, Keil U. Cardiovascular prevention guidelines in daily practice: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I, II, and III surveys in eight European countries. Lancet373, 929–940 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chobanian AV. Shattuck Lecture. The hypertension paradox – more uncontrolled disease despite improved therapy. N. Engl. J. Med.361, 878–887 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De la Sierra A. Blood pressure control in the hypertensive population. What else the doctor can do? J. Hypertens.28, 1129–1130 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet360, 1903–1913 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N. Engl. J. Med.352, 1425–1435 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in Type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet364, 685–696 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sever PS, Dahlöf B, Poulter NR et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo–Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial – Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT–LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet361, 1149–1158 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A et al. 2007 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J. Hypertens.25, 1105–1187 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med.362, 1575–1585 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in Type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med.358, 2545–2559 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sleight P, Redon J, Verdecchia P et al. Prognostic value of blood pressure in patients with high vascular risk in the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial study. J. Hypertens.27, 1360–1369 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, Laurent S, Agabiti-Rosei E et al. Reappraisal of European guidelines on hypertension management: a European Society of Hypertension Task Force document. J. Hypertens.27, 2121–2158 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gæde P, Vedel P, Larsen N, Jensen GVH, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with Type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med.348, 383–393 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gæde P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in Type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med.358, 580–591 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlöf B, Sever PS, Poulter NR et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo–Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial – Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT–BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet366, 895–906 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sever P, Dahlöf B, Poulter N et al. Potential synergy between lipid-lowering and blood-pressure-lowering in the Anglo–Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial. Eur. Heart J.27, 2982–2988 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollenberg NK, Parving HH, Viberti G et al. Albuminuria response to very high-dose valsartan in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Hypertens.25, 1921–1926 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossing K, Schjoedt KJ, Jensen BR, Boomsma F, Parving HH. Enhanced renoprotective effects of ultrahigh doses of irbesartan in patients with Type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria. Kidney Int.68, 1190–1198 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess E, Muirhead N, Rene de Cotret P et al. Supramaximal dose of candesartan in proteinuric renal disease. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.20, 893–900 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunz R, Friedrich C, Wolbers M, Mann JF. Meta-analysis: effect of monotherapy and combination therapy with inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system on proteinuria in renal disease. Ann. Intern. Med.148, 30–48 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parving HH, Persson F, Lewis JB, Lewis EJ, Hollenberg NK; for the AVOID Study Investigators. Aliskiren combined with losartan in Type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N. Engl. J. Med.358, 2433–2446 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakao N, Yoshimura A, Morita H, Takada M, Kayano T, Ideura T. Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet361, 117–124 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Retraction: Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet374, 1226 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn J, Tognoni G. A randomized trial of the angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med.345, 1667–1675 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurray JJ, Östergren J, Swedberg K et al. Effects of candesartan on patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet362, 767–771 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJ et al. Aliskiren Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-Renal Endpoints (ALTITUDE): rationale and study design. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.24, 1663–1669 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehdi UF, Adams-Huet B, Raskin P, Vega GL, Toto RD. Addition of angiotensin receptor blockade or mineralocorticoid antagonism to maximal angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in diabetic nephropathy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.20, 2641–2650 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med.341, 709–717 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med.348, 1309–1321 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N. Engl. J. Med.364, 11–21 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Lee DS et al. Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the randomized aldactone evaluation study. N. Engl. J. Med.351, 543–551 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL et al. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N. Engl. J. Med.359, 2417–2428 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakris GL, Sarafidis PA, Weir MR et al. Renal outcomes with different fixed-dose combination therapies in patients with hypertension at high risk for cardiovascular events (ACCOMPLISH): a prespecified secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet375, 1173–1181 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar