The role of obesity, salt and exercise on blood pressure in children and adolescents

References

• Din-Dzietham R, Liu Y, Bielo MV, Shamsa F. High blood pressure trends in children and adolescents in national surveys, 1963 to 2002. Circulation116(13), 1488–1496 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics114(2), 555–576 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feber J, Ahmed M. Hypertension in children: new trends and challenges. Clin. Sci. (Lond.)119(4), 151–161 (2010)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkner B. Hypertension in children and adolescents: epidemiology and natural history. Pediatr. Nephrol.25(7), 1219–1224 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bao W, Threefoot SA, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Essential hypertension predicted by tracking of elevated blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am. J. Hypertens.8(7), 657–665 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauer RM, Clarke WR. Childhood risk factors for high adult blood pressure: the Muscatine Study. Pediatrics84(4), 633–641 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. N. Engl. J. Med.338(23), 1650–1656 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muntner P, He J, Cutler JA, Wildman RP, Whelton PK. Trends in blood pressure among children and adolescents. JAMA291(17), 2107–2113 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiolero A, Bovet P, Paradis G, Paccaud F. Has blood pressure increased in children in response to the obesity epidemic? Pediatrics119(3), 544–553 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorof JM, Portman RJ. Ambulatory blood pressure measurements. Curr. Opin. Pediatr.13(2), 133–137 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simckes AM, Srivastava T, Alon US. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents. Clin. Pediatr. (Phila.)41(8), 549–564 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graves JW, Althaf MM. Utility of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents. Pediatr. Nephrol.21(11), 1640–1652 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stabouli S, Kotsis V, Zakopoulos N. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and target organ damage in pediatrics. J. Hyperten.25(10), 1979–1986 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lurbe E, Redon J. Discrepancies.in office and ambulatory blood pressure in adolescents: help or hindrance? Pediatr. Nephrol.23(3), 341–345 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lurbe E, Sorof JM, Daniels SR. Clinical and research aspects of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children. J. Pediatr.144(1), 7–16 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Urbina E, Alpert B, Flynn J, Hayman L, Harshfield GA, Jacobson M; American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in Youth Committee. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents. Recommendations for standard assessment: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in Youth Committee of the council on cardiovascular disease in the young and the council for high blood pressure research. Hypertension52(3), 433–451 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorof JM. White-coat hypertension in children. Blood Press. Monit.5(4), 197–202 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stabouli S, Kotsis V, Toumanidis S, Papamichael C, Constantopoulos A, Zakopoulos N. White-coat and masked hypertension in children: association with target-organ damage. Pediatr. Nephrol.20(8), 1151–1155 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotsis V, Stabouli S, Toumanidis S et al. Target organ damage in ‘white coat hypertension’ and ‘masked hypertension’. Am. J. Hypertens.21(4), 393–399 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Matsuo T, Kobayashi H, Imiya M, Matsuo M, Shimada K. Nocturnal fall of blood pressure and silent cerebrovascular damage in elderly hypertensive subjects: advanced silent cerebrovascular damage in extreme dippers. Hypertension27(1), 130–135 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parati G, Lantelme P. Blood pressure variability, target organ damage and cardiovascular events. J. Hypertens.20(9), 1725–1729 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stabouli S, Kotsis V, Rizos Z, Toumanidis S, Karagianni C, Constantopoulos A. Left ventricular mass in normotensive, prehypertensive and hypertensive children and adolescents. Pediatr. Nephrol.24(8), 1545–1551 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stabouli S, Kotsis V, Karagianni C, Toumanidis S, Constantopoulos A, Zakopoulos N. 24-h pulse pressure predicts left ventricular mass index in children and adolescents. J. Hypertens.25(Suppl. 2), S297 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Garrison RJ, Kannel WB, Stokes J 3rd, Castelli WP. Incidence and precursors of hypertension in young adults: the Framingham Offspring Study. Prev. Med.16(2), 235–251 (1987).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostchega Y, Carroll M, Prineas RJ, McDowell MA, Louis T, Tilert T. Trends of elevated blood pressure among children and adolescents: data from the national health and nutrition examination survey 1988–2006. Am. J. Hypertens.22(1), 59–67 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorof J, Daniels S. Obesity hypertension in children: a problem of epidemic proportions. Hypertension40(4), 441–447 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krebs NF, Jacobson MS; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. Prevention of pediatric overweight and obesity. Pediatrics112(2), 424–430 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ320(7244), 1240–1243 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stabouli S, Kotsis V, Papamichael C, Constantopoulos A, Zakopoulos N. Adolescent obesity is associated with high ambulatory blood pressure and increased carotid intimal-medial thickness. J. Pediatr.147(5), 651–656 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lurbe E, Alvarez V, Liao Y, Tacons J, Cooper R, Cremades B et al. The impact of obesity and body fat distribution in children and adolescents. Am. J. Hypertens.11(4 Pt 1), 418–424 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lurbe E, Invitti C, Torro I, Maronati A, Aguilar F, Sartorio G. The impact of the degree of obesity on the discrepancies between office and ambulatory blood pressure values in youth. J. Hypertens.24(8), 1557–1564 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels S, Kimball T, Khoury P, Witt S, Morrison J. Correlates of the hemodynamic determinants of blood pressure. Hypertension28(1), 37–41 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabo RT, Lu Z, Daniels S, Sun SS. Relationships between serial childhood adiposity measures and adult blood pressure: the Fels Longitudinal Study. Am. J. Hum. Biol.22(6), 830–835 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kotsis V, Stabouli S, Papakatsika S, Rizos Z, Parati G. Mechanisms of obesity-induced hypertension. Hypertens. Res.33(5), 386–393 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorof JM, Poffenbarger T, Franco K, Bernard L, Portman RJ. Isolated systolic hypertension, obesity and hyperkinetic hemodynamic states in children. J. Pediatr.140(6), 660–666 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martini G, Riva P, Rabbia F, Molini V, Ferrero GB, Cerutti F. Heart rate variability in childhood obesity. Clin. Auton. Res.11(2), 87–91 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riva P, Martini G, Rabbia F et al. Obesity and autonomic function in adolescence. Clin. Exp. Hypertens.23(1–2), 57–67 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocchini AP, Key J, Bondie D et al. The effect of weight loss on the sensitivity of blood pressure to sodium in obese adolescents. N. Engl. J. Med.321(9), 580–585 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lurbe E, Alvarez V, Liao Y et al. Obesity modifies the relationship between ambulatory blood pressure and natriuresis in children. Blood Press. Monit.5(5–6), 275–280 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Elkasabany A, Berenson GS. Cardiovascular risk factors clustering features of insulin resistance syndrome (Syndrome X) in a biracial (Black–White) population of children, adolescents, and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. Am. J. Epidemiol.150(7), 667–674 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanai H, Matsuzawa Y, Tokunaga K et al. Hypertension in obese children: fasting serum insulin levels are closely correlated with blood pressure. Int. J. Obes.14(12), 1047–1056 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lurbe E, Torro I, Aguilar F et al. Added impact of obesity and insulin resistance in nocturnal blood pressure elevation in children and adolescents. Hypertension51(3), 635–641 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finta KM, Rocchini AP, Moorehead C, Key J, Katch V. Urine sodium excretion in response to an oral glucose tolerance test in obese and non-obese adolescents. Pediatrics90(3), 442–446 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Csábi G, Molnár D, Hartmann G. Urinary sodium excretion: association with hyperinsulinaemia, hypertension and sympathetic nervous system activity in obese and control children. Eur. J. Pediatr.155(10), 895–897 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kotsis V, Stabouli S, Papamichael CM, Zakopoulos NA. Impact of obesity in intima media thickness of carotid arteries. Obesity (Silver Spring)14(10), 1708–1715 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotsis V, Pitiriga V, Stabouli S et al. Carotid intima-media thickness could predict the presence of coronary artery lesions. Am. J. Hypertens.18(5 Pt 1), 601–606 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tounian P, Aggoun Y, Dubern B et al. Presence of increased stiffness of the common carotid artery and endothelial dysfunction in severely obese children: a prospective study. Lancet358(9291), 1400–1404 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledoux S, Queguiner J, Msika S et al. Angiogenesis associated with visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in severe human obesity. Diabetes57(12), 3247–3257 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapiotis S, Holzer G, Schaller G et al. A Proinflammatory state is detectable in obese children and is accompanied by functional and morphological vascular changes. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.26(11), 2541–2546 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocchini AP, Katch V, Anderson J et al. Blood pressure in obese adolescents: effect of weight loss. Pediatrics82(1), 16–23 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorof JM, Turner J, Martin D et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and sequelae in hypertensive children by referral versus school-based screening. Hypertension43(2), 214–218 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sorof JM, Alexandrov A, Cardwell G, Portman RJ. Carotid artery intimal-medial thickness and left ventricular hypertrophy in children with elevated blood pressure. Pediatrics111(1), 61–66 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lurbe E, Carvajal E, Torro I, Aguilar F, Alvarez J, Redon J. Influence of concurrent obesity and low birth weight on blood pressure phenotype in youth. Hypertension53(6), 912–917 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adair LS, Cole TJ. Rapid child growth raises blood pressure in adolescent boys who were thin at birth. Hypertension41(3), 451–456 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martyn CN, Barker DJ, Jespersen S, Greenwald S, Osmond C, Berry C. Growth in utero, adult blood pressure and arterial compliance. Br. Heart J.73(2), 116–121 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adair LS, Martorell R, Stein AD et al. Sizeat birth, weight gain in infancy and childhood, and adult blood pressure in 5 low- and middle-income-country cohorts: when does weight gain matter? Am. J. Clin. Nutr.89(5), 1383–1392 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure: results for 24 h urinary sodium and potassium excretion. BMJ297(6644), 319–328 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancilha-Carvalho JJ, de Oliveira R, Esposito RJ. Blood pressure and electrolyte excretion in the Yanomamo Indians, an isolated population. J. Hum. Hypertens.3(5), 309–314 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He FJ, MacGregor GA. Effect of modest salt reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized trials: implications for public health. J. Hum. Hypertens.16(11), 761–770 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook NR, Cutler JA, Obarzanek E et al. Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: observational follow-up of the Trials Of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP). BMJ334(7599), 885–888 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank GC, Webber LS, Nicklas TA, Berenson GS. Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus intakes of infants and children: Bogalusa Heart Study. J. Am. Diet. Assoc.88(7), 801–807 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hofman A, Hazebroek A, Valkenburg HA. A randomized trial of sodium intake and blood pressure in newborn infants. JAMA250(3), 370–373 (1983).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geleijnse JM, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Hazebroek AA, Valkenburg HA, Grobbee DE. Long-term effect of neonatal sodium restriction on blood pressure. Hypertension29(4), 913–917 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maldonado-Martín A, García-Matarín L, Gil-Extremera B et al. Blood pressure and urinary excretion of electrolytes in Spanish schoolchildren. J. Hum. Hypertens.16(7), 473–478 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howe PR, Cobiac L, Smith RM. Lack of effect of short-term changes in sodium intake on blood pressure in adolescent school children. J. Hypertens.9(2), 181–186 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinaiko AR, Gomez-Marin O, Prineas RJ. Effect of low sodium diet or potassium supplementation on adolescent blood pressure. Hypertension21(6 Pt 2), 989–994 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He FJ, MacGregor GA. Importance of salt in determining blood pressure in children: meta-analysis of controlled trials. Hypertension48(5), 861–869 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkner B, Kushner H, Khalsa DK, Canessa M, Katz S. Sodium sensitivity, growth and family history of hypertension in young blacks. J. Hypertens.4(Suppl. 5), S381–S383 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• Simonetti GD, Raio L, Surbel D et al. Salt sensitivity of children with low birth weight. Hypertension52(4), 625–630 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer MP, Ijzerman RG, de Jongh RT et al. Birth weight relates to salt sensitivity of blood pressure in healthy adults. Hypertension51(4), 928–932 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kimura G, Dohi Y, Fukuda M. Salt sensitivity and circadian rhythm of blood pressure: the keys to connect CKD with cardiovascular events. Hypertens. Res.33(6), 515–510 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachdeva A, Weder AB. Nocturnal sodium excretion, blood pressure dipping, and sodium sensitivity. Hypertension48(4), 527–533 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson DK, Sica DA, Miller SB. Ambulatory blood pressure nondipping status in salt-sensitive and salt-resistant black adolescents. Am. J. Hypertens.12(2 Pt 1), 159–165 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonetti GD, Farese S, Aregger F, Uehlinger D, Frey FJ, Mohaupt MG. Nocturnal dipping behaviour in normotensive white children and young adults in response to changes in salt intake. J. Hypertens.28(5), 1027–1033 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yuan CM, Manunta P, Hamlyn JM et al. Long-term ouabain administration produces hypertension in rats. Hypertension22(2), 178–187 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamlyn JM, Manunta P. Endogenous ouabain: a link between sodium intake and hypertension. Curr. Hypertens. Rep.13(1), 14–20 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frisbee JC, Lombard JH. Acute elevations in salt intake and reduced renal mass hypertension compromise arteriolar dilation in rat cremaster muscle. Microvasc. Res.57(3), 273–283 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frisbee JC, Lombard JH. Chronic elevations in salt intake and reduced renal mass hypertension compromise mechanisms of arteriolar dilation. Microvasc. Res.56(3), 218–227 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Falkner B, Michel S. Blood pressure response to sodium in children and adolescents. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.65(Suppl. 65), 618S–621S (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson PD, Buchner D, Pina IL et al. American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation and Prevention; American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism Subcommittee on Physical Activity. Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity). Circulation107(24), 3109–3116 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelton SP, Chin A, Xin X, He J. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann. Intern. Med.136(7), 493–503 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barengo NC, Hu G, Kastarinen M et al. Low physical activity as a predictor for antihypertensive drug treatment in 25–64-year-old populations in eastern and south-western Finland. J. Hypertens.23(2), 293–299 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pescatello LS, Franklin BA, Fagard R, Farquhar WB, Kelley GA, Ray CA; American College of Sports Medicine. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and hypertension. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.36(3), 533–553 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn TJ. Twenty-four hour, ambulatory blood pressure responses following acute exercise: impact of exercise intensity. J. Hum. Hypertens.14(9), 547–553 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halbert JA, Silagy CA, Finucane P, Withers RT, Hamdorf PA, Andrews GR. The effectiveness of exercise training in lowering blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of 4 weeks or longer. J. Hum. Hypertens.11(10), 641–649 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grassi G, Seravalle G, Calhoun DA, Mancia G. Physical training and baroreceptor control of sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Hypertension23(3), 294–301 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownley KA, Hinderliter AL, West SG, Girdler SS, Sherwood A, Light KC. Sympathoadrenergic mechanisms in reduced hemodynamic stress responses after exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.35(6), 978–986 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagai N, Moritani T. Effect of physical activity on autonomic nervous system function in lean and obese children. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord.28(1), 27–33 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goto C, Higashi Y, Kimura M et al. Effect of different intensities of exercise on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans: role of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide and oxidative stress. Circulation108(5), 530–535 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnethon MR, Gulati M, Greenland P. Prevalence and cardiovascular disease correlates of low cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents and adults. JAMA294(23), 2981–2988 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobelo F, Pate RR, Dowda M, Liese AD, Daniels SR. Cardiorespiratory fitness and clustered cardiovascular disease risk in U.S. adolescents. J. Adolesc. Health47(4), 352–359 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grøntved A, Brage S, Møller NC, Kristensen PL, Wedderkopp N, Froberg K. Hemodynamic variables during exercise in childhood and resting systolic blood pressure levels 6 years later in adolescence: the European Youth Heart Study. J. Hum. Hypertens. DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2010.103 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maximova K, O’Loughlin J, Paradis G, Hanley JA, Lynch J. Declines in physical activity and higher systolic blood pressure in adolescence. Am. J. Epidemiol.170(9), 1084–1094 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagberg JM, Ehsani AA, Goldring D, Hernandez A, Sinacore DR, Holloszy JO. Effect of weight training on blood pressure and hemodynamics in hypertensive adolescents. J. Pediatr.104(1), 147–151 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Tran ZV. The effects of exercise on resting blood pressure in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prev. Cardiol.6(1), 8–16 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torrance B, McGuire KA, Lewanczuk R, McGavock J. Overweight, physical activity and high blood pressure in children: a review of the literature. Vasc. Health Risk Manag.3(1), 139–149 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farpour-Lambert NJ, Aggoun Y, Marchand LM, Martin XE, Herrmann FR, Beghetti M. Physical activity reduces systemic blood pressure and improves early markers of atherosclerosis in pre-pubertal obese children. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.54(25), 2396–2406 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maggio AB, Aggoun Y, Martin XE, Marchand LM, Beghetti M, Farpour-Lambert NJ. Long-term follow-up of cardiovascular risk factors after exercise training in obese children. Int. J. Pediatr. Obes. DOI: 10.3109/17477166.2010.530665 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyer AA, Kundt G, Lenschow U, Schuff-Werner P, Kienast W. Improvement of early vascular changes and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children after a six-month exercise program. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.48(9), 1865–1870 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore LL, Lombardi DA, White MJ, Campbell JL, Oliveria SA, Ellison RC. Influence of parents’ physical activity levels on activity levels of young children. J. Pediatr.118(2), 215–219 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee KS, Loprinzi PD, Trost SG. Determinants of physical activity in Singaporean adolescents. Int. J. Behav. Med.17(4), 279–286 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosner B, Prineas R, Daniels SR, Loggie J. Blood pressure differences between blacks and whites in relation to body size among US children and adolescents. Am. J. Epidemiol.151(10), 1007–1019 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman DS, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics103(6 Pt 1), 1175–1182 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorof JM, Lai D, Turner J, Poffenbarger T, Portman RJ. Overweight, ethnicity, and the prevalence of hypertension in school-aged children. Pediatrics113(3 Pt 1), 475–482 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNiece KL, Poffenbarger TS, Turner JL, Franco KD, Sorof JM, Portman RJ. Prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension among adolescents. J. Pediatr.150(6), 640–644 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradis G, Lambert M, O’Loughlin J, Lavallée C, Aubin J, Delvin E. Blood pressure and adiposity in children and adolescents. Circulation110(13), 1832–1838 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding S, Maynard MJ, Cruickshank K, Teyhan A. Overweight, obesity and high blood pressure in an ethnically diverse sample of adolescents in Britain: the Medical Research Council DASH study. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.)32(1), 82–90 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar