99
Views
16
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Acute stroke thrombolysis: time to dispense with the clock and move to tissue-based decision making?

, , &
Pages 451-461 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Senes S. How we manage stroke in Australia. AIHW cat no CVD 31. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra, Australia (2006).
  • Rothwell PM. The high cost of not funding stroke research: a comparison with heart disease and cancer. Lancet357(9268), 1612–1616 (2001).
  • Sharma VK, Luen Teoh H, Wong LYH et al. Recanalization therapies in acute ischemic stroke:pharmacological agents, devices, and combinations. Stroke Res. Treat.2010, 672064 (2010).
  • Seenan P, Long M, Langhorne P. Stroke units in their natural habitat: systematic review of observational studies. Stroke38(6), 1886–1892 (2007).
  • Annemans L, Wittrup-Jensen K, Bueno H. A review of international pharmacoeconomic models assessing the use of aspirin in primary prevention. J. Med. Econ.13(3), 418–427 (2010).
  • Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW. Antithrombotic drugs for patients with ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack to prevent recurrent major vascular events. Lancet Neurol.9(3), 273–284 (2010).
  • Lees KR, Bluhmki E, von Kummer R et al. Time to treatment with intravenous alteplase and outcome in stroke: an updated pooled analysis of ECASS, ATLANTIS, NINDS, and EPITHET trials. Lancet375(9727), 1695–1703 (2010).
  • Pillai A, Menon SK, Kumar S et al. Decompressive hemicraniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: an analysis of long-term outcome and factors in patient selection. J. Neurosurg.106(1), 59–65 (2007).
  • No authors listed. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The national institute of neurological disorders and stroke rt-PA stroke study group. N. Engl. J. Med.333(24), 1581–1587 (1995).
  • Nengl H. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA stroke study group. N. Engl. J. Med.333, 1581–1587 (1995).
  • Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke: The PROACT II Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA282(21), 2003–2011 (1999).
  • Lees KR, Bluhmki E, von Kummer R et al. Time to treatment with intravenous alteplase and outcome in stroke: an updated pooled analysis of ECASS, ATLANTIS, NINDS, and EPITHET trials. Lancet375(9727), 1695–1703 (2010).
  • Nakashima T, Minematsu K. Prospects of thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke Brain Nerve61(9), 1003–1012 (2009).
  • Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med.359(13), 1317–1329 (2008).
  • Smith WS, Sung G, Starkman S et al. Safety and efficacy of mechanical embolectomy in acute ischemic stroke: results of the MERCI Trial. Stroke36(7), 1432–1438 (2005).
  • The Penumbra Pivotal Stroke Trial, Investigators. The Penumbra Pivotal Stroke Trial: safety and effectiveness of a new generation of mechanical devices for clot removal in intracranial large vessel occlusive disease. Stroke40(8), 2761–2768 (2009).
  • Parsons MW, Miteff F, Bateman GA et al. Acute ischemic stroke: imaging-guided tenecteplase treatment in an extended time window. Neurology72(10), 915–921 (2009).
  • Hacke W, Furlan AJ, Al-Rawi Y et al Intravenous desmoteplase in patients with acute ischaemic stroke selected by MRI perfusion-diffusion weighted imaging or perfusion CT (DIAS-2), a prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Lancet Neurol.8(2), 141–150 (2009).
  • Auriel E, Bornstein N. Neuroprotection in acute ischemic stroke-current status. J. Cell Mol. Med.14(9), 2200–2222 (2010).
  • Diener HC, Lees KR, Lyden P et al. NXY-059 for the treatment of acute stroke: pooled analysis of the SAINT I and II Trials. Stroke39(6), 1751–1758 (2008).
  • Sacco RL, DeRosa JT, Haley EC Jr et al.; Glycine Antagonist in Neuroprotection Americas Investigators. Glycine antagonist in neuroprotection for patients with acute stroke: GAIN Americas: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA285(13), 1719–1728 (2001).
  • Singer OC, Humpich MC, Fiehler J et al. Risk for symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after thrombolysis assessed by DWI MRI. Ann. Neurol.63, 52–60 (2008).
  • Baron JC, Bousser MG, Rey A, Guillard A, Comar D, Castaigne P. Reversal of focal ‘misery-perfusion syndrome’ by extra-intracranial arterial bypass in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia. A case study with 15O positron emission tomography. Stroke12(4), 454–459 (1981).
  • Astrup J, Symon L, Siesjö BK. Thresholds in cerebral ischemia: the ischemic penumbra. Stroke12(6), 723–725 (1981).
  • Lo EH, Dalkara T, Michael MA. Mechanisms, challenges and opportunities in stroke. Nat. Rev. Neurosci.4(5), 399–415 (2003).
  • Mukherjee P, Kang HC, Videen TO, McKinstry RC, Powers WJ, Derdeyn CP. Measurement of cerebral blood flow in chronic carotid occlusive disease: comparison of dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MR imaging with positron emission tomography. Am. J. Neuroradiol.24(5), 862–871 (2003).
  • Kidwell CS, Alger JR, Saver JL. Beyond mismatch: evolving paradigms in imaging the ischemic penumbra with multimodal magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke34, 2729–2735 (1994).
  • Jorgensen H, H Nakayama, HO Raaschou, TS Olsen. Stroke in patients with diabetes. The Copenhagen stroke study. Stroke25(10), 1997–1984 (1994).
  • Hossman KA. Viability thresholds and the penumbra of focal ischemia. Ann. Neurol.36, 557–565 (1994).
  • Tan JC, Dillon WP, Liu S, Adler F, Smith WS, Wintermark M. Systematic comparison of perfusion CT and CT-angiography in acute stroke patients. Ann. Neurol.61(6), 533–543 (2007).
  • Barber PA, Demchuk AM, Zhang J, Buchan AM. Validity and reliability of a quantitative computed tomography score in predicting outcome of hyperacute stroke before thrombolytic therapy. ASPECTS study group. Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT score. Lancet355(9216), 1670–1674 (2000).
  • Demchuk AM, Coutts SB. Alberta stroke program early CT score in acute stroke triage. Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am.15(2), 409–419 (2005).
  • Butcher KS, Lee SB, Parsons MW et al.; EPITHET Investigators. Differential prognosis of isolated cortical swelling and hypoattenuation on CT in acute stroke. Stroke38(3), 941–947 (2007).
  • Davis SM, Donnan GA, Parsons MW et al. Effects of alteplase beyond 3 h after stroke in the Echoplanar Imaging Thrombolytic Evaluation Trial (EPITHET), a placebo-controlled randomised trial. Lancet Neurol.7(4), 299–309 (2008).
  • Quain DA, Parsons MW, Loudfoot AR et al. Improving access to acute stroke therapies: a controlled trial of organised pre-hospital and emergency care. Med. J. Aust.189(8), 429–433 (2008).
  • Schramm P, Schellinger PD, Fiebach JB et al. Comparison of CT and CT angiography source images with diffusion-weighted imaging in patients with acute stroke within 6 hours after onset. Stroke33, 2426–2432 (2002).
  • Parsons MW, Pepper EM, Chan V et al. Perfusion computed tomography: prediction of final infarct extent and stroke outcome. Ann. Neurol.58(5), 672–679 (2002).
  • Miteff F, Levi CR, Bateman GA, Spratt N, McElduff P, Parsons MW. The independent predictive utility of computed tomography angiographic collateral status in acute ischaemic stroke. Brain132(8), 2231–2238 (2009).
  • Ostergaard L, Sorensen AG, Kwong KK, Weisskoff RM, Gyldensted C, Rosen BR. High resolution measurement of cerebral blood flow using intravascular tracer bolus passages. Part II: experimental comparison and preliminary results. Magn. Reson. Med.36(5), 726–736 (1996).
  • Wintermark M, Flanders AE, Velthuis B, et al. Perfusion-CT assessment of infarct core and penumbra: receiver operating characteristic curve analysis in 130 patients suspected of acute hemispheric stroke. Stroke37, 979–985 (2006).
  • Bivard A, McElduff P, Spratt N, Levi C, Parsons M. Defining the extent of irreversible brain ischemia using computed tomography perfusion. Cerebrovasc. Dis.31(3), 238–245 (2011).
  • Maas MB, Furie KL, Lev MH et al. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score is poorly predictive of proximal occlusion in acute cerebral ischemia. Stroke40(9), 2988–2993 (2009).
  • Mark WP. Perfusion CT: is it clinically useful? Int. J. Stroke3(1), 41–50 (2008).
  • Ebinger M, De Silva DA et al. Imaging the penumbra – strategies to detect tissue at risk after ischemic stroke. J. Clin. Neurosci.16(2), 178–187 (2009).
  • Petersen ET, Zimine I, Ho YCL, Golay X. Non-invasive measurement of perfusion: a critical review of arterial spin labelling techniques. Br. J. Radiol.79, 688–701 (2006).
  • Kidwell CS, Saver JL, Mattiello J et al. Thrombolytic reversal of acute human cerebral ischemic injury shown by diffusion/perfusion magnetic resonance imaging. Ann. Neurol.47(4), 462–469 (2000).
  • Bristow MS, Poulin BW, Simon JE, et al. Identifying lesion growth with MR imaging in acute ischemic stroke. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging28(4) 837–846 (2008).
  • Bykowski J, Schellinger PD, Warach S. Diffusion and perfusion MRI. In: Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (3rd Edition). 1538–1570 (2000).
  • Chemmanam T, Campbell BCV, Christensen S et al. Ischemic diffusion lesion reversal is uncommon and rarely alters perfusion–diffusion mismatch. Neurology75(12), 1040–1047 (2010).
  • Schellinger PD, Bryan RN, Caplan LR et al. Mismatch based thrombolysis a meta-analysis Stroke 2010: evidence-based guideline: the role of diffusion and perfusion MRI for the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 13, 75(2), 177–185 (2010).
  • Calamante F, Willats L, Gadian DG, Connelly A. Bolus delay and dispersion in perfion MRI: implications for tissue predictor models in stroke. Mag. Res. Med.55, 1180–1185 (2006).
  • Kudo K, Sasaki M, Yamada K, et al. Differences in CT perfusion maps generated by different commercial software: quantitative analysis by using identical source data of acute stroke patients. Radiology254(1), 200–209 (2010).
  • Takasawa M, Jones PS, Guadagno JV et al. How reliable is perfusion MR in acute stroke? Validation and determination of the penumbra threshold against quantitative PET. Stroke39, 870–877 (2008).
  • Neumann-Haefelin T, Wittsack HJ, Wenserski F, et al. Diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MRI: the DWI/PWI mismatch region in acute stroke. Stroke30, 1591–1597 (1999).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.