Diagnosis and treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis

References

• Stam J. Thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses. N. Engl. J. Med. 352(17), 1791–1798 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bousser MG, Ferro JM. Cerebral venous thrombosis: an update. Lancet Neurol. 6(2), 162–170 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canhão P, Ferro JM, Lindgren AG, Bousser MG, Stam J, Barinagarrementeria F; ISCVT Investigators. Causes and predictors of death in cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke 36(8), 1720–1725 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferro JM, Canhão P, Stam J, Bousser MG, Barinagarrementeria F; ISCVT Investigators. Prognosis of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: results of the International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis (ISCVT). Stroke 35(3), 664–670 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dentali F, Crowther M, Ageno W. Thrombophilic abnormalities, oral contraceptives, and risk of cerebral vein thrombosis: a meta-analysis. Blood 107(7), 2766–2773 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenet G, Lütkhoff LK, Albisetti M et al. Impact of thrombophilia on risk of arterial ischemic stroke or cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in neonates and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Circulation 121(16), 1838–1847 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saposnik G, Barinagarrementeria F, Brown RD Jr et al.; American Heart Association Stroke Council and the Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Diagnosis and management of cerebral venous thrombosis: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 42(4), 1158–1192 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biousse V, Ameri A, Bousser MG. Isolated intracranial hypertension as the only sign of cerebral venous thrombosis. Neurology 53(7), 1537–1542 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetzel SG, Kirsch E, Stock KW, Kolbe M, Kaim A, Radue EW. Cerebral veins: comparative study of CT venography with intraarterial digital subtraction ­angiography. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 20(2), 249–255 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agid R, Shelef I, Scott JN, Farb RI. Imaging of the intracranial venous system. Neurologist 14(1), 12–22 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Selim M, Fink J, Linfante I, Kumar S, Schlaug G, Caplan LR. Diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis with echo-planar T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Arch. Neurol. 59(6), 1021–1026 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Leach JL, Fortuna RB, Jones BV, Gaskill-Shipley MF. Imaging of cerebral venous thrombosis: current techniques, spectrum of findings, and diagnostic pitfalls. Radiographics 26(Suppl. 1), S19–S41; discussion S42–S13 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Linn J, Brückmann H. Cerebral venous and dural sinus thrombosis: state-of-the-art imaging. Klin. Neuroradiol. (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Urban PP, Müller-Forell W. Clinical and neuroradiological spectrum of isolated cortical vein thrombosis. J. Neurol. 252(12), 1476–1481 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Alper F, Kantarci M, Dane S, ­Gumustekin K, Onbas O, Durur I. Importance of anatomical asymmetries of transverse sinuses: an MR venographic study. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 18(3), 236–239 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Liang L, Korogi Y, Sugahara T et al. Normal structures in the intracranial dural sinuses: delineation with 3D contrast-enhanced magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient-echo imaging sequence. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 23(10), 1739–1746 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosinski CM, Mull M, Schwarz M et al. Do normal d-dimer levels reliably exclude cerebral sinus thrombosis? Stroke 35(12), 2820–2825 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einhäupl K, Stam J, Bousser MG et al.; European Federation of Neurological Societies. EFNS guideline on the treatment of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis in adult patients. Eur. J. Neurol. 17(10), 1229–1235 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einhäupl KM, Villringer A, Meister W et al. Heparin treatment in sinus venous thrombosis. Lancet 338(8767), 597–600 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bruijn SF, Stam J. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of anticoagulant treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Stroke. 30(3), 484–488 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stam J, de Bruijn S, deVeber G. ­Anticoagulation for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD002005 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Coutinho JM, Ferro JM, Canhão P, Barinagarrementeria F, Bousser MG, Stam J; ISCVT Investigators. Unfractionated or low-molecular weight heparin for the treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke 41(11), 2575–2580 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciccone A, Canhão P, Falcão F, Ferro JM, Sterzi R. Thrombolysis for cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 1, CD003693 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Stam J, Majoie CB, van Delden OM, van Lienden KP, Reekers JA. Endovascular thrombectomy and thrombolysis for severe cerebral sinus thrombosis: a prospective study. Stroke 39(5), 1487–1490 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canhão P, Falcão F, Ferro JM. ­Thrombolytics for cerebral sinus ­thrombosis: a systematic review. ­Cerebrovasc. Dis. 15(3), 159–166 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman M, Velat GJ, Hoh BL, Mocco J. Direct thrombolysis for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Neurosurg. Focus 27(5), E7 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Théaudin M, Crassard I, Bresson D et al. Should decompressive surgery be performed in malignant cerebral venous thrombosis?: a series of 12 patients. Stroke 41(4), 727–731 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuhr F, Busch M, Amberger N et al. Risk and predictors of early epileptic seizures in acute cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis. Eur. J. Neurol. 13(8), 852–856 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Ferro JM, Canhão P, Bousser MG, Stam J, Barinagarrementeria F; ISCVT ­Investigators. Early seizures in cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: risk factors and role of antiepileptics. Stroke 39(4), 1152–1158 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgartner RW, Studer A, Arnold M, Georgiadis D. Recanalisation of cerebral venous thrombosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 74(4), 459–461 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Albers GW, Amarenco P, Easton JD, Sacco RL, Teal P; American College of Chest Physicians. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice ­Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 133(Suppl. 6), 630S–669S (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kenet G, Kirkham F, Niederstadt T et al.; European Thromboses Study Group. Risk factors for recurrent venous ­thromboembolism in the European collaborative paediatric database on cerebral venous thrombosis: a multicentre cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 6(7), 595–603 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monagle P, Chalmers E, Chan A et al.; American College of Chest Physicians. Antithrombotic therapy in neonates and children: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 133(Suppl. 6), 887S–968S (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehraein S, Ortwein H, Busch M, Weih M, Einhäupl K, Masuhr F. Risk of recurrence of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis during subsequent pregnancy and puerperium. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 74(6), 814–816 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Furie KL, Kasner SE, Adams RJ et al.; American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 42(1), 227–276 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda B, Ferro JM, Canhão P et al.; ISCVT Investigators. Venous ­thromboembolic events after cerebral vein thrombosis. Stroke 41(9), 1901–1906 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crassard I, Bousser MG. [Headache in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis]. Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 161(6–7), 706–708 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Bauersachs R, Berkowitz SD, Brenner B et al.; EINSTEIN Investigators. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N. Engl. J. Med. 363(26), 2499–2510 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK et al.; RE-COVER Study Group. Dabigatran versus warfarin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N. Engl. J. Med. 361(24), 2342–2352 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ et al.; American College of Chest Physicians. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th edition: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141(Suppl. 2), e419S–e494S (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener HC, Weimar C. Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der ­Neurologie. 5, Aufl. Stuttgart, Thieme (2012).
   Google Scholar