Evaluating exercise capacity in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension

References

• McLaughlin VV, Archer SL, Badesch DB et al.; American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents; American Heart Association; American College of Chest Physicians; American Thoracic Society Inc.; Pulmonary Hypertension Association. ACCF/AHA 2009 expert consensus document on pulmonary hypertension a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents and the American Heart Association developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians; American Thoracic Society, Inc.; and the Pulmonary Hypertension Association. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 53(17), 1573–1619 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geraci MW, Bull TM, Tuder RM. Genomics of pulmonary arterial hypertension: implications for therapy. Heart Fail. Clin. 6(1), 101–114 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benza RL, Miller DP, Gomberg-Maitland M et al. Predicting survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension: insights from the Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Disease Management (REVEAL). Circulation 122(2), 164–172 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wensel R, Francis DP, Meyer FJ et al. Incremental prognostic value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing and resting haemodynamics in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Int. J. Cardiol. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.135 (2012) (Epub ahead of print).
   Google Scholar
• Arena R, Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Myers J, Guazzi M. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: an evidence-based review. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 29(2), 159–173 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolillo S, Farina S, Bussotti M et al. Exercise testing in the clinical management of patients affected by pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 19(5), 960–971 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arena R, Guazzi M, Myers J, Grinnen D, Forman DE, Lavie CJ. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the assessment of pulmonary hypertension. Expert Rev. Respir. Med. 5(2), 281–293 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun XG, Hansen JE, Oudiz RJ, Wasserman K. Exercise pathophysiology in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 104(4), 429–435 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer FJ, Lossnitzer D, Kristen AV et al. Respiratory muscle dysfunction in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur. Respir. J. 25(1), 125–130 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grünig E, Lichtblau M, Ehlken N et al. Safety and efficacy of exercise training in various forms of pulmonary hypertension. Eur. Respir. J. 40(1), 84–92 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babu AS, Padmakumar R, Maiya AG. A review of on-going trials in exercise based rehabilitation for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Indian J. Med. Res. (2013) (In press).
   Google Scholar
• ATS/ACCP statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. American J. Resp. & Critical Care Med. 167(2), 211–277 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guazzi M, Adams V, Conraads V et al.; European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation; American Heart Association. EACPR/AHA Scientific Statement. Clinical recommendations for cardiopulmonary exercise testing data assessment in specific patient populations. Circulation 126(18), 2261–2274 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu CH, Glassner C, Foreman AJ et al. Treadmill testing improves survival prediction models in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am. Heart J. 162(6), 1011–1017 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers J, Arena R, Franklin B et al.; American Heart Association Committee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism, and the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. Recommendations for clinical exercise laboratories: a scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation 119(24), 3144–3161 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balady GJ, Arena R, Sietsema K et al.; American Heart Association Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Clinician’s Guide to cardiopulmonary exercise testing in adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 122(2), 191–225 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond E. Developing a cardiopulmonary exercise testing laboratory. Chest 132(6), 2000–2007 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• George P. Rodgers JZA, Balady G et al. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Clinical Competence Statement on Stress Testing A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/American College of Physicians–American Society of Internal Medicine Task Force on Clinical Competence. Circulation 102, 1726–1738 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franklin BA. Diagnostic and functional exercise testing: test selection and interpretation. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 10(1), 8–29 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Myers J, Bader D, Madhavan R, Froelicher V. Validation of a specific activity questionnaire to estimate exercise tolerance in patients referred for exercise testing. Am. Heart J. 142(6), 1041–1046 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valli G, Vizza CD, Onorati P et al. Pathophysiological adaptations to walking and cycling in primary pulmonary hypertension. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 102(4), 417–424 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers J, Bellin D. Ramp exercise protocols for clinical and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Sports Med. 30(1), 23–29 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserman K, Stringer WW, Casaburi R, Koike A, Cooper CB. Determination of the anaerobic threshold by gas exchange: biochemical considerations, methodology and physiological effects. Z. Kardiol. 83(Suppl. 3), 1–12 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arena R, Myers J, Williams MA et al.; American Heart Association Committee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention of the Council on Clinical Cardiology; American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. Assessment of functional capacity in clinical and research settings: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Committee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention of the Council on Clinical Cardiology and the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. Circulation 116(3), 329–343 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groepenhoff H, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Boonstra A, Spreeuwenberg MD, Postmus PE, Bogaard HJ. Exercise testing to estimate survival in pulmonary hypertension. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 40(10), 1725–1732 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wensel R, Opitz CF, Anker SD et al. Assessment of survival in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension: importance of cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Circulation 106(3), 319–324 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oudiz RJ, Midde R, Hovenesyan A et al. Usefulness of right-to-left shunting and poor exercise gas exchange for predicting prognosis in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am. J. Cardiol. 105(8), 1186–1191 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen JE, Sun XG, Yasunobu Y et al. Reproducibility of cardiopulmonary exercise measurements in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest 126(3), 816–824 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaskill SE, Ruby BC, Walker AJ, Sanchez OA, Serfass RC, Leon AS. Validity and reliability of combining three methods to determine ventilatory threshold. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33(11), 1841–1848 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ukkonen H, Burwash IG, Dafoe W et al. Is ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO(2) slope) associated with right ventricular oxidative metabolism in patients with congestive heart failure? Eur. J. Heart Fail. 10(11), 1117–1122 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabet JY, Beauvais F, Thabut G, Tartière JM, Logeart D, Cohen-Solal A. A critical appraisal of the prognostic value of the VE/VCO2 slope in chronic heart failure. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 10(4), 267–272 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agostoni P, Valentini M, Magrí D et al. Disappearance of isocapnic buffering period during increasing work rate exercise at high altitude. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 15(3), 354–358 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woods PR, Frantz RP, Taylor BJ, Olson TP, Johnson BD. The usefulness of submaximal exercise gas exchange to define pulmonary arterial hypertension. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 30(10), 1133–1142 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forman DE, Guazzi M, Myers J et al. Ventilatory power: a novel index that enhances prognostic assessment of patients with heart failure. Circ. Heart Fail. 5(5), 621–626 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasunobu Y, Oudiz RJ, Sun XG, Hansen JE, Wasserman K. End-tidal PCO2 abnormality and exercise limitation in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Chest 127(5), 1637–1646 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Mehra MR. Peak exercise oxygen pulse and prognosis in chronic heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. 93(5), 588–593 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oliveira RB, Myers J, Araújo CG, Abella J, Mandic S, Froelicher V. Maximal exercise oxygen pulse as a predictor of mortality among male veterans referred for exercise testing. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. 16(3), 358–364 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhai Z, Murphy K, Tighe H et al. Differences in ventilatory inefficiency between pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Chest 140(5), 1284–1291 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferrazza AM, Martolini D, Valli G, Palange P. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the functional and prognostic evaluation of patients with pulmonary diseases. Respiration. 77(1), 3–17 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baba R, Nagashima M, Goto M et al. Oxygen uptake efficiency slope: a new index of cardiorespiratory functional reserve derived from the relation between oxygen uptake and minute ventilation during incremental exercise. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 28(6), 1567–1572 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah SJ, Thenappan T, Rich S, Sur J, Archer SL, Gomberg-Maitland M. Value of exercise treadmill testing in the risk stratification of patients with pulmonary hypertension. Circ. Heart Fail. 2(4), 278–286 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramos RP, Arakaki JS, Barbosa P et al. Heart rate recovery in pulmonary arterial hypertension: relationship with exercise capacity and prognosis. Am. Heart J. 163(4), 580–588 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minai OA, Gudavalli R, Mummadi S, Liu X, McCarthy K, Dweik RA. Heart rate recovery predicts clinical worsening in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 185(4), 400–408 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 166(1), 111–117 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enright PL, Sherrill DL. Reference equations for the six-minute walk in healthy adults. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 158(5 Pt 1), 1384–1387 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srikanth DSG, Devaraj V, Lucas A. Reference equations for the six-minute walk distance in the Indian population. Chest 130, 119S (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poh H, Eastwood PR, Cecins NM, Ho KT, Jenkins SC. Six-minute walk distance in healthy Singaporean adults cannot be predicted using reference equations derived from Caucasian populations. Respirology 11(2), 211–216 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faggiano P, D’Aloia A, Gualeni A, Lavatelli A, Giordano A. Assessment of oxygen uptake during the 6-minute walking test in patients with heart failure: preliminary experience with a portable device. Am. Heart J. 134(2 Pt 1), 203–206 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipkin DP, Scriven AJ, Crake T, Poole-Wilson PA. Six minute walking test for assessing exercise capacity in chronic heart failure. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed). 292(6521), 653–655 (1986).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troosters T, Vilaro J, Rabinovich R et al. Physiological responses to the 6-min walk test in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 20(3), 564–569 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lammers AE, Diller GP, Odendaal D, Tailor S, Derrick G, Haworth SG. Comparison of 6-min walk test distance and cardiopulmonary exercise test performance in children with pulmonary hypertension. Arch. Dis. Child. 96(2), 141–147 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deboeck G, Niset G, Vachiery JL, Moraine JJ, Naeije R. Physiological response to the six-minute walk test in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur. Respir. J. 26(4), 667–672 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee WT, Peacock AJ, Johnson MK. The role of per cent predicted 6-min walk distance in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur. Respir. J. 36(6), 1294–1301 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noonan V, Dean E. Submaximal exercise testing: clinical application and interpretation. Phys. Ther. 80(8), 782–807 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassey EJ, Fentem PH, MacDonald IC, Scriven PM. Self-paced walking as a method for exercise testing in elderly and young men. Clin. Sci. Mol. Med. Suppl. 51(6), 609–612 (1976).
   Google Scholar
• Singh SJ, Morgan MD, Scott S, Walters D, Hardman AE. Development of a shuttle walking test of disability in patients with chronic airways obstruction. Thorax 47(12), 1019–1024 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulz C, Diniz RV, Alves AN et al. Incremental shuttle and six-minute walking tests in the assessment of functional capacity in chronic heart failure. Can. J. Cardiol. 24(2), 131–135 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf-May K, Ferrett D. Metabolic equivalents during the 10-m shuttle walking test for post-myocardial infarction patients. Br. J. Sports Med. 42(1), 36–41; discussion 41 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fox BD, Langleben D, Hirsch A, Boutet K, Shimony A. Step climbing capacity in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Clin. Res. Cardiol. 102(1), 51–61 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skalski J, Allison TG, Miller TD. The safety of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in a population with high-risk cardiovascular diseases. Circulation 126(21), 2465–2472 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deboeck G, Scoditti C, Huez S et al. Exercise testing to predict outcome in idiopathic versus associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur. Respir. J. 40(6), 1410–1419 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwaiblmair M, Faul C, von Scheidt W, Berghaus TM. Ventilatory efficiency testing as prognostic value in patients with pulmonary hypertension. BMC Pulm. Med. 12, 23 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar