485
Views
36
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Recommendations and rationale for the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease

, &
Pages 61-70 | Published online: 10 Jan 2014

References

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. MMWR55(No RR-11), 56–61 (2006).
  • Rein DB, Kassler WJ, Irwin KL, Rabiee L. Direct medical cost of pelvic inflammatory disease and its sequelae: decreasing, but still substantial. Obstet. Gynecol.95, 397–402 (2000).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance. CDC, GA, USA (2008).
  • Patton DL, Moore DE, Spadoni LR, Soules MR, Halbert SA, Wang SP. A comparison of the fallopian tube’s response to overt and silent salpingitis. Obstet. Gynecol.73, 622–630 (1989).
  • Eschenbach DA, Buchanan TM, Pollack HM et al. Polymicrobial etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med.293, 166–171 (1975).
  • Mardh PA, Ripa T, Svensson L, Westrom L. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in patients with acute salpingitis. N. Engl. J. Med.296(24), 1377–1379 (1977).
  • Sweet RL, Draper DL, Schachter J, James J, Hadley WK, Brooks GF. Microbiology and pathogenesis of acute salpingitis as determined by laparoscopy: what is the appropriate site to sample? Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.138, 985–989 (1980).
  • Cohen CR, Mugo NR, Astete SG, et al. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in women with laparoscopically diagnosed acute salpingitis. Sex. Transm. Infect.81, 463–466 (2005).
  • Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Krohn MA, et al. Lower genital tract infection and endometritis: insight into subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet. Gynecol.100, 456–463 (2002).
  • Eckert LO, Thwin SS, Hillier SL, Kiviat NB, Eschenbach DA. The antimicrobial treatment of subacute endometritis: a proof of concept study. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.190, 305–313 (2004).
  • Haggerty CL, Totten PA, Astete SG, Ness RB. Mycoplasma genitalium among women with nongonococcal, nonchlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease. Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol.30, 184 (2006).
  • Ness RB, Kip K E, Hillier SL et al. A cluster analysis of bacterial vaginosis- associated microflora and pelvic inflammatory disease Am. J. Epidemiol.162, 585–590 (2005).
  • Short VL, Totten PA, Ness RB, Astet SG, Kelsey SF, Haggerty CL. Clinical presentation of Mycoplasma genitalium infection versus Neisseria gonorrhoeoe infection among women with pelvic inflammatory disease. Clin. Infect. Dis.48, 41–47 (2009).
  • Haggerty CL, Totten PA, Astete SG et al. Failure of cefoxitin and doxycycline to eradicate endometrial Mycoplasma genitalium and the consequence for clinical cure of pelvic inflammatory disease. Sex. Transm. Infect.84, 338–342 (2008).
  • Ness RB, Soper DE, Holley RL et al. Effectiveness of inpatient and outpatient treatment strategies for women with pelvic inflammatory disease: results from the Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) Randomized Trial. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.186, 929–937 (2002).
  • Landers DV, Sweet RL. Current trends in the diagnosis and treatment of tuboovarian abscess. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.151, 1098–1110 (1985).
  • Reed SD, Landers DV, Sweet RL. Antibiotic treatment of tuboovarian abscess: comparison of broad-spectrum β-lactam agents versus clindamycin-containing regimens. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.164, 1556–1562 (1991).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated Treatment Recommendations for Gonococcal Infections and Associated Conditions. CDC, GA, USA (2007).
  • Soper DE, Brockwell NJ, Dalton HP, Johnson D. Microbial etiology of urban emergency department acute salpingitis: treatment with ofloxacin. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.167, 653–660 (1992).
  • Crombleholme WR, Schachter J, Ohm-Smith M, Luft J, Whidden R, Sweet RL. Efficacy of single-agent therapy for the treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease with ciprofloxacin. J. Med.87, 142S–147S (1989).
  • Martens MG, Gordon S, Yarborough DR, Faro S, Binder D, Berkeley A. Multicenter randomized trial of ofloxacin versus cefoxitin and doxycycline in outpatient treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease. Ambulatory PID Research Group. South Med. J.86, 604–610 (1993).
  • Ross JD, Cronje HS, Paszkowski T et al. Moxifloxacin versus ofloxacin plus metronidazole in uncomplicated pelvic inflammatory disease: results of a multicentre, double blind, randomized trial. Sex. Transm. Infect.82, 446–451 (2006).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update to CDC’s sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006: fluoroquinolones no longer recommended for the treatment of gonococcal infections. MMWR Recomm. Rep.56(RR-14), 332–336 (2007).
  • Eschenbach D. Treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease. Clin. Infect. Dis.44, 961–963 (2007).
  • Judlin P, Liao Q, Liu Z et al. Efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin in uncomplicated pelvic inflammatory disease: the MONALISA study. BJOG117(12), 1475–1484 (2010).
  • Heystek M, Ross JDC. A randomized double-blind comparison of moxifloxacin and doxycycline/metronidazole/ciprofloxacin in the treatment of acute, uncomplicated pelvic inflammatory disease. Int. J. STD AIDS20, 690–695 (2009).
  • Stass H, Kubitza D, Aydeniz B et al. Penetration and accumulation of moxifloxacin in uterine tissue. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet.102, 132–136 (2008).
  • Bradshaw CS, Chen MY, Fairley CK. Persistence of Mycoplasma genitalium following azithromycin therapy. PLoS ONE3(11), e3618 (2008).
  • Bradshaw CS, Jensen JS, Tabrizi SN et al. Azithromycin failure. Emerging Infect. Dis.12(7), 1149–1152 (2006).
  • Haggerty CL, Ness RB. Epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther.4, 235–247 (2006).
  • Piyadigamage A, Wilson J. Improvement in the clinical cure rate of outpatient management of pelvic inflammatory disease following a change in therapy. Sex. Transm. Infect.81, 233–235 (2005).
  • Goldstein EJ, Nesbit CA, Citron DM. Comparative in vitro activities of azithromycin, Bay y 3118, levofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and 11 other oral antimicrobial agents against 194 aerobic and anaerobic bite wound isolates. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother.39, 1097–1100 (1995).
  • Taylor-Robinson D, Bebear C. Antibiotic susceptibilities of mycoplasmas and treatment of mycoplasmal infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.40, 622–630 (1997).
  • Taylor-Robinson D. Mycoplasma genitalium – an up-date. Int. J. STD AIDS13, 145–151 (2002).
  • Rustomjee R, Kharsany AB, Connolly C A, Karim SS. A randomized controlled trial of azithromycin versus doxycycline/ciprofloxacin for the syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections in a resource – poor setting. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.49, 875–878 (2002).
  • Bevan CD, Ridgway GL, Rothermel CD. Efficacy and safety of azithromycin as monotherapy or combined with metronidazole compared with two standard multidrug regimens for the treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. J. Int. Med. Res.31, 45–54 (2003).
  • Malhotra M, Sharma JB, Batra S, Arora R, Sharma S. Ciprofloxacin–tinidazole combination, fluconazole–azithromycin–secnidazole–kit and doxycycline–metronidazole combination therapy in syndromic management of pelvic inflammatory disease: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Indian J. Med. Sci.57, 549–555 (2003).
  • Patton DL, Sweeney YT, Stamm WE. Significant reduction in inflammatory response in the macaque model of Chlamydia pelvic inflammatory disease with azithromycin treatment. J. Infect. Dis.192, 129–135 (2005).
  • Savaris RF, Teixeira LM, Torres TG, Edelweiss MIA, Moncada J, Schachter J. Comparing ceftriaxone plus azithromycin or doxycycline for pelvic inflammatory disease. A randomized controlled trial. Obstet. Gynecol.110, 53–60 (2007).
  • Mena LA, Mroczkowski TF, Nsuami M et al. A randomized comparison of azithromycin and doxycycline for the treatment of mycoplasma genitalium-positive urethritis in men. Clin. Infect. Dis.48, 1649–1654 (2009).
  • Gilbert DN, Leggett JE. Aminoglycosides. In: Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th Edition. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, PA, USA, 367 (2010).
  • McNeeley SG, Hendrix SL, Mazzoni MM, Kmak DC, Ransom SB. Medically sound, cost-effective treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease and tuboovarian abscess. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.178, 1272–1278 (1998).
  • Sivapalasingam S, Steigbigel NH. Macrolides, clindamcyin, and ketolides. In: Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th Edition. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, PA, USA, 442 (2010).
  • Beigi RH, Austin MN, Meyn LA, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Antimicrobial resistance associated with the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.191, 1124–1129 (2004).
  • Sweet RL. Treatment strategies for pelvic inflammatory disease. Expert. Opin. Pharacother.10, 823–837 (2009).
  • Walker CK, Wiesenfeld HC. Antibiotic therapy for acute pelvic inflammatory disease: the 2006 centers for disease control and prevention sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. Clin. Infect. Dis.44, S111–S122 (2007).
  • Wiesenfeld HC, Sweet RL. Progress in the management of tuboovarian abscesses. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol.36, 433–434 (1993).
  • Rivlin ME, Hunt JA. Ruptured tubo–ovarian abscess: is hysterectomy necessary? Obstet. Gynecol.50, 518–522 (1977).
  • Ross J, Judlin P, Nilas L. European guideline for the management of pelvic inflammatory disease. Int. J. STD AIDS18, 662–666 (2008).
  • Wiesenfeld HC, Sweet RL, Ness RB, Krohn MA, Amotegui AJ, Hillier SL. Comparison of acute and subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease. Sex. Transm. Dis.32, 400–405 (2005).
  • Jacobson L, Westrom L. Objectivized diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Diagnostic and prognostice value of routine laparoscopy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.105, 1088–1098 (1969).
  • Workowski KA, Berman SM, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. MMWR Recomm. Rep.55(RR-11), 1–94 (2006). Erratum in: MMWR Recomm. Rep.55, 7 (2006).

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.