Animal bite-associated infections: microbiology and treatment

References

• SocranskySS, Manganiello SD. The oral microflora of man from birth to senility. J. Periodontol.42, 485–496 (1971).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein EJ, Citron DM. Comparitive activities of cefuroxime, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, and ofloxacin against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria isolated from bite wounds. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.32, 1143–1148 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oehler R, Velez AP, Mizrachi M, Lamarche J, Gompf S. Bite-related and septic syndromes caused by cats and dogs. Lancet Infect. Dis.9, 439–447 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santana-Montero BL, Ahumada-Mendoza H, Vaca-Ruiz MA et al. Cerebellar abscesses caused by dog bite: a case report. Childs Nerv. Syst.25, 1137–1141 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Migliore E, Serraino C, Brignone C et al.Pasteurella multocida infection in a cirrhotic patient: case report, microbiological aspects and a review of literature. Adv. Med. Sci.54, 109–112 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman AJ, Senn DR, Arendt DM. Seven hundred seventy eight bite marks: analysis by anatomic location, victim and biter demographics, type of crime, and legal disposition. J. Forensic Sci.50, 1436–1443 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower M. An update on managing dog, cat and human bite wounds. Physician Assist.27, 38–43 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Talan DA, Abrahamian FM, Moran GJ, Ctiron DM, Tan JO, Goldstein EJC. Clinical presentation and bacteriologic analysis of infected human bites in patients presenting to emergency departments. Clin. Infect. Dis.37, 1481–1489 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Presutti RJ. Bite wounds. Early treatment and prophylaxis against infectious complications. Postgrad. Med.101, 243–254 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook I. Management of human and animal bite wound infection: an overview. Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep.11, 389–395 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dusheiko GM, Smith M, Scheuer PJ. Hepatitis C virus transmitted by a human bite. Lancet336, 503–504 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Academy of Pediatrics. Hepatitis B. In: Red Book: 2009 Report of the Committee of Infectious Diseases. 28th Ed. Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, Long SS (Eds). American Academy of Pediatrics, IL, USA, 337–356 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Bartholomew CF, Jones AM. Human bites: a rare risk factor for HIV transmission. AIDS20, 631–632 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sacks J, Kresnow M, Houston B. Dog bites: how big a problem? Injury Prev.2, 52–54 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fleisher GR. The management of bite wounds. N. Engl. J. Med.340, 138–140 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks JJ, Sinclair L, Gilchrist J, Golab GC, Lockwood R. Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998. J. Am. Vet Med. Assoc.217, 836–840 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuler CM, DeBess EE, Lapidus JA, Hedberg K. Canine and human factors related to dog bite injuries. J. Am. Vet Med. Assoc.232, 542–546 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monroy A, Behar P, Nagy M, Poje C, Pizzuto M, Brodsky L. Head and neck dog bites in children. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.140, 354–357 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janda MJ, Graves MH, Lindquist D, Probert WS. Diagnosing Capnocytophaga canimorsus infections. Emerg. Infect. Dis.12, 340–342 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber DJ, Hansen AR. Infections resulting from animal bites. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am.5, 663–680 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaastra W, Lipman LJA. Capnocytophaga canimorsus.Vet. Microbiol.140, 339–346 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Lion C, Escande F, Burdin JC. Capnocytophaga canimorsus infections in humans: review of the literature and case reports. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 12, 521–553 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks R, Kerr K. Woman with septic shock: an unexpected source. J. Emer. Med.9, 20 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Gasch O, Fernandez N, Armisen A, Verdaguer R, Fernandez P. Community-acquired Capnocytophaga canimorsus meningitis in adults: report of one case with a subacute course and deafness, and literature review. Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin.27, 33–36 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muen WJ, Bal AM, Wheelan S, Green F. Bilateral endophthalmitis due to dog bite. Ophthalmology116, 1420–1421 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chodosh J. Cat’s tooth keratitis: human corneal infection with Capnocytophaga canimorsus. Cornea20, 661–663 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Citron DM, Hunt-Gerardo S, Claros MC, Abrahamian F, Talan D, Goldstein EJ. Frequency of isolation of Porphyromonas species from infected dog and cat bite wounds in humans and their characterization by biochemical tests and arbitrarily primed-polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting. Clin. Infect. Dis.23, S78–S82 (1996).
   Google Scholar
• Brook I. Microbiology of human and animal bite wounds in children. J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis.6, 29–32 (1987).
   Google Scholar
• Bygott JM, Malnick H, Shah JJ, Chattaway MA, Karas JA. First clinical case of Corynebacterium auriscanis isolated from localized dog bite infection. J. Med. Microbiol.57, 899–900 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Talan DA, Citron DM, Abrahamian FM et al. Bacteriologic analysis of infected dog and cat bites. N. Engl. J. Med.340, 85–92 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrell MJ. Emerging aspects of rabies infection: with a special emphasis on children. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis.21, 251–257 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanton JD, Palmer D, Rupprecht CE. Rabies Surveillance in the United States during 2009. J. Am. Vet Med. Assoc.237, 646–657 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Academy of Pediatrics. Rabies. In: Red Book: 2009 Report of the Committee of Infectious Diseases. 28th Ed. Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, Long SS (Eds). American Academy of Pediatrics, IL, USA, 552–559 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Matter HC. The epidemiology of bite and scratch injuries by vertebrate animals in Switzerland. Eur. J. Epidemiol.14, 483–490 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections. Clin. Infect. Dis.41, 1373–1406 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dendle C, Looke D. Review article: animal bites: an update for management with a focus on infections. Emerg. Med. Austr.20, 458–467 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freshwater A. Why your housecat’s trite little bite could cause you quite a fright: a study of domestic felines on the occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility of Pasteurella multocida. Zoonoses Public Health55, 507–513 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinsch N, Plicht B, Lind A et al. Recurrent infective endocarditis with uncommon Gram negative Pasteurella multocida and Pseudomonas aeroginosa: a case report. J. Heart Valve Dis.17, 710–713 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arav-Boger R. Cat-bite tularemia in a seventeen-year-old girl treated with ciprofloxacin. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.19, 583–584 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Capellan J, Fong IW. Tularemia from a cat bite: case report and review of feline-associated tularemia. Clin. Infect. Dis.16, 472–475 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eison M, Tierney L, Rollag J, Becker T, Brown T, Hull MF. Feline plague in New Mexico: risk factors and transmission to humans. Am. J. Public Health78, 133–135 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Barros MB, Schubach-Ade O, Do Valle AC et al. Cat-transmitted sporotrichosis epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: description of a series of cases. Clin. Infect. Dis.38, 529–535 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freitas DF, Do Valle AC, De Almeida Paes R, Bastos FI, Galhardo MC. Zoonotic sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a protracted epidemic yet to be curbed. Clin. Infect. Dis.50, 453 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldstein EJ, Pryor EP, Citron DM. Simian bites and bacterial infection. Clin. Infect. Dis.20, 1551–1552 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tregle RW, Loe CL, Earhart RH, d’Autremont SB. Cercopithecine Herpesevirus 1 risk in a child bitten by a Bonnet Macaque monkey. J. Emerg. Med. DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.02.011 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen JI, Davenport DS, Stewart JA, Deitchman S, Hillard JK, Chapman LE. Recommendations for prevention of and therapy for exposure to B virus (cercopithecine herpesvirus 1). Clin. Infect. Dis.35, 1191–1203 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dworkin J, Bankowski MD, Wenceslao SM, Young R. A case of septic arthritis from rat-bite fever in Hawaii. Hawaii Med. J.69, 65–67 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holroyd KJ, Reiner AP, Dick JD. Streptobacillus moniliformis polyarthritis mimicking rheumatoid arthritis: an urban case of rat bite fever. Am. J. Med.85, 711–714 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang TK, Wong SS. Streptobacillus moniliformis septic arthritis: a clinical entity distinct from rat-bite fever? Am. J. Med.11, 56 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Rupp ME. Streptobacillus moniliformis endocarditis: case report and review Clin. Infect. Dis.14, 769–772 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fordham JN, McKay-Ferguson E, Davies A, Blyth T. Rat bite fever without the bite. Ann. Rheum. Dis.51, 411–412 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaastra W, Boot R, Ho TKH, Lipman LJA. Rat bite fever. Vet. Microbiol.133, 211–228 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dendle C, Woolley IJ, Korman TM.Rat-bite fever septic arthritis: illustrative case and literature review. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.25, 791–797 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzmin IV, Mayer AE, Niezgoda M et al. Shimoni bat virus, a new representative of the Lyssavirus genus. Virus Res.149, 197–210 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupprecht CE. Bats, emerging diseases, and the human interface. PloS Negl. Trop. Dis.3, e451 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Escande F, Bailly A, Bone S, Lemozy J. Actinobacillus suis infection after a pig bite. Lancet348, 888 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Merkin TE, Pickett MJ. Recovery of unusual Flavobacterium group 11b-like isolate from a hand infection following a pig bite. J. Clin. Microbiol.28, 1079–1081 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnham M. Pig bite injuries and infection: report of seven human cases. Epidemiol. Infect.101, 641–645 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiss K, Swatek P, Lenart I et al. Analysis of horse-related injuries in children. Pediatr. Surg. Int.10, 1165–1169 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Bailey GD, Love DN. Oral associated bacterial infection in horses: studies on the normal anaerobic flora with the pharyngeal tonsillar surface and its association with lower respiratory tract and paraoral infections. Vet. Microbiol.26, 367–379 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langley R, Morris T. That horse bit me: zoonotic infections of equines. J. Agromedicine.14, 370–381 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrads G, Citron DM, Mutters R, Jang S, Golstein EJ. Fusobacterium canifelinum sp. Nov. from the oral cavity of cats and dogs. System Appl. Microbiol.27, 407–413 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dorsch, M, Lovet, DN, Bailey GD. Fusobacterium equinum sp. nov., from the oral cavity of horses. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.51, 1959–1963 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peel NM, Hornridge KA, Luppino M et al.Actinobacillus spp and related bacteria in infected wounds of humans bitten by horses and sheep. J. Clin. Microbiol.29, 2535–2538 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2008. MMWR Mort. Morb. Wkly Rep.57, 1–9 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goatcher LJ, Barrett MW, Coleman RN, Hawley AW, Qureshi AA. A study of predominant aerobic microflora of black bears (Ursus americanus) and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in northwestern Alberta. Can. J. Microbiol.33, 949–954 (1984).
   Google Scholar
• Floyd T, Manville AM, French SP. Normal oral flora in black bears: guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis following bear attacks. J. Wilderness. Med.1, 47–49 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Parry RG, Ziemis R, Reynolds H, Miller S. Brown/Grizzly bear mouth cultures in Alaska. Alaska Med.25, 1–2 (1983).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rose SC. Bear maulings in Alaska. Alaska Med.24, 29–32 (1982).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kunimoto D, Rennie R, Citron DM, Goldstein EJC. Bacteriology of a bear bite wound to a human: case report. J. Clin. Microbiol.42, 3374–3376 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lehtinen VA, Kaukonen T, Ikäheimo I, Mähönen SM, Koskela M, Ylipalosaari P. Mycobacterium fortuitum infection after a brown bear bite. J. Clin. Microbiol.43, 1009 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu HC, Hsu CC. Regeneration of a segmental bone defect after acute osteomyelitis due to an animal bite. Injury Int. J. Care Injured.35, 1316–1318 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wamisho BL, Bates J, Tompkins M et al. Ward Round – crocodile bites in Malawi: microbiology and surgical management. Malawi Med. J.21, 29–31 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hertner G. Caiman bite. Wilderness Environ. Med.17, 267–270 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flandry F, Lisecki EJ, Domingue GJ, Nichols RL, Greer DL, Haddad RJ Jr. Initial antibiotic therapy for alligator bites: characterization of the oral flora of Alligator mississippiensis. South Med. J.82, 262–266 (1989).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Talan DA, Citron DM, Overturf GD, Singer B, Froman P, Goldstein EJ. Antibacterial activity of crotalid venoms against oral snake flora and other clinical bacteria. J. Infect. Dis.164, 195–198 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg A, Sujatha S, Garg J, Acharya NS, Chandra PS. Wound infections secondary to snakebite. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries3, 221–223 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kerrigan KR. Bacteriology of snakebite abscess. Trop. Doct.22, 158–160 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shek KC, Tsui KL, Lam KK et al. Oral bacterial flora of the Chinese cobra (Naja atra) and bamboo pit viper (Trimeresurus albolabris) in Hong Kong SAR, China. Hong Kong Med. J.15, 183–190 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Gonzalez H, Russell FE, Finegold SM. Bacteriology of rattlesnake venom and implications for therapy. J. Infect. Dis.140, 818–821 (1979).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juckett G, Hancox JG. Venomous snakebites in the United States: management review and update. Am. Fam. Physician.65, 1367–1374 (2002). Erratum in: Am. Fam. Physician.66, 30–31 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold BS, Barish RA, Dart RC. North American snake envenomation: diagnosis, treatment, and management. Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am.22, 423–443 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junghanss T, Bodio M. Medically important venomous animals: biology, prevention, first aid, and clinical management. Clin. Infect. Dis.43, 1309–1317 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerrigan KR, Mertz BL, Nelson SJ, Dye JD. Antibiotic prophylaxis for pit viper envenomation: prospective controlled trial. World J. Surg.21, 369–372; discussion 372–373 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nazim MH, Gupta S, Hashmi S et al. Retrospective review of snake bite victims. WV Med. J.104, 30–34 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Grim KD, Doherty C, Rosent T. Serratia marcescens bullous cellulitis after iguana bites. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.62, 1075–1076 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsieh S, Babl FE. Serratia marcescens cellulitis following an iguana bite. Clin. Infect. Dis.28, 1181–1182 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tehrani H, Tejero-Trujeque R, Dhital SK. Septic arthritis due to a Savannah Monitor lizard bite: a case report. J. Hand Surg.33, 810–820 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Lentz AK, Burgess GH, Perrin K, Brown JA, Mozingo DW, Lottenberg L. Mortality and management of 96 shark attacks and development of a shark bite severity scoring system. Am. Surgeon76, 101–106 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buck JD, Spotte S, Gadbaw JJ. Bacteriology of the teeth from a great white shark: potential medical implications for shark bite victims. J. Clin. Microbiol.20, 849–851 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auerbach PS. Hazardous marine animals. Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am.2, 531–544 (1984).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howard RJ, Burgess GH. Surgical hazards posed by marine and freshwater animals in Florida. Am. J. Surg.166, 563–567 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erickson T, Vanden Hoek TL, Kuritza A, Leiken JB. The emergency management of moray eel bites. Ann. Emerg. Med.21, 212–216 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riordan C, Hussain M, McCann J. Moray eel attack in the tropics: a case report and review of the literature. Wilderness Environ. Med.15, 1947 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Brinker D, Hancox JD, Bernardon SO. Assessment and initial treatment of lacerations, mammalian bites, and insect stings. AACN Clin. Issues14, 401–410 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen E, Hornig S, Shepher SM, Hollander JE. Primary closure of mammalian bites. Acad. Emerg. Med.7, 157–161 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maimaris C, Quinton DN. Dog-bite lacerations: a controlled trial of primary wound closure. Acad. Emerg. Med.5, 156–161 (1988).
   Google Scholar
• Garbutt F, Jenner R. Wound closure in animal bites. Emerg. Med. J.21, 589–590 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stefanopoulos PK, Tarantzopoulou AD. Management of facial bite wounds. Dent. Clin. North Am.53, 691–705 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Academy of Pediatrics. Tetanus. In: Red Book:2009 Report of the Committee of Infectious Diseases. 28th Ed. Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, Long SS (Eds). American Academy of Pediatrics, IL, USA, 655–660 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Taplitz RA. Managing bite wounds. Currently recommended antibiotics for treatment and prophylaxis. Postgrad. Med.116, 49–59 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan M. Hospital management of animal and human bites. J. Hosp. Infect.61, 1–10 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Merriam CV, Warren Y, Tyrrell K. Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.44, 2747–2751 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golan Y, McDermott LA, Jacobus NV et al. Emergence of flouroquinolone resistance among Bacteroides species. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.52, 208–213 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackermann G, Schaumann R, Pless B, Claros MC, Goldstein EJ, Rodloff AC. Comparative activity of moxifloxacin in vitro against obligately anaerobic bacteria. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.19, 228–232 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merriam CV, Citron DM, Tyrrell KL, Warren YA, Goldstein EJ. In vitro activity of azithromycin and nine comparator agents against 296 strains of oral anaerobes and 31 strains of Eikenella corrodens. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents28, 244–248 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Merriam CV, Warren YA, Tyrrell K, Fernandez H. Comparative in vitro activity of ertapenem and 11 other antimicrobial agents against aerobic and anaerobic pathogens isolated from skin and soft tissue animal and human bite wound infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.48, 641–651 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections. Clin. Infect. Dis.41, 1373–1406 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Richwald GA. Lack of in vitro efficacy of oral forms of certain cephalosporins, erythromycin, and oxacillin against Pasteurella multocida. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.32, 213–215 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biruk LW, Bates J, Tompkins M et al. Ward round – crocodile bites in Malawi: microbiology and surgical management. Malawi Med. J.21, 29–31 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar