Q fever: clinical manifestations and treatment

References

• Madariaga MG, Rezai K, Trenholme GM, Weinstein RA. Q fever: a biological weapon in your backyard. Lancet Infect. Dis.3(11), 709–721 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurin M, Raoult D. Q fever. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.12(4), 518–553 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker NR, Barralet JH, Bell AM. Q fever. Lancet367, 679–688 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carcopino X, Raoult D, Bretelle F, Boubli L, Stein A. Q fever during pregnancy: a cause of poor fetal and maternal outcome. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1166, 79–89 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raoult D, Stein A. Q fever during pregnancy – a risk for women, fetuses, and obstetricians. N. Engl. J. Med.330(5), 371 (1994).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landais C, Fenollar F, Thuny F, Raoult D. From acute Q fever to endocarditis: serological follow-up strategy. Clin. Infect. Dis.44(10), 1337–1340 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stein A, Saunders NA, Taylor AG, Raoult D. Phylogenic homogeneity of Coxiella burnetii strains as determined by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. FEMS Microbiol. Lett.113, 339–344 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seshadri R, Paulsen IT, Eisen JA et al. Complete genome sequence of the Q-fever pathogen Coxiella burnetii. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA100, 5455–5460 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuel JE, Frazier ME, Mallavia LP. Comparison of Coxiella burnetii plasmids to homologus sequences present in a plasmidless endocarditis causing isolate. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.590, 33–38 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCaul TF, Banerjee-Bhatnagar N, Williams JC. Antigenic differences between Coxiella burnetii cells revealed by postembedding immunoelectron microscopy and immunoblotting. Infect. Immun.59, 3243–3253 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCaul TF. The developmental cycle of Coxiella burnetii. In: Q fever: The Biology of Coxiella burnetii. Williams JC, Thompson HA (Eds). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 223–258 (1991).
   Google Scholar
• Heinzen RA, Hackstadt T, Samuel JE. Developmental biology of Coxiella burnetii. Trends Microbiol.7, 149–154 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghigo E, Pretat L, Desnues B, Capo C, Raoult D, Mege JL. Intracellular life of Coxiella burnetii in macrophages. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1166, 55–66 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raoult D, Marrie T. Q fever. Clin. Infect. Dis.20, 489–496 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilbink F, Penrose M, Kovacova E, Kazar J. Q fever is absent from New Zealand. Int. J. Epidemiol.22, 945–949 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer SR, Young SE. Q fever endocarditis in England and Wales, 1975–1981. Lancet25(2), 1148–1149 (1982).
   Google Scholar
• Waldhalm DG, Stoenner HG, Simmons RE, Thomas LA. Abortion associated with Coxiella burnetii infection in dairy goats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.137, 1580–1581 (1978).
   Google Scholar
• Ho T, Htwe KK, Yamasaki N et al. Isolation of Coxiella burnetii from dairy cattle and ticks, and some characteristics of the isolates in Japan. Microbiol. Immunol.39, 663–671 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmeer N, Muller P, Langel J, Krauss H, Frost JW, Wieda J. Q fever vaccines for animals. Zentbl. Bakteriol. Microbiol. Hyg. Ser. A.267(1), 79–88 (1987).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hornibrook JW, Nelson KR. An institutional outbreak of pneumonitis. I. Epidemiologic and clinical studies. Public Health Rep.55, 1936–1954 (1940).
   Google Scholar
• Tigertt WD, Benenson AS, Gochenour WS. Airborne Q fever. Bacteriol. Rev.25, 285–293 (1961).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers> for Diseases Control (CDC). Q fever outbreak – Switzerland. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep.33(25), 355–356, 361 (1984).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pantanowitz L, Telford SR, Cannon ME. Tick-borne diseases in transfusion medicine. Transfus. Med.12(2), 85–106 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kanfer E, Farrag N, Price C, MacDonald D, Coleman J, Barrett A. Q fever following bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant.3, 165–166 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Milazzo A, Hall R, Storm PA, Harris RJ, Winslow W, Marmion BP. Sexually transmitted Q fever. Clin. Infect. Dis.33(3), 399–402 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kruszewska D, Lembowicz K, Tylewska-Wierbanowska S. Possible sexual transmission of Q fever among humans. Clin. Infect. Dis.22, 1087–1088 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beaman MH, Hung J. Pericarditis associated with tick-borne Q fever. Aust. NZ J. Med.19, 254–256 (1989).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eklund CM, Parker RR, Lackman DB. A case of Q fever probably contracted by exposure to ticks in nature. Public Health Rep.62, 1413–1416 (1947).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raoult D, Tissot-Dupont H, Foucault C et al. Q fever 1985–1998. Clinical and epidemiologic features of 1,383 infections. Medicine79(2), 109–123 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maltezou HC, Raoult D. Q fever in children. Lancet Infect. Dis.2, 686–691 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupuis G, Vouilloz M, Peter O, Mottiez MC. Incidence of Q fever in Valais. Rev. Med. Suisse. Romande.105, 949–954 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maltezou HC, Constantopoulou I, Kallergi C et al. Q fever in children in Greece. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.70(5), 540–544 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raoult D, Marrie T, Mege JL. Natural history and pathophysiology of Q fever. Lancet Infect. Dis.5, 219–226 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouqui P, Dupont HT, Drancourt M et al. Chronic Q fever. Ninety-two cases from France, including 27 cases without endocarditis. Arch. Intern. Med.153(5), 642–648 (1993).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glazunova O, Roux V, Freylikman O et al.Coxiella burnetii genotyping. Emerg. Infect. Dis.11(8), 1211–1217 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tissot-Dupont H, Raoult D. Clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of Q fever. In: Rickettsial Diseases. Raoult D, Parola P (Eds). Informa Healthcare, UK, 291–301 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Tellez A, Sainz C, Echevarria C et al. Q fever in Spain: acute and chronic cases, 1981–1985. Rev. Infect. Dis.10(1), 198–202 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tselentis Y, Gikas A, Kofteridis D et al. Q fever in the Greek Island of Crete: epidemiologic, clinical, and therapeutic data from 98 cases. Clin. Infect. Dis.20(5), 1311–1316 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takahashi H, Tokue Y, Kikuchi T et al. Prevalence of community-acquired respiratory tract infections associated with Q fever in Japan. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.48, 247–252 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santoro D, Giura R, Colombo MC et al. Q fever in Como, northern Italy. Emerg. Infect. Dis.10, 159–160 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Porten K, Rissland J, Tigges A et al. A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers’ market in Germany. BMC Infect. Dis.6, 147 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schimmer B, Dijkstra F, Vellema P et al. Sustained intensive transmission of Q fever in the south of the Netherlands, 2009. Euro Surveill.14(19), pii = 19210 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• de Alarcon A, Villanueva JL, Viciana P et al. Q fever: epidemiology, clinical features and prognosis. A study from 1983 to 1999 in the South of Spain. J. Infect.47(2), 110–116 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arricau-Bouvery N, Rodolakis A. Is Q fever an emerging or re-emerging zoonosis? Vet. Res.36, 327–349 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrie TJ. Epidemiology of Q fever. In: Q fever (Volume I). Marrie TJ (Ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 49–70 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Spelman DW. Q fever: a study of 111 consecutive cases. Med. J. Aust.1, 547–553 (1982).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazquez-Lopez F, Rippe ML, Soler T, Rodriguez A, Arribas JM, Perez-Oliva N. Erythema nodosum and acute Q fever: report of a case with granulomatous hepatitis and immunological abnormalities. Acta. Derm. Venereol.77, 73–74 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boele van Hensbroek MB, de Vries E, Dolan G, Schneeberger P. Rash and petechiae as presenting signs of Q fever. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.19(4), 358 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korman TM, Spelman DW, Perry GJ, Dowling JP. Acute glomerulonephritis associated with acute Q fever: case report and review of the renal complications of Coxiella burnetii infection. Clin. Infect. Dis.26(2), 359–364 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gikas A, Kofteridis D, Bouros D, Voloudaki A, Tselentis Y, Tsaparas N. Q fever pneumonia: appearance on chest radiographs. Radiology210(2), 339–343 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voloudaki AE, Kofteridis DP, Tritou IN, Gourtsoyiannis NC, Tselentis YJ, Gikas AI. Q fever pneumonia: CT findings. Radiology215(3), 880–883 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Millar JK. The chest film findings in ‘Q’ fever-a series of 35 cases. Clin. Radiol.29, 371–375 (1978).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gordon JD, MacKeen AD, Marrie TJ, Fraser DB. The radiographic features of epidemic and sporadic Q fever pneumonia. J. Can. Assoc. Radiol.35, 293–296 (1984).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marrie TJ. Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) pneumonia. Clin. Infect. Dis.21(Suppl. 3), 5253–5264 (1995).
   Google Scholar
• Derrick EH. The course of infection with Coxiella burnetii. Med. J. Aust.1, 1051–1057 (1973).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berkovitch M, Aladjem M, Beer S, Cohar K. A fatal case of Q fever hepatitis in a child. Helv. Paediatr. Acta.40(1), 87–91 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marrie TJ. Liver involvement in acute Q fever. Chest94, 896 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fournier PE, Marrie TJ, Raoult D. Diagnosis of Q fever. J. Clin. Microbiol.36(7), 1823–1824 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrie TJ. Pneumonia and meningoencephalitis due to Coxiella burnetii. J. Infect.11(1), 59–61 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chevalier P, Vandenesch F, Brouqui P et al. Fulminant myocardial failure in a previously healthy young man. Circulation95, 1654–1657 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Powell O. ‘Q’ fever: clinical features in 72 cases. Aust. Ann. Med.9, 214–223 (1960).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheridan P, MacCaig JN, Hart RJ. Myocarditis complicating Q fever. Br. Med. J.2(5911), 155–156 (1974).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Camacho MT, Outschoorn I, Tellez A, Sequí J. Autoantibody profiles in the sera of patients with Q fever: characterization of antigens by immunofluorescence, immunoblot and sequence analysis. J. Autoimmune Dis.2, 10 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Landais C, Fenollar F, Constantin A et al. Q fever osteoarticular infection: four new cases and a review of the literature. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.26(5), 341–347 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenollar F, Fournier PE, Carrieri MP, Habib G, Messana T, Raoult D. Risks factors and prevention of Q fever endocarditis. Clin. Infect. Dis.33(3), 312–316 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenollar F, Thuny F, Xeridat B, Lepidi H, Raoult D. Endocarditis after acute Q fever in patients with previously undiagnosed valvulopathies. Clin. Infect. Dis.42(6), 818–821 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein A, Raoult D. Q fever endocarditis. Eur. Heart J.16(Suppl. B), 19–23 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houpikian P, Habib G, Mesana T, Raoult D. Changing clinical presentation of Q fever endocarditis. Clin. Infect. Dis.34(5), E28–E31 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fournier PE, Casalta JP, Habib G, Messana T, Raoult D. Modification of the diagnostic criteria proposed by the Duke endocarditis service to permit improved diagnosis of Q fever endocarditis. Am. J. Med.100(6), 629–633 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N et al. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin. Infect. Dis.30, 633–638 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yebra M, Marazuela M, Albarran F, Moreno A. Chronic Q fever hepatitis. Rev. Infect. Dis.10(6), 1229–1230 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Botelho-Nevers E, Fournier PE, Richet H et al.Coxiella burnetii infection of aortic aneurysms or vascular grafts: report of 30 new cases and evaluation of outcome. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.26(9), 635–640 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmion BP, Shannon M, Maddocks I, Storm P, Pentilla I. Protracted fatigue and debility after acute Q fever. Lancet347, 978–979 (1996).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ayres JG, Flint N, Smith EG et al. Post-infection fatigue syndrome following Q fever. Q. J. Med.91(2), 105–123 (1998).
   Google Scholar
• Stein A, Raoult D. Q fever during pregnancy: a public health problem in Southern France. Clin. Infect. Dis.27(3), 592–596 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syrucek L, Sobeslavsky O, Gutvirth I. Isolation of Coxiella burnetii from human placentas. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol.2, 29–35 (1958).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carcopino X, Raoult D, Bretelle F, Boubli L, Stein A. Managing Q fever during pregnancy: the benefits of long-term cotrimoxazole therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis.45, 548–555 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raoult D, Fenollar F, Stein A. Q fever during pregnancy: diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. Arch. Intern. Med.162(6), 701–704 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaidya VM, Malik SV, Kaur S, Kumar S, Barbuddhe SB. Comparison of PCR, immunofluorescence assay, and pathogen isolation for diagnosis of Q fever in humans with spontaneous abortions. J. Clin. Microbiol.46(6), 2038–2044 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tissot-Dupont H, Vaillant V, Rey S, Raoult D. Role of sex, age, previous valve lesion, and pregnancy in the clinical expression and outcome of Q fever after a large outbreak. Clin. Infect. Dis.44(2), 232–237 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raoult D, Houpikian P, Tissot-Dupont H, Riss JM, Arditi-Djiane J, Brouqui P. Treatment of Q fever endocarditis: comparison of two regimens containing doxycycline and ofloxacin or hydroxychloroquine. Arch. Intern. Med.159(2), 167–173 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siegman-Igra Y, Kaufman O, Keysary A, Rzotkiewicz S, Shalit I. Q fever endocarditis in Israel and a worldwide review. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.29(1), 41–49 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fournier PE, Marrie TJ, Raoult D. Diagnosis of Q fever. J. Clin. Microbiol.36(7), 1823–1834 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupont HT, Thirion X, Raoult D. Q fever serology: cutoff determination for microimmunofluorescence. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.1(2), 189–196 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raoult D, Vestris G, Enea M. Isolation of 16 strains of Coxiella burnetii from patients by using a sensitive centrifugation cell culture system and establishment of strains in HEL cells. J. Clin. Microbiol.28(11), 2482–2484 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fournier PE, Raoult D. Comparison of PCR and serology assays for early diagnosis of acute Q fever. J. Clin. Microbiol.41(11), 5094–5098 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fenollar F, Fournier PE, Raoult D. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in the sera of patients with Q fever endocarditis or vascular infection. J. Clin. Microbiol.42(11), 4919–4924 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drancourt M, Raoult D, Xeridat B, Milandre L, Nesri M, Dano P. Q fever meningoencephalitis in five patients. Eur. J. Epidemiol.7(2), 134–138 (1991).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gikas A, Kofteridis DP, Manios A, Pediaditis J, Tselentis Y. Newer macrolides as empiric treatment for acute Q fever infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.45(12), 3644–3646 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lochary ME, Lockhart PB, Williams WT Jr. Doxycycline and staining of permanent teeth. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.17, 429–431 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramson JS, Givner LB. Should tetracycline be contraindicated for treatment of presumed Rocky Mountain spotted fever in children less than 9 years of age? Pediatrics86, 123–124 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy P, Raoult D, Razongles JJ. Q fever and autoimmunity. Eur. J. Epidemiol.5(4), 447–453 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spyridaki I, Psaroulaki A, Vranakis I, Tselentis Y, Gikas A. Bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of tigecycline against Coxiella burnetii and comparison with those of six other antibiotics. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.53(6), 2690–2692 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rolain JM, Boulos A, Mallet MN, Raoult D. Correlation between ratio of serum doxycycline concentration to MIC and rapid decline of antibody levels during treatment of Q fever endocarditis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.49, 2673–2676 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmion BP, Ormsbee RA, Kyrkou M et al. Vaccine prophylaxis of abattoir-associated Q fever: eight years’ experience in Australian abattoirs. Epidemiol. Infect.104(2), 275–287 (1990).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ackland JR, Worswick DA, Marmion BP. Vaccine prophylaxis of Q fever. A follow-up study of the efficacy of Q-Vax (CSL) 1985–1990. Med. J. Aust.160(11), 704–708 (1994).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kazar J, Brezina R, Palanova A, Turda B, Schramek S. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a Q fever chemovaccine in persons professionally exposed to Q fever in Czechoslovakia. Bull. World Health Organ.60(3), 389–394 (1982).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ascher MS, Berman MA, Ruppanner R. Initial clinical and immunologic evaluation of a new phase I Q fever vaccine and skin test in humans. J. Infect. Dis.148(2), 214–222 (1983).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kazar J, Gajdosova E, Kovacova E, Valkova D. Immunogenicity and protective ability of corpuscular and soluble vaccines prepared from different Coxiella burnetii phase I strains. Acta Virol.39(5–6), 243–249 (1995).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Enserink M. Infectious diseases. Questions abound in Q-fever explosion in the Netherlands. Science327(5963), 266–267 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar