Community-associated Staphylococcus aureus infections in children

References

• Ogston A. Report upon micro-organisms in surgical diseases. Br. Med. J.1, 369–375 (1881).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaplan SL, Hulten KG, Gonzalez BE et al. Three-year surveillance of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Clin. Infect. Dis.40, 1785–1791 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber JS, Coffin SE, Smathers SA, Zaoutis TE. Trends in the incidence of methicillin-reistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in children’s hospitals in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis.49, 65–71 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maree CL, Daum RS, Boyle-Vavra S, Matayoshi K, Miller LG. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing healthcare-associated infections. Emerg. Infect. Dis.13, 236–242 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udo EE, Pearman JW, Grubb WB. Genetic analysis of community isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Western Australia. J. Hosp. Infect.25, 97–108 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalski TJ, Berbari EF, Osmon DR. Epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Mayo Clin. Proc.80, 1201–1208 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marcinak JF, Frank AL. Epidemiology and treatment of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children. Expert. Rev. Anti Infect. Ther.4(1), 91–100 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crawford SE, Daum RS. Epidemic community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.24, 459–460 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dietrich DW, Auld DB, Mermel LA. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in southeastern New England. Pediatrics113, e347–e352 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buckingham SC, MCDougal LK, Cathey LD et al. Emergence of community-associate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a Memphis, Tennessee Children’s Hospital. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.23, 619–624 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen AE, Goldstein M, Carroll K et al. Evolving epidemiology of pediatric Staphylococcus aureus cutaneous infections in a Baltimore hospital. Pediatr. Emerg. Care.22(10), 717–723 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease control and Prevention. Four pediatric deaths from community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus – Minnesota and North Dakota, 1997–1999. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep.48, 707–710 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the USA. JAMA298, 1763–1771 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluytmans-Vanden Bergh MFQ, Kluytmans AJW. Communty-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: current perspectives. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.12(1), 9–15 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vandenesch F, Naimi T, Enright MC et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton–Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence. Emerg. Infect. Dis.9, 978–983 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niniou I, Vourli S, Lebessi E et al. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of community-acquired, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in children in central Greece. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.27(9), 831–837 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elston JW, Barlow GD. Community-associated MRSA in the United Kingdom. J. Infect.59(3), 149–155 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daskalaki M, Rojo P, Marin-Ferrer M et al. Panton–Valentine leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections among children in an emergency department in Madrid, Spain. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.16(1), 74–77 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broseta A, Chaves F, Rojo P et al. Emergence of a single clone of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in southern Madrid children. Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin.24(1), 31–35 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paganini H, Della MP, Muller B et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in children: multicenter trial. Arch. Argent. Pediatr.106(5), 397–403 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nimmo GR, Coombs GW. Community- associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Australia. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents31(5), 401–410 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CJ, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Su LH, Lin TY. Clinical features and genotyping analysis of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in Taiwanese children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis J.24, 40–45 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyes J, Rincon S, Diaz L et al. Dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 sequence type 8 lineage in Latin America. Clin. Infect. Dis.15(49), 1861–1867 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Deurenberg RH, Stobberingh EE. The evolution of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect. Genet. Evol.8, 747–763 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purcell K, Fergie J. Epidemic of community-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections : a 14 year study at Driscoll Children´s Hospital. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med.159, 980–985 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller LG, Perdreau-Remington F, Bayer AS et al. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics cannot distinguish community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection from methicillin-susceptible S. aureus infection: a prospective investigation. Clin. Infect. Dis.44, 471–482 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorwitz RJ. A review of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.27, 1–7 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sattler CA, Mason EO, Kaplan SL. Prospective comparison of risk factors and demographic and clinical characteristics of community-acquired, methicillin-resistant versus methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.21, 910–917 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson DL. Vetter RS. Bites of brown recluse spiders and suspected necrotic arachnidism. N. Engl. J. Med.352, 700–707 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller LG, Quan C, Shay A et al. A prospective investigation of outcomes after hospital discharge for endemic, community-acquired methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus skin infection. Clin. Infect. Dis.44, 483–492 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz RJ et al. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. N. Engl. J. Med.355, 666–674 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lina G, Piemont Y, Godail-Gamot F et al. Involvement of Panton–Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus in primary skin infections and pneumonia. Clin. Infect. Dis.29, 1128–1132 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinelli M, Monaco M, Vimercati M et al. Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in skin and soft tissue infections, in northern Italy. Emerg. Infect. Dis.15(2), 250–257 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boubaker K, Diebold P, Blanc DS et al. Panton–Valentine leukocidin and staphyloccoccal skin infection in schoolchildren. Emerg. Infect. Dis.10, 121–124 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orscheln RC, Hunstad DA, Fritz SA et al. Contribution of genetically restricted, methicillin-susceptible strains to the ongoing epidemic of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections. Clin. Infect. Dis.49, 536–542 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giudice P, Blanc V, Rougemont A et al. Primary skin abscesses are mainly caused by Panton–Valentine leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus strains. Dermatology219(4), 299–302 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinez-Aguilar G, Avalos-Mishaan A, Hulten K et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus musculoskeletal infections in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.23, 701–706 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold SR, Elias D, Buckingham SC et al. Changing patterns of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthritis: emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J. Pediatr. Orthop.26, 703–708 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bocchini CE, Hulten KG, Mason EO et al. Panton–Valentine leukocidin genes are associated with enhaced inflammatory response and local disease in acute hematogenous Staphylococcus aureus osteomielitis in children. Pediatrics117(2), 433–440 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohin B, Gillet Y, Kohler R et al. Pediatric bone and joint infections caused by Panton–Valentine leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.26, 1042–1048 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cremieux AC, Dumitrescu O, Lina G et al. Panton–Valentine leukocidin enhances the severity of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus rabbit osteomielitis. PloS One4(9), e7204 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pannaraj PS, Hulten KG, Gonzalez BE et al. Infective pyomyositis and myositis in children in the era of community-acquired, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin. Infect. Dis.43(8), 953–960 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobeña M, Coll F, García C et al. Necrotizing fasciitis due to community-acquired Panton–Valentine leukocidin methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ann. Pediatr. (Barc.).70(4), 374–378 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerard D, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Sachs P et al. Facial necrotizing fasciitis in an infant caused by a five toxin-secreting methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Intensive Care Med.53(6), 1445–1146 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Wright CT, Stocks RM, Armstrong DL, Arnold SR, Gould HJ. Pediatric mediastinitis as a complication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus retropharyngeal abscess. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head. Neck. Surg.134(4), 408–413 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brook I. Recovery of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a child with acute otitis media. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.27, 372–373 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brook I, Foote PA, Hausfeld JN. Increase in the frequency of recovery of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in acute and chronic maxillary sinusitis. J. Med. Microbiol.57(8), 1015–1017 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldstein SM, Shelsta HN. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus periorbital cellulitis: a problem here to stay. Ophthal. Plast. Reconstr. Surg.25(1), 77 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barril MF, Ferolla FM, Jose P et al. Nasal septal abscess. Arch. Argent. Pediatr.106(6), 538–541 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agwu A, Brady KM, Ross T et al. Cholera-like diarrhea and shock associated with community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (USA400 clone) pneumonia. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.26(3), 271–273 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzalez BE, Kaplan SL. Severe staphylococcal infections in children. Pediatr. Ann.37(10), 686–693 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Shulman ST, Ayoub EM. Severe staphylococcal sepsis in adolescents. Pediatrics58(1), 59–66 (1976).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunnington A, Brick T, Cooper M et al. Severe invasive Panton-Valentine leucocidin positive Staphylococcus aureus infections in children in London, UK. J. Infect.59(1), 28–36 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzalez BE, Martinez-Aguilar G, Hulten KG et al. Severe staphylococcal sepsis in adolescents in the era of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatrics115(3), 642–648 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng MH, Wei BH, Lin WJ et al. Fatal sepsis and necrotizing pneumonia in a child due to community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: case report and literature review. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.37(6–7), 504–507 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adem PV, Montgomery CP, Husain AN et al.Staphylococcus aureus sepsis and the Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome in children. N. Engl. J. Med.353, 1245–1251 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peleg AY, Munckhof WJ, Kleinschmidt SL, Stephens AJ, Huygens F. Life-threatening community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in Australia. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.24(6), 384–387 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozenbaum R, Sampaio MG, Batista GS et al. The first report in Brazil of severe infection caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res.42(8), 756–760 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rougemont AL, Buteau C, Ovetchkine P, Bergeron C, Fournet JC, Soglio DB. Fatal cases of Staphylococcus aureus pleural empyema in infants. Pediatr. Dev. Pathol.12(5), 390–393 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castaldo ET, Yang EY. Severe sepsis attributable to community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an emerging fatal problem. Am. Surg.73, 684–687 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reed C, Kallen AJ, Patton M et al. Infection with community-onset Staphylococcus aureus and influenza virus in hospitalized children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.28(7), 572–576 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creel AM, Durham SH, Benner KW et al. Severe invasive community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in previously healthy children. Pediatr. Crit. Care Med.10(3), 323–327 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kravitz GR, Dries DJ, Peterson ML et al. Purpura fulminans due to Staphylococcus aureus. Clin. Infect Dis.40, 941–947 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain A, Robinson G, Malkin J et al. Purpura fulminans in a child secondary to Panton–Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus. J. Med. Microbiol.56, 1407–1409 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzalez BE, Hulten KG, Dishop MK et al. Pulmonary manifestations in children with invasive community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin. Infect. Dis.41(5), 583–590 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz KD, Fan LL, Pinsky J et al. The changing face of pleural empyemas in children: epidemiology and management. Pediatrics113, 1735–1740 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hageman JC, Uyeki TM, Fancis JS et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia due to Staphylococcus aureus2003–2004 influenza season. Emerg. Infect. Dis.12(6), 894–899 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillet Y, Issartel B, Vanhems P et al. Association between Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying gene for Panton–Valentine leukocidin and highly lethal necrotising pneumonia in young immunocompetent patients. Lancet359(9308), 753–759 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillet Y, Vanhems P, Lina G et al. Factors predicting mortality in necrotizing community-acquired pneumonia caused by Stahphylococcus aureus containg Panton–Valentine leukocidin. Clin. Infect. Dis.45, 315–321 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrios M, Alcolea A, Negreira S et al. Necrotizing pneumonia due to community-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a pediatric patient. Enferm. Infecc. Microb. Clin.26(6), 398–399 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas B, Pugalenthi A, Chilvers M. Pleuropulmonary complications of PVL-positive Staphylococcus aureus infection in children. Act. Paed.98, 1372–1375 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voyich JM, Otto M, Mathema B et al. Is Panton–Valentine leukocidin the major virulence determinant in community-associated methicillin-resistant Sataphylococcus aureus disease? J. Infect. Dis.194, 1761–1770 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labandeira-Rey M, Couzon F, Boisset S et al.Staphylococcus aureus Panton–Valentine leukocidine causes necrotizing pneumonia. Science315(5815), 1130–1133 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentzmann S, Tristan A, Etienne J et al.Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with necrotizing pneumonia bind to basement membrane type I and IV collagens and laminin. J. Infect. Dis.190, 1506–1515 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng V, Lau YK, Lee KL et al. Fatal co-infection with swine origin influenza virus A/H1N1 and community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J. Infect.59, 366–370 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gorenstein A, Gross E, Houri S et al. The pivotal role of deep vein thrombophlebitis in the development of acute disseminated staphylococcal disease in children. Pediatrics106(6), e87 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miles F, Voss L, Segedin E, Anderson BJ. Review of Staphylococcus aureus infections requiring admission to a pediatric intensive care unit. Arch. Dis. Child.90(12), 1274–1278 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath FL, Brodeur AE, Cherry JD. Deep thrombophlebitis associated with acute osteomyelitis. J. Pediatr.79, 815–818 (1971).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crary SE, Buchanan GR, Drake CE et al. Venous thrombosis and thromboembolism in children with osteomyelitis. J. Pediatr.149(4), 537–541 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hollmig ST, Copley LA, Browne RH et al. Deep venous thrombosis associated with osteomyelitis in children. J. Bone. Joint. Surg. Am.89(7), 1517–1523 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzalez BE, Teruya J, Mahoney DH et al. Venous thrombosis associated with staphylococcal osteomyelitis in children. Pediatrics117(5), 1673–1679 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fortunov R, Hulten KG, Hammerman WA et al. Community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections in term and near-term previously healthy neonates. Pediatrics118(3), 874–881 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortunov RM, Hulten KG, Hammerman WA et al. Evaluation and treatment of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections in term and near-term previously healthy neonates. Pediatrics120(5), 937–945 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tinelli M, Monaco M, Vimercati M et al. Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in skin and soft tissue infections, in northern Italy. Emerg. Infect. Dis.15(2), 250–257 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCaskill ML, Mason EO, Kaplan SL, Hammerman W, Lamberth LB, Hulten KG. Increase of the USA300 clone among comunity-acquired methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus causing invasive infections. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.26, 1122–1227 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diep BA, Carleton HA, Chang RF, Sensabaugh GF, Perdreau-Remington F. Roles of 34 virulence genes in the evolution of hospital and community-associated strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J. Infect. Dis.193, 1495–1503 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diep BA, Stone GG, Basuino L et al. The arginine catabolic mobile element and staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec linkage: convergence of virulence and resistance in the USA 300 clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J. Infect. Dis.197, 1523–1530 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery CP, Boyle-Vavra S, Daum RS. The arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) is not associated with enhanced virulence in experimental invasive disease caused by the community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) genetic background USA 300. Infect. Inmmun.77, 2650–2656 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bubeck Wardenburg J, Bae T, Otto M, Deleo FR, Schneewind O. Poring over pores: α-hemolysin and Panton–Valentine leukocidin in Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Nat. Med.13, 1405–1406 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett AH, Foster TJ, Hayashida A, Park PW. A-toxin facilitates the generation of CXC chemokine gradients and stimulates neutrophil homing in Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. J. Infect. Dis.198, 1529–1535 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang R, Braughton KR, Kretschmer D et al. Identification of novel cytolytic peptides as key virulence determinants for community-associated MRSA. Nat. Med.13, 1510–1514 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillet Y, Etienne J, Lina G, Vandenesch F. Association of necrotizing pneumonia with Panton–Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus, regardless of methicillin resistance. Clin. Infect. Dis.47, 985–986 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee MC, Rios AM, Fonseca M et al. Management and outcome of children with skin and soft tissue abscesses caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.23, 123–127 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tien I. Update on the management of skin, soft tissue, and osteoarticular infections in children. Curr. Opin. Pediatr.18, 254–259 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elliot DJ, Zaoutis TE, Troxel AB, Loh A, Karen R. Empiric antimicrobial therapy for pediatric skin and soft tissue infections in the era of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatrics123, e959–e966 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillet Y, Dohin B, Dumitrescu O et al. Osteoarticular infections with Staphylococcus aureus secreting Panton–Valentine leukocidin. Arch. Pediatr.14, S102–S107 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumitrescu O, Badiou C, Bes M et al. Effects of antibiotics, alone and in combination, on Panton–Valentine leukocidin production by a Staphylococcus aureus reference strain. Clin. Microbiol Infect.14, 384–388 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumitrescu O, Boisset S, Badiou C et al. Effect of antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus producing Panton–Valentine leukocidin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.51, 1515–1519 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Aguilar G, Hammerman WA, Mason EO, Kaplan SL. Clindamycin treatment of invasive infections caused by community-acquired, methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.22, 593–598 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun L, Craft D, Williams R, Tuamokumo F, Otolini M. Increasing clindamicyn resistance among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in 57 northeast United States military treatment facilities. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.24, 622–626 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank AL, Marcinak JF, Mangat PD et al. Clindamycin treatment of methicillin-ressitant Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.21, 530–534 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saphyakhajon P, Joshi AY, Huskins WC, Henry NK, Boyce TG. Empiric antibiotic therapy for acute osteoarticular infections with suspected methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Kingella. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.27, 765–767 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rana B, Butcher I, Grigoris P, Murnaghan C, Seaton RA, Tobin CM. Linezolid penetration into osteo-articular tissues. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.50, 747–750 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CJ, Chiu CH, Lin TY, Lee ZL, Yang WE, Huang YC. Experience with linezolid therapy in children with osteoarticular infections. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.26, 985–988 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan SL. Use of linezolid in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.21, 870–872 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Etienne J, Dumitrescu O. Panton–Valentine leucocidin associated Staphylococcus aureus infections. BMJ339, b4083 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker CJ, Frenck RW. Change in management of skin/soft tissue infections needed. AAP News25, 105–117 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• Hidron AI, Low CE, Honig EG, Blumberg HM. Emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain USA300 as a cause of necrotizing community-onset pneumonia. Lancet Infect. Dis.9, 384–392 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergie J, Purcell K. The treatment of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.27, 67–68 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nathwani D, Morgan M, Masterton RG. Guidelines for UK practice for the diagnosis and management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections presenting in the community. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.61, 976–994 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micek ST, Dunne M, Kollef MH. Pleuropulmonary complications of Panton–Valentine leukocidin-positive community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Chest128, 2732–2738 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez J, Garcia-Vazquez E, Baños R et al. Predictors of mortality in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia: the role of empiric antibiotic therapy. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.26, 239–245 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellis MW, Lewis JS. Treatment approaches for community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis.18, 496–501 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliziotis IA, Ntziora F, Lawrence KR, Falagas ME. Rifampin as adjuvant treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections: a systematic review of comparative clinical trials. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.26, 849–856 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gauduchon V, Cozon G, Vandenesch F et al. Neutralization of Staphylococcus aureus Panton Valentine leukocidin by intravenous immunoglobulin in vitro. J. Infect Dis.189, 346–353 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croze M, Dauwalder O, Dumitrescu O et al. Serum antibodies against Panton–Valentine leukocidin in a normal population and during Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.15, 144–148 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown EL, Bowden MG, Bryson RS et al. Pediatric antibody response to community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infection is directed to Panton–Valentine leukocidin. Clin. Vaccine Immunol.16, 139–141 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hampson FG, Hancock SW, Primhak RA. Diseminated sepsis due to a Panton–Valentine leukocidin producing strain of community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and use of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Arch. Dis. Child.91, 201 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Libert N, Borne M, Janvier F et al. Successful treatment of life-threatening Panton-Valentine leucocidin positive Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia with antibiotics and immunoglobulins targeting the toxin production. Rev. Med. Interne30(10), 907–910 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salliot C, Zeller V, Puechal X et al. Panton–Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus infections: report of 4 French cases. Scan. J. Infect. Dis.38, 192–195 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley JS. Newer antistaphylococcal agents. Curr. Opin. Pediatr.17, 71–77 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carpenter CF, Chambers HF. Daptomycin: another novel agent for treating infections due to drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. Clin. Infect. Dis.38, 994–1000 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardura MI, Mejias A, Katz KS, Revell P, McCracken GH, Sanchez PJ. Daptomycin therapy for invasive Gram-positive bacterial infections in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.26, 1128–1132 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Rahman SM, Benziger DP, Jacobs RF, Jafri HS, Hong EF, Kearns GL. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of Daptomycin in children with suspected or proved Gram-positive infections. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.27, 330–334 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeffler AM, Drew RH, Perfect JR et al. Safety and efficacy of quinupristin/dalfopristin for treatment of invasive Gram-positive infections in pediatric patients. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.21, 950–956 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragle BE, Bubeck J. Anti-α-hemolysin monoclonal antibodies mediate protection against Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Infect. Immun.77, 2712–1718 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar