The rise of antimicrobial resistance: a clear and present danger

References

• Tenover FC, McAllister S, Fosheim G et al. Characterization of Staphylococus aureus isolates from nasal cultures collected from individuals in the United States in 2001 to 2004. J. Clin. Microbiol.46, 2837–2841 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Agata EMC, Webb GF, Horn MA, Moellering RC Jr, Ruan S. Modeling the invasion of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus into hospitals. Clin. Infect. Dis.48, 274–284 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, Diep BA, Villaruz AE et al. Evolution of virulence in epidemic community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA106, 5883–5888 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy AD, Otto M, Braughton KR et al. Epidemic community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: recent clonal expansion and diversification. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA105, 1327–1332 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections from an elephant calf – San Diego, California, 2008. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep.58, 194–198 (2009).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soge OO, Meschke JS, No DB, Roberts MC. Characterization of methicllin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. isolated from US West Coast public marine beaches. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.64, 1148–1155 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougal LK, Fosheim GE, Nicholson A et al. Emergence of resistance among USA300 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing invasive disease in the United States. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.54, 3804–3811 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graber CJ, Wong MK, Carleton HA, Perdreau-Remington F, Haller BL, Chambers HF. Intermediate vancomycin susceptibility in a community-associated MRSA clone. Emerg. Infect. Dis.13, 491–493 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hageman JC, Patel J, Franklin P et al. Occurrence of a USA300 vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.62, 440–442 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shore A, Brennan OM, Ehricht R et al. Identification and characterization of the multidrug resistance gene cfr in a Panton–Valentine leukocidin-positive sequence type 8 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus IVa (USA300) isolate. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.54, 4978–4984 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumarasamy KK, Toleman MA, Walsh TR et al. Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study. Lancet Infect. Dis.10, 597–602 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castanheira M, Deshpande LM, Mathai D, Bell JM, Jones RN, Mendes RE. Early dissemination of NDM-1 and OXA-181-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Indian hospitals: Report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 2006–2007. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.55, 1274–1278 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tato M, Morosini M, Garcia L, Alberti S, Coque MT, Canton R. Carbapenem heteroresistance in VIM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates belonging to the same clone: consequences for routine susceptibility testing. J. Clin. Microbiol.48, 4089–4093 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souli M, Konstandtinidou E, Tzepi I et al. Efficacy of carbapenems against a metallo-β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli clinical isolate in a rabbit intra-abdominal abscess model. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.66, 611–617 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergen PJ, Li J, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, Coulthard K, Milne RW. Comparison of once-, twice- and thrice-daily dosing of colistin on antibacterial effect and emergence of resistance: studies with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.61, 636–642 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalopoulos A, Virtzili S, Rafailidis P, Chalevelakis G, Damala M, Falagas ME. Intravenous fosfomycin for the treatment of nosocomial infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in critically ill patients: a prospective evaluation. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.16, 184–186 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urban C, Mariano N, Rahal JJ. In vitro double and triple bactericidal activities of doripenem, polymyxin B, and rifampin against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.54, 2732–2734 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canton R. Antibiotic resistance genes from the environment: a perspective through newly identified antibiotic resistance mechanisms in the clinical setting. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.15(Suppl. 1), 20–25 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Costa VM, McGrann KM, Hughes DW, Wright GD. Sampling the antibiotic resistome. Science311, 374–377 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh TR, Weeks J, Livermore DM, Toleman MA. Dissemination of NDM-1 positive bacteria in the New Delhi environment and its implications for human health: an environmental point prevalence study. Lancet Infect. Dis.11(5), 355–362 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laupland KB, Church DL, Vidakovich J, Mucenski M, Pitout JD. Community-onset extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli: importance of international travel. J. Infect.57, 441–448 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangden T, Cars O, Melhus A, Lowdin E. Foreign travel is a major risk factor for colonization with Escherichia coli producing CTX-M-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases: a prospective study with Swedish volunteers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.54, 3564–3568 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucher HW, Talbot GH, Bradley JS et al. Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis.48, 1–12 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar