The epidemiology of pneumococcal carriage and infections in Malaysia

References

• Bryce J, Boschi-Pinto C, Shibuya K, Black RE. WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet365(9465), 1147–1152 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaccine preventable deaths and the global immunization vision and strategy, 2006–2015. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep.55(18), 511–515 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Health facts 2009. Health Informatics Centre, Ministry of Health Malaysia (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Rohani MY, Raudzah A, Ng AJ et al. Epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in Malaysia. Epidemiol. Infect.122(1), 77–82 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jauneikaite E, Jefferies JM, Hibberd ML, Clarke SC. Prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes causing invasive and non-invasive disease in South East Asia: a review. Vaccine doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.066 (2012) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bogaert D, De Groot R, Hermans PW. Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: the key to pneumococcal disease. Lancet Infect. Dis.4(3), 144–154 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faden H, Duffy L, Wasielewski R, Wolf J, Krystofik D, Tung Y. Relationship between nasopharyngeal colonization and the development of otitis media in children. Tonawanda/Williamsville Pediatrics. J. Infect. Dis.175(6), 1440–1445 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadioglu A, Weiser JN, Paton JC, Andrew PW. The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors in host respiratory colonization and disease. Nat. Rev. Microbiol.6(4), 288–301 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regev-Yochay G, Dagan R, Raz M et al. Association between carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus in children. JAMA292(6), 716–720 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyaw MH, Christie P, Jones IG, Campbell H. The changing epidemiology of bacterial meningitis and invasive non-meningitic bacterial disease in scotland during the period 1983–99. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.34(4), 289–298 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik AS, Ismail A, Pennie RA, Naidu JV. Susceptibility pattern of Streptococcus pneumoniae among pre-school children in Kota Bharu, Malaysia. J. Trop. Pediatr.44(1), 10–14 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheong YM, Jegathesan M, Henrichsen J, Wong YH, Ng AJ, Louis A. Antibiotic susceptibility and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Malaysian children. J. Trop. Pediatr.34(4), 182–185 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schultsz C, Vien Le M, Campbell JI et al. Changes in the nasal carriage of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in urban and rural Vietnamese school children. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.101(5), 484–492 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soewignjo S, Gessner BD, Sutanto A et al.Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage prevalence, serotype distribution, and resistance patterns among children on Lombok Island, Indonesia. Clin. Infect. Dis.32(7), 1039–1043 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim KH, Hong JY, Lee H et al. Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage of children attending day care centers in Korea: comparison between children immunized with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and non-immunized. J. Korean Med. Sci.26(2), 184–190 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuo CY, Hwang KP, Hsieh YC et al. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Taiwan before and after the introduction of a conjugate vaccine. Vaccine29(32), 5171–5177 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenzie G, Carapetis J, Leach AJ, Hare K, Morris P. Indirect effects of childhood pneumococcal vaccination on pneumococcal carriage among adults and older children in Australian aboriginal communities. Vaccine25(13), 2428–2433 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenzie GA, Leach AJ, Carapetis JR, Fisher J, Morris PS. Epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carriage of respiratory bacterial pathogens in children and adults: cross-sectional surveys in a population with high rates of pneumococcal disease. BMC Infect. Dis.10, 304 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill PC, Akisanya A, Sankareh K et al. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Gambian villagers. Clin. Infect. Dis.43(6), 673–679 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakir M, Yagci A, Ulger N, Akbenlioglu C, Ilki A, Soyletir G. Asymtomatic carriage of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria lactamica in relation to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae colonization in healthy children: apropos of 1400 children sampled. Eur. J. Epidemiol.17(11), 1015–1018 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogaert D, Van Belkum A, Sluijter M et al. Colonisation by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus in healthy children. Lancet363(9424), 1871–1872 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Principi N, Marchisio P, Schito GC, Mannelli S. Risk factors for carriage of respiratory pathogens in the nasopharynx of healthy children. Ascanius project collaborative group. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.18(6), 517–523 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardlaw T, Johansson E, Hodge M. Pneumonia: the Forgotten Killer of Children. WHO/UNICEF, Geneva, Switzerland (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Lim LH, Lee WS, Parasakthi N. Childhood invasive pneumococcal disease: a hospital-based study from Malaysia. J. Paediatr. Child Health43(5), 366–369 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasin RM, Zin NM, Hussin A et al. Current trend of pneumococcal serotypes distribution and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in Malaysian hospitals. Vaccine29(34), 5688–5693 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hughes AJ, Ariffin N, Huat TL et al. Prevalence of nosocomial infection and antibiotic use at a university medical center in Malaysia. Infect.Cont. Hosp. Epidemiol.26(1), 100–104 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katherason SG, Naing L, Jaalam K, Ismail A. Baseline assessment of intensive care-acquired nosocomial infection surveillancein three adult intensive care units in Malaysia. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries.2(5), 364–368 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liam CK, Lim KH, Wong CM. Community-acquired pneumonia in patients requiring hospitalization. Respirology6(3), 259–264 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hooi LN, Looi I, Ng AJ. A study on community acquired pneumonia in adults requiring hospital admission in Penang. Med. J. Malaysia56(3), 275–284 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chin YW, Loh LC, Wong TF, Muttalif AR. Sputum bacteriology and in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility in hospitalized patients with community acquired pneumonia in a state tertiary-referral hospital – a retrospective study. IeJSME1(2), 6 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Loh LC, Khoo SK, Quah SY et al. Adult community-acquired pneumonia in Malaysia: prediction of mortality from severity assessment on admission. Respirology9(3), 379–386 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burman LA, Norrby R, Trollfors B. Invasive pneumococcal infections: incidence, predisposing factors, and prognosis. Rev. Infect. Dis.7(2), 133–142 (1985).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eskola J, Takala AK, Kela E, Pekkanen E, Kalliokoski R, Leinonen M. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal infections in children in Finland. JAMA268(23), 3323–3327 (1992).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaltoft Zeuthen N, Konradsen HB. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal infections in children aged 0–6 years in Denmark: a 19-year nationwide surveillance study. Acta Paediatr. Suppl.89(435), 3–10 (2000).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams BG, Gouws E, Boschi-Pinto C, Bryce J, Dye C. Estimates of world-wide distribution of child deaths from acute respiratory infections. Lancet Infect. Dis.2(1), 25–32 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erleena Nur H, Jamaiah I, Rohela M, Nissapatorn V. Bacterial meningitis: a five year (2001–2005) retrospecitve study at University Malaya Medical Center (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Pub. Health39(Suppl. 1), 5 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Hussain IH, Sofiah A, Ong LC et al.Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in Malaysia. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.17(Suppl. 9), S189–S190 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choo KE, Ariffin WA, Ahmad T, Lim WL, Gururaj AK. Pyogenic meningitis in hospitalized children in Kelantan, Malaysia. Ann. Trop. Paediatr.10(1), 89–98 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Technology Assessment Unit, Ministry of Health, Malaysia. Childhood Immunisation. MOH/P/PAK/47.02 (TR). Ministry of Health, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Mahadevan M, Navarro-Locsin G, Tan HK et al. A review of the burden of disease due to otitis media in the Asia-Pacific. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol.76(5), 623–635 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang KP, Ang AH, Tan HK. Otitis media with effusion: an update. Med. J. Malaysia57(3), 376–382; quiz 383 (2002).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saim A, Saim L, Saim S, Ruszymah BH, Sani A. Prevalence of otitis media with effusion amongst pre-school children in Malaysia. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol.41(1), 21–28 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elango S, Purohit GN, Hashim M, Hilmi R. Hearing loss and ear disorders in Malaysian school children. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol.22(1), 75–80 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doit C, Loukil C, Fitoussi F, Geslin P, Bingen E. Emergence in france of multiple clones of clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with high-level resistance to amoxicillin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.43(6), 1480–1483 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bogaert D, Engelen MN, Timmers-Reker AJ et al. Pneumococcal carriage in children in The Netherlands: a molecular epidemiological study. J. Clin. Microbiol.39(9), 3316–3320 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho PL, Chiu SS, Chow FK, Mak GC, Lau YL. Pediatric hospitalization for pneumococcal diseases preventable by 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Hong Kong. Vaccine25(39–40), 6837–6841 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsieh YC, Lin PY, Chiu CH et al. National survey of invasive pneumococcal diseases in Taiwan under partial PCV7 vaccination in 2007: emergence of serotype 19A with high invasive potential. Vaccine27(40), 5513–5518 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain A, Kumar P, Awasthi S. High nasopharyngeal carriage of drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in North Indian schoolchildren. Trop. Med. Int. Health10(3), 234–239 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Wang H, Chen M et al. Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children in China younger than 5 years. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.61(3), 256–263 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anh DD, Kilgore PE, Slack MP et al. Surveillance of pneumococcal-associated disease among hospitalized children in Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam. Clin. Infect. Dis.48(Suppl. 2), S57–S64 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capeding MR, Sombrero LT, Esparar GA, Mondoy MU, Taclibon AG. Pneumococcal serotypes among Filipino children admitted to a tertiary care center for infectious diseases in 2000–2005. PIDSP J.11(1), 3 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Le CF, Palanisamy NK, Mohd Yusof MY, Sekaran SD. Capsular serotype and antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Malaysia. PLoS One6(5), E19547 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le CF, Mohd Yusof MY, Sekaran SD. Current trend in pneumococcal serotype distribution in Asia. J. Vaccines Vaccin. doi:10.4172/2157-7560.S2-001 (2011) (Epub ahead of print).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Desa MN, Lin TK, Yasin RM, Parasakthi N. Penicillin susceptibility and molecular characteristics of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae at the University of Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Int. J. Infect. Dis.7(3), 190–197 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barricarte A, Castilla J, Gil-Setas A et al. Effectiveness of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: a population-based case–control study. Clin. Infect. Dis.44(11), 1436–1441 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critchley IA, Jacobs MR, Brown SD, Traczewski MM, Tillotson GS, Janjic N. Prevalence of serotype 19A Streptococcus pneumoniae among isolates from U.S. children in 2005–2006 and activity of faropenem. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.52(7), 2639–2643 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs MR, Good CE, Bajaksouzian S, Windau AR. Emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 19A, 6C, and 22F and serogroup 15 in Cleveland, Ohio, in relation to introduction of the protein-conjugated pneumococcal vaccine. Clin. Infect. Dis.47(11), 1388–1395 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dortet L, Ploy MC, Poyart C, Raymond J. Emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae of serotype 19A in France: molecular capsular serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibilities, and epidemiology. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.65(1), 49–57 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahjoub-Messai F, Doit C, Koeck JL et al. Population snapshot of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A isolates before and after introduction of seven-valent pneumococcal vaccination for French children. J. Clin. Microbiol.47(3), 837–840 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gils EJ, Veenhoven RH, Hak E et al. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccination and nasopharyngeal acquisition of pneumococcal serotype 19A strains. JAMA304(10), 1099–1106 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue L, Yao K, Xie G et al. Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates that cause invasive disease among Chinese children. Clin. Infect. Dis.50(5), 741–744 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janapatla RP, Hsu MH, Du JF, Hsieh YC, Lin TY, Chiu CH. Sequence types and antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from a region with high antibiotic selective pressure and suboptimal vaccine coverage. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.29(5), 467–469 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brueggemann AB, Griffiths DT, Meats E, Peto T, Crook DW, Spratt BG. Clonal relationships between invasive and carriage Streptococcus pneumoniae and serotype- and clone-specific differences in invasive disease potential. J. Infect. Dis.187(9), 1424–1432 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaacman DJ, Fletcher MA, Fritzell B, Ciuryla V, Schranz J. Indirect effects associated with widespread vaccination of infants with heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7; Prevnar). Vaccine25(13), 2420–2427 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin J, Baek JY, Kim SH, Song JH, Ko KS. Predominance of ST320 among Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A isolates from 10 Asian countries. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.66(5), 1001–1004 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferies JM, Tee WS, Clarke SC. Molecular analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae clones causing invasive disease in children in Singapore. J. Med. Microbiol.60(Pt 6), 750–755 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball P, Make B. Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: an international comparison. Chest113(Suppl. 3), S199–S204 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohani MY, Parasakthi N, Raudzah A, Yasim MY. In-vitro susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated in Malaysia to six antibiotics. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.44(6), 852–853 (1999).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Song JH, Jung SI, Ko KS et al. High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Asia (an ANSORP study). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.48(6), 2101–2107 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyaw MH, Lynfield R, Schaffner W et al. Effect of introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. N. Engl. J. Med.354(14), 1455–1463 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoes AS, Pereira L, Nunes S, Brito-Avo A, De Lencastre H, Sa-Leao R. Clonal evolution leading to maintenance of antibiotic resistance rates among colonizing Pneumococci in the PCV7 era in Portugal. J. Clin. Microbiol.49(8), 2810–2817 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aljunid S, Abuduxike G, Ahmed Z, Sulong S, Nur AM, Goh A. Impact of routine PCV7 (Prevenar) vaccination of infants on the clinical and economic burden of pneumococcal disease in Malaysia. BMC Infect. Dis.11, 248 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar