246
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

T-SPOT.TB assay usage in adults and children

&
Pages 643-660 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Linnroth K, Raviglione M. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis: prospects for control. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med.29(5), 481–491 (2008).
  • WHO. Forty-fourth World Health Assembly. WHA44/1991/REC/1. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland (1991).
  • Comstock GW, Livesay VT, Woolpert SF. The prognosis of a positive tuberculin reaction in childhood and adolescence. Am. J. Epidemiol.99, 131–138 (1974).
  • Lalvani A, Pareek M. A 100 year update on diagnosis of tuberculosis infection. Br. Med. Bull.9, 69–84 (2010).
  • Mahairas GG, Sabo PJ, Hickey MJ et al. Molecular analysis of genetic differences between Mycobacterium bovis BCG and virulent M. bovis. J. Bacteriol.178, 1274–1282 (1996).
  • Andersen P, Andersen AB, Sorensen AL, Nagai S. Recall of long-lived immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. J. Immunol.154, 3359–3372 (1995).
  • Brandt L, Oettinger T, Holm A, Andersen AB, Andersen P. Key epitopes on the ESAT-6 antigen recognized in mice during the recall of protective immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Immunol.157, 3527–3533 (1996).
  • Pollock JM, Andersen P. Predominant recognition of the ESAT-6 protein in the first phase of interferon with Mycobacterium bovis in cattle. Infect. Immun.65, 2587–2592 (1997).
  • Ulrichs T, Munk ME, Mollenkopf H et al. Differential T cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT6 in tuberculosis patients and healthy donors. Eur. J. Immunol.28, 3949–3958 (1998).
  • Mustafa AS, Amoudy HA, Wiker HG et al. Comparison of antigen-specific T-cell responses of tuberculosis patients using complex or single antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Scand. J. Immunol.48, 535–543 (1998).
  • Ravn P, Demissie A, Eguale T et al. Human T cell responses to the ESAT-6 antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Infect. Dis.179, 637–645 (1999).
  • Mori T, Sakatani M, Yamagishi F et al. Specific detection of tuberculosis infection: an interferon-γ-based assay using new antigens. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.170, 59–64 (2004).
  • Wood PR, Corner LA, Plackett P. Development of a simple, rapid in vitro cellular assay for bovine tuberculosis based on the production of γ interferon. Res. Vet. Sci.49(1), 46–49 (1990).
  • Wood PR, Corner LA, Rothel JS et al. Field comparison of the interferon-γ assay and the intradermal tuberculin test for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Aust. Vet. J.68(9), 286–290 (1991).
  • Mazurek GH, Jereb J, Vernon A, LoBue P, Goldberg S, Castro K; IGRA Expert Committee; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated guidelines for using interferon γ release assays to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection – United States, 2010. MMWR Recomm. Rep.59(RR-5), 1–25 (2010).
  • Lalvani A, Brookes R, Hambleton S, Britton WJ, Hill AV, McMichael AJ. Rapid effector function in CD8+ memory T cells. J. Exp. Med.186(6), 859–865 (1997).
  • Lalvani A. Diagnosing tuberculosis infection in the 21st Century: new tools to tackle an old enemy. Chest131(6), 1898–1906 (2007).
  • Lalvani A, Pathan AA, McShane H et al. Rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by enumeration of antigen-specific T cells. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.163(4), 824–828 (2001).
  • Sester M, Sotgiu G, Lange C et al. Interferon-γ release assays for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis: a systemic review and meta analysis. Eur. Respir. J.37(1), 100–111 (2011).
  • Diel R, Loddenkemper R, Nienhaus A. Evidence-based comparison of commercial interferon-γ release assays for detecting active TB: a meta analysis. Chest137(4), 952–968 (2010).
  • Hopewell PC. Tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases. In: Murray and Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine (4th Edition). Mason RJ, Broaddus VC, Murray JF, Nadel JA (Eds). Saunders, PA, USA, 984–1026 (2005).
  • Shingadia D, Novelli V. Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in children. Lancet Infect. Dis.3, 624–632 (2003).
  • Liao CH, Chou CH, Lai CC et al. Diagnostic performance of an enzyme-linked immunospot assay for interferon-γ in extrapulmonary tuberculosis varies between different sites of disease. J. Infect.59(6), 402–428 (2009).
  • Kim SH, Cho OH, Park SJ et al. Diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis by T-cell-based assays on peripheral blood and peritoneal fluid mononuclear cells. J. Infect.59(6), 409–415 (2009).
  • Losi M, Bossink A, Codecasa L et al. Use of a T-cell interferon-γ release assay for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy. Eur. Respir. J.30(6), 1173–1179 (2007).
  • Lee LN, Chou CH, Wang JY et al. Enzyme-linked immunospot assay for interferon-γ in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.15(2), 173–179 (2009).
  • Dheda K, van Zyl-Smit RN, Sechi LA et al. Utility of quantitative T-cell responses versus unstimulated interferon-γ for the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis. Eur. Respir. J.34(5), 1118–1126 (2009).
  • Hanna BA, Ebrahimzadeh A, Elliott LB et al. Multicenter evaluation of the BACTEC MGIT 960 system for recovery of mycobacteria. J. Clin. Microbiol.37, 748–752 (1999).
  • American Thoracic Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnostic standards and classification of tuberculosis in adults and children. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.161, 1376–1395 (2000).
  • Pfyffer GE. [Ranking of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and on other amplification methods in the diagnosis of tuberculosis]. Pneumologie58, 160–164 (2004).
  • Jafari C, Ernst M, Kalsdorf B et al. Rapid diagnosis of smear-negative tuberculosis by bronchoalveolar lavage enzyme-linked immunospot. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.174(9), 1048–1054 (2006).
  • Jafari C, Thijsen S, Sotgiu G et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage enzyme-linked immunospot for a rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis: a Tuberculosis Network European Trials group study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.180(7), 666–673 (2009).
  • Thwaites GE, Nguyen DB, Nguyen HD et al. Dexamethasone for the treatment of tuberculous meningitis in adolescents and adults. N. Engl. J. Med.351, 1741–1751 (2004).
  • Kilpatrick ME, Girgis NI, Yassin MW, Abu El Ella AA. Tuberculosis meningitis – clinical and laboratory review of 100 patients. J. Hyg. (Lond.)96, 231–238 (1986).
  • Thwaites GE, Chau TT, Farrar JJ. Improving the bacteriologica diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. J. Clin. Microbiol.42, 378–337 (2002.).
  • Thomas MM, Hinks TS, Raghuraman S et al. Rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis meningitis by enumeration of cerebrospinal fluid antigen-specific T-cells. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis.12(6), 651–657 (2008).
  • Kim SH, Chu K, Choi SJ et al. Diagnosis of central nervous system tuberculosis by T-cell-based assays on peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid mononuclear cells. Clin. Vaccine Immunol.15(9), 1356–1362 (2008).
  • Kim SH, Cho OH, Park SJ et al. Rapid diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis by T cell-based assays on peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid mononuclear cells. Clin. Infect. Dis.50(10), 1349–1358 (2010).
  • Patel VB, Singh R, Connolly C et al. Cerebrospinal T-cell responses aid in the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis in a human immunodeficiency virus- and tuberculosis-endemic population. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.182(4), 569–577 (2010).
  • Dheda K, Lalvani A, Miller RF et al. Performance of a T-cell-based diagnostic test for tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected individuals is independent of CD4 cell count. AIDS19(17), 2038–2041 (2005).
  • Cattamanchi A, Smith R, Steingart KR et al. Interferon-γ release assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr.56(3), 230–238 (2011).
  • Richeldi L, Losi M, D’Amico R et al. Performance of tests for latent tuberculosis in different groups of immunocompromised patients. Chest136(1), 198–204 (2009).
  • Piana F, Codecasa LR, Cavallerio P et al. Use of a T-cell-based test for detection of tuberculosis infection among immunocompromised patients. Eur. Respir. J.28(1), 31–34 (2006).
  • Bocchino M, Matarese A, Bellofiore B et al. Performance of two commercial blood IFN-γ release assays for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in patient candidates for anti-TNF-α treatment. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.27(10), 907–913 (2008).
  • Vassilopoulos D, Stamoulis N, Hadziyannis E, Archimandritis AJ. Usefulness of enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISpot) compared with tuberculin skin testing for latent tuberculosis screening in rheumatic patients scheduled for anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment. J. Rheumatol.35(7), 1271–1276 (2008).
  • Laffitte E, Janssens JP, Roux-Lombard P et al. Tuberculosis screening in patients with psoriasis before antitumour necrosis factor therapy: comparison of an interferon-γ release assay vs. tuberculin skin test. Br. J. Dermatol.161(4), 797–800 (2009).
  • Behar SM, Shin DS, Maier A, Coblyn J, Helfgott S, Weinblatt ME. Use of the T-SPOT.TB assay to detect latent tuberculosis infection among rheumatic disease patients on immunosuppressive therapy. J. Rheumatol.36(3), 546–551 (2009).
  • Solovic I, Sester M, Gomez-Reino JJ et al. The risk of tuberculosis related to tumour necrosis factor antagonist therapies: a TBNET consensus statement. Eur. Respir. J.36(5), 1185–1206 (2010).
  • Cengiz K. Increased incidence of tuberculosis in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Nephron73, 421–424 (1996).
  • Smirnoff M, Patt C, Seckler B, Adler JJ. Tuberculin and anergy skin testing of patients receiving long-term hemodialysis. Chest11, 25–27 (1998).
  • Passalent L, Khan K, Richardson R, Wang J, Dedier H, Gardam M. Detecting latent tuberculosis infection in hemodialysis patients: a head-to-head comparison of the T-SPOT.TB test, tuberculin skin test, and an expert physician panel. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.2(1), 68–73 (2007).
  • Lee SS, Chou KJ, Su IJ et al. High prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in patients in end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis: comparison of QuantiFERON-TB GOLD, ELISPOT, and tuberculin skin test. Infection37(2), 96–102 (2009).
  • Triverio PA, Bridevaux PO, Roux-Lombard P et al. Interferon-γ release assays versus tuberculin skin testing for detection of latent tuberculosis in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.24(6), 1952–1956 (2009).
  • Chung WK, Zheng ZL, Sung JY et al. Validity of interferon-γ-release assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis in haemodialysis patients. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.16(7), 960–965 (2010).
  • American Academy of Pediatrics. Tuberculosis. In: Red Book: 2009 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases (28th Edition). Pickering LK (Ed.). American Academy of Pediatrics, IL, USA, 680 (2009).
  • van den Bos F, Terken M, Ypma L et al. Tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis in young children. Trop. Med. Int. Health9(2), 309–313 (2004).
  • Liebeschuetz S, Bamber S, Ewer K, Deeks J, Pathan AA, Lalvani A. Diagnosis of tuberculosis in South African children with a T-cell-based assay: a prospective cohort study. Lancet364(9452), 2196–2203 (2004).
  • Kampmann B, Whittaker E, Williams A et al. Interferon-γ release assays do not identify more children with active tuberculosis than the tuberculin skin test. Eur. Respir. J.33(6), 1374–1382 (2009).
  • Nicol MP, Pienaar D, Wood K et al. Enzyme-linked immunospot assay responses to early secretory antigenic target 6, culture filtrate protein 10, and purified protein derivative among children with tuberculosis: implications for diagnosis and monitoring of therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis.40(9), 1301–1308 (2005).
  • Davies MA, Connell T, Johannisen C et al. Detection of tuberculosis in HIV-infected children using an enzyme-linked immunospot assay. AIDS23(8), 961–969 (2009).
  • Cruz AT, Geltemeyer AM, Starke JR, Flores JA, Graviss EA, Smith KC. Comparing the tuberculin skin test and T-SPOT.TB blood test in children. Pediatrics127(1), E31–E38 (2011).
  • Nicol MP, Davies MA, Wood K et al. Comparison of T-SPOT.TB assay and tuberculin skin test for the evaluation of young children at high risk for tuberculosis in a community setting. Pediatrics123(1), 38–43 (2009).
  • Bamford AR, Crook AM, Clark JE et al. Comparison of interferon-γ release assays and tuberculin skin test in predicting active tuberculosis (TB) in children in the UK: a paediatric TB network study. Arch. Dis. Child.95(3), 180–186 (2010).
  • Detjen AK, Keil T, Roll S et al. Interferon-γ release assays improve the diagnosis of tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in children in a country with a low incidence of tuberculosis. Clin. Infect. Dis.45(3), 322–328 (2007).
  • Ewer K, Deeks J, Alvarez L et al. Comparison of T-cell-based assay with tuberculin skin test for diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a school tuberculosis outbreak. Lancet361(9364), 1168–1173 (2003).
  • Richeldi L, Ewer K, Losi M et al. T cell-based tracking of multidrug resistant tuberculosis infection after brief exposure. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.170(3), 288–295 (2004).
  • Soysal A, Millington KA, Bakir M et al. Effect of BCG vaccination on risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children with household tuberculosis contact: a prospective community-based study. Lancet366(9495), 1443–1451 (2005).
  • Connell TG, Ritz N, Paxton GA, Buttery JP, Curtis N, Ranganathan SC. A three-way comparison of tuberculin skin testing, QuantiFERON-TB Gold and T-SPOT.TB in children. PLoS One3(7), E2624 (2008).
  • Domínguez J, Ruiz-Manzano J, De Souza-Galvão M et al. Comparison of two commercially available γ interferon blood tests for immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis. Clin. Vaccine Immunol.15(1), 168–171 (2008).
  • Altet-Gómez N, De Souza-Galvao M, Latorre I et al. Diagnosing TB infection in children: analysis of discordances using in vitro tests and tuberculin skin test. Eur. Respir. J.37(5), 1166–1174 (2010).
  • Soysal A, Türel O, Toprak D, Bakir M. Comparison of positive tuberculin skin test with an interferon-γ-based assay in unexposed children. Jpn J. Infect. Dis.61(3), 192–195 (2008).
  • Hill PC, Brookes RH, Adetifa IM et al. Comparison of enzyme-linked immunospot assay and tuberculin skin test in healthy children exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pediatrics117(5), 1542–1548 (2006).
  • Adetifa IM, Ota MO, Jeffries DJ et al. Commercial interferon γ release assays compared with the tuberculin skin test for diagnosis of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in childhood contacts in the Gambia. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.29(5), 439–443 (2010).
  • Hansted E, Andriuskeviciene A, Sakalauskas R, Kevalas R, Sitkauskiene B. T-cell-based diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in children in Lithuania: a country of high incidence despite a high coverage with bacille Calmette–Guerin vaccination. BMC Pulm. Med.9, 41 (2009).
  • Lucas M, Nicol P, McKinnon E et al. A prospective large-scale study of methods for the detection of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in refugee children. Thorax65(5), 442–448 (2010).
  • Hesseling AC, Mandalakas AM, Kirchner HL et al. Highly discordant T cell responses in individuals with recent exposure to household tuberculosis. Thorax64(10), 840–846 (2009).
  • Mandalakas AM, Hesseling AC, Chegou NN et al. High level of discordant IGRA results in HIV-infected adults and children. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis.12(4), 417–423 (2008).
  • Bruzzese E, Bocchino M, Assante LR et al. γ interferon release assays for diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in immune-compromised children in a country in which the prevalence of tuberculosis is low. J. Clin. Microbiol.47(7), 2355–2357 (2009).
  • Haustein T, Ridout DA, Hartley JC et al. The likelihood of an indeterminate test result from a whole-blood interferon-γ release assay for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children correlates with age and immune status. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.28(8), 669–673 (2009).
  • Stefan DC, Dippenaar A, Detjen AK et al. Interferon-γ release assays for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children with cancer. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis.14(6), 689–694 (2010).
  • Bakir M, Dosanjh DP, Deeks JJ et al. Use of T cell-based diagnosis of tuberculosis infection to optimise interpretation of tuberculin skin testing for child tuberculosis contacts. Clin. Infect. Dis.48(3), 302–312 (2009).
  • Bakir M, Dosanjh DP, Deeks JJ et al. Prognostic value of a T-cell-based interferon-γ biomarker in children with tuberculosis contact. Ann. Intern. Med.149(11), 777–787 (2008).
  • Kik SV, Franken WP, Mensen M,et al. Predictive value for progression to tuberculosis by IGRA and TST in immigrant contacts. Eur. Respir. J.35(6), 1346–1353 (2010).
  • Mack U, Migliori GB, Sester M et al. LTBI: latent tuberculosis infection or lasting immune responses to M. tuberculosis? A TBNET consensus statement. Eur. Respir. J.33(5), 956–973 (2009).
  • van Zyl-Smit RN, Zwerling A, Dheda K, Pai M. Within-subject variability of interferon-γ assay results for tuberculosis and boosting effect of tuberculin skin testing: a systematic review. PLoS One4(12), E8517 (2009).
  • Pathan AA, Wilkinson KA, Klenerman P et al. Direct ex vivo analysis of antigen-specific IFN-γ-secreting CD4 T cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected individuals: associations with clinical disease state and effect of treatment. J. Immunol.167(9), 5217–5225 (2001).
  • Meier T, Eulenbruch HP, Wrighton-Smith P, Enders G, Regnath T. Sensitivity of a new commercial enzyme-linked immunospot assay (T SPOT-TB) for diagnosis of tuberculosis in clinical practice. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.24(8), 529–536 (2005).
  • Goletti D, Vincenti D, Carrara S et al. Selected RD1 peptides for active tuberculosis diagnosis: comparison of a γ interferon whole-blood enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.12(11), 1311–1316 (2005).
  • Goletti D, Carrara S, Vincenti D et al. Accuracy of an immune diagnostic assay based on RD1 selected epitopes for active tuberculosis in a clinical setting: a pilot study. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.12(6), 544–550 (2006).
  • Ferrara G, Losi M, D’Amico R et al. Use in routine clinical practice of two commercial blood tests for diagnosis of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a prospective study. Lancet367(9519), 1328–1334 (2006).
  • Lee JY, Choi HJ, Park IN et al. Comparison of two commercial interferon-γ assays for diagnosing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Eur. Respir. J.28(1), 24–30 (2006).
  • Kang YA, Lee HW, Hwang SS et al. Usefulness of whole-blood interferon-γ assay and interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay in the diagnosis of active pulmonary tuberculosis. Chest132(3), 959–965 (2007).
  • Wang JY, Chou CH, Lee LN et al. Diagnosis of tuberculosis by an enzyme-linked immunospot assay for interferon-γ. Emerg. Infect. Dis.13(4), 553–558 (2007).
  • Janssens JP, Roux-Lombard P, Perneger T, Metzger M, Vivien R, Rochat T. Quantitative scoring of an interferon-γ assay for differentiating active from latent tuberculosis. Eur. Respir. J.30(4), 722–728 (2007).
  • Soysal A, Torun T, Efe S, Gencer H, Tahaoglu K, Bakir M. Evaluation of cut-off values of interferon-γ-based assays in the diagnosis of M. tuberculosis infection. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis.12(1), 50–56 (2008).
  • Chee CB, Gan SH, Khinmar KW et al. Comparison of sensitivities of two commercial γ interferon release assays for pulmonary tuberculosis. J. Clin. Microbiol.46(6), 1935–1940 (2008).
  • Kobashi Y, Mouri K, Yagi S et al. Clinical evaluation for diagnosing active TB disease and transitional change of two commercial blood tests. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.40(8), 629–634 (2008).
  • Higuchi K, Kawabe Y, Mitarai S, Yoshiyama T, Harada N, Mori T. Comparison of performance in two diagnostic methods for tuberculosis infection. Med. Microbiol. Immunol.198(1), 33–37 (2009).
  • Chen X, Yang Q, Zhang M et al. Diagnosis of active tuberculosis in China using an in-house γ interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Clin. Vaccine Immunol.16(6), 879–884 (2009).
  • Tan CK, Lai CC, Chen HW et al. Enzyme-linked immunospot assay for interferon-γ to support the diagnosis of tuberculosis in diabetic patients. Scand. J. Infect. Dis.42(10), 752–756 (2010).
  • Wu X, Li Q, Liang Y et al. Clinical evaluation of a homemade enzyme-linked immunospot assay for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis in China. Mol. Biotechnol.47(1), 18–25 (2011).
  • Simsek H, Alpar S, Ucar N et al. Comparison of tuberculin skin testing and T-SPOT.TB for diagnosis of latent and active tuberculosis. Jpn J. Infect. Dis.63(2), 99–102 (2010).
  • Domínguez J, De Souza-Galvão M, Ruiz-Manzano J et al. T-cell responses to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens in active tuberculosis patients at the beginning, during, and after antituberculosis treatment. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.63(1), 43–51 (2009).
  • Goletti D, Carrara S, Butera O et al. Accuracy of immunodiagnostic tests for active tuberculosis using single and combined results: a multicenter TBNET-Study. PLoS One3(10), E3417 (2008).

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.