72
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Theme: Cancer/Oncology Diagnostics - Review

Breast cancer sentinel lymph node and axillary lymphadenectomy: new tools for new challenges

, &
Pages 147-158 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

References

  • Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E et al. Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J. Clin.56, 106–130 (2006).
  • American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2010. American Cancer Society, GA, USA (2010).
  • Carter CL, Allen C, Henson DE. Relation of tumor size, lymph node status, and survival in 24,740 breast cancer cases. Cancer63, 181–187 (1989).
  • Welch H. Screening mammography. A long run for a short slide? N. Eng. J. Med.363(13), 1276–1278 (2010).
  • Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Viale G et al. A randomized comparison of sentinel-node biopsy with routine axillary dissection in breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.349(6), 546–553 (2003).
  • Krag DN, Julian TB. Practice patterns of sentinel node biopsy at five comprehensive cancer centers. J. Nat. Cancer Inst.95(20), 1498–1499 (2003).
  • Liu LC, Lang JE, Lu Y et al. Intraoperative frozen section analysis of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer patients: a meta-analysis and single-institution experience. Cancer117(2), 250–258 (2011).
  • UICC TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours (6th Edition). Sobin LH, Wittekind C (Eds). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK (2002).
  • Cserni G, Amendoeira I, Apostolikas N et al. Discrepancies in current practice of pathological evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer. Results of a questionnaire based survey by the European working group for breast screening pathology. J. Clin. Pathol.57(7), 695–701 (2004).
  • Turner RR. Histopathologic assessment of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol.8(Suppl. 9), S56–S59 (2001).
  • AJCC Cancer Staging Manual (7th Edition). Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A (Eds). Springer, NY, USA (2010).
  • de Boer M, van Deurzen CH, van Dijck JA et al. Micrometastases or isolated tumor cells and the outcome of breast cancer N. Engl. J. Med.361(7), 653–656 (2009).
  • Tafe LJ, Schwab MC, Lefferts JA, Wells WA, Tsongalis GJ. A validation study of a new molecular diagnostic assay: the Dartmouth–Hitchcock medical center experience with the GeneSearch™ BLN assay in breast sentinel lymph nodes. Exp. Mol. Pathol.88, 1–6 (2010).
  • Hughes SJ, Xi L, Raja S et al. A rapid, fully automated, molecular-based assay accurately analyzes sentinel lymph nodes for the presence of metastatic breast cancer. Ann. Surg.243(3), 389–398 (2006).
  • Leygue E, Snell L, Dotzlaw H et al. Mammaglobin, a potential marker of breast cancer nodal metastasis. J. Pathol.189(1), 28–33 (1999).
  • Ouellette RJ, Richard D, Maicas E. RT-PCR for mammoglobin genes, MGB1 and MGB2, identifies breast cancer micrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes. Am. J. Clin. Pathol.121(5), 637–643 (2004).
  • Watson MA, Dintzis S, Darrow CM et al. Mammaglobin expression in primary, metastatic and occult breast cancer. Cancer Res.59(3), 3028–3031 (1999).
  • Zehentner BK, Carter D. Mammaglobin: a candidate diagnostic marker for breast cancer. Clin. Biochem.37, 249–257 (2004).
  • Backus J, Laughlin T, Wang Y et al. Identification and characterization of optimal gene expression markers for detection of breast cancer metastasis. J. Mol. Diagn.7, 327–336 (2005).
  • Abdul-Rasool S, Kidson SH, Panieri et al. An evaluation of molecular markers for improved detection of breast cancer metastasis in sentinel nodes. J. Clin. Pathol.59(3), 289–297 (2006).
  • Fisher CS, Cole DJ, Mitas M et al. Molecular detection of micrometastatic breast cancer in histopathology-negative lymph nodes fails to predict breast cancer recurrence: a final analysis of a prospective multi-institutional cohort study. Ann. Surg. Oncol.17(Suppl. 3), 312–320 (2010).
  • Blumencranz P, Pieretti M. Rapid molecular RT-PCR assay to detect metastases in senyinel lymph nodes of breast cancer patients may accurately predict further azillary positivity. Cancer Res.69(24), Suppl. 3 (2009).
  • Notomi T, Okayama H Masubuchi H et al. Loop mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Res.28, E63 (2000).
  • Nagamine K, Hase T, Notomi T. Accelerated reaction by loop-mediated isothermal amplification using loop primers. Mol. Cell Probes16(3), 223–229 (2002).
  • Mori Y, Nagamine K, Tomita N, Notomi T. Detection of loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction by turbidity derived from magnesium pyrophosphate formation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.289(1), 150–154 (2001).
  • Tsujimoto M, Nakabayashi K, Yoshidome K et al. One-step nucleic acid amplification for intraoperative detection of lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res.13(16), 4807–4816 (2007).
  • Bernet L, Cano R, Martinez M et al. Diagnosis of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer: a reproducible molecular method: a multicentric Spanish study. Histopathology58(6), 863–869 (2011).
  • Tamaki Y, Akiyama F, Iwase T et al. Molecular detection of lymph node metastases in breast cancer patients: results of a multicenter trial using the one-step nucleic acid amplification assay. Clin. Cancer Res.15(8), 2879–2884 (2009).
  • Schem C, Maass N, Bauerschlag DO et al. One-step nucleic acid amplification – a molecular method for the detection of lymph node metastases in breast cancer patients; results of the German study group. Virchows Arch.454(2), 203–210 (2009).
  • Laia BV, Marcos BV, Refael CM et al. Molecular diagnosis of sentinel lymph nodes for breast cancer: one step ahead for standardization. Diagn. Mol. Pathol.20(1), 18–21 (2011).
  • Chu PG, Weiss LM. Keratin expression in human tissues and neoplasms. Histopathology40, 403–439 (2001).
  • Alvarenga CA, Paravidino PI, Alvarenga M et al. Expression of CK19 in invasive breast carcinomas of special histological types: implications for the use of one-step nucleic acid amplification. J. Clin. Pathol.64(6), 493–497 (2011).
  • Fisher JC, Hill S, Millis RR. Benign lymph node inclusions mimicking metastatic carcinoma J. Clin. Pathol.47, 245–247 (1994).
  • Fuji T, Yanagita Y, Fujisawa T et al. Implication of extracapsular invasion of centinela lymph nodes in breast cancer: prediction of non-sentinel lymph node metastasis. World J. Surg.34(3), 544–548 (2010).
  • Krag D, Anderson S, Julian T et al. Sentinel-lymph-node resection compared with conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in clinically node-negative patients with breast cancer: overall survival findings from the NSABP B-32 randomised Phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol.11(10), 927–933 (2010).
  • Krag DN, Julian TB, Harlow SP et al. NSABP-32: Phase 3, randomized trial comparing axillary resection with sentinal lymph node dissection: a description of the trial. Ann. Surgical Oncol.11(Suppl. 3), S208–S210 (2004).
  • Fisher ER, Palekar A, Rockette H, Redmond C, Fisher B. Pathologic findings from the national surgical adjuvant breast project (protocol no. 4) V. Significance of axillary nodal micro- and macrometastases. Cancer42(4), 2032–2038 (1978).
  • Clayton F, Hopkins CL. Pathologic correlates of prognosis in lymph node-positive breast carcinomas. Cancer71(5), 1780–1790 (1993).
  • Gerber B, Krause A, Reimer T. Immunohistochemically detected lymph-node micrometastases in breast cancer and their correlation with prognostic factors. Breast J.3(3), 106–111 (1997).
  • De Boer M, van Dijck JA, Bult P, Borm GF, Tjan-Heijnen VC. Breast cancer prognosis and occult lymph node metastases, isolated tumor cells, and micrometastases. J. Natl Cancer Inst.102(6), 410–425 (2010).
  • Truong PT, Lesperance M, Hui Li et al. Micrometastatic node-positive breast cancer: long-term outcomes and identification of high-risk subsets in a large population-based series. Ann. Surg. Oncol.17(8), 2138–2146 (2010).
  • Gobardhan PD, Elias SG, Madsen EV et al. Prognostic value of micro-metastases in sentinel lymph nodes of patients with breast carcinoma: a cohort study. Ann. Oncol.20(1), 41–48 (2009).
  • Kuijt GP, Voogd AC, van de Poll-Franse LV et al. The prognostic significance of axillary lymph-node micrometastases in breast cancer patients. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol.31(5), 500–505 (2005).
  • Cox CE, Kiluk JV, Riker Al et al. Significance of centinela lymph node micrometastases in human breast cancer. J. Am. Coll. Surg.206(2), 261–268 (2008).
  • Bernet L, Rojo F, Hardisson D et al. Comparison of molecular analysis and histopathology for axillary lymph node staging in primary breast cancer: results of the B-CLOSER-I. Diagn. Mol. Pathol. (In Press) (2011).
  • Giuliano AE, McCall L, Beitsch P et al. Locoregional recurrence after sentinel lymph node dissection with or without axillary dissection in patients with sentinel lymph node metastases: the American college of surgeons oncology group Z0011 randomized trial. Ann. Surg.252(3), 426–432 (2010).
  • Hansen NM, Grube B, Ye X et al. Impact of micrometastases in the sentinel node of patients with invasive breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol.27(28), 4679–4684 (2009).
  • Yegiyants S, Romero LM, Haigh PI, DiFronzo LA. Completion axillary lymph node dissection not required for regional control in patients with breast cancer who have micrometastases in a sentinel node. Arch. Surg.145(6), 564–569 (2010).
  • Colleoni M, Rotmensz N, Peruzzotti G et al. Size of breast cancer metastases in axillary lymph nodes: clinical relevance of minimal lymph node involvement. J. Clin. Oncol.23(7), 1379–1389 (2005).
  • Pantel K, Brakenhoff RH. Dissecting the metastatic cascade. Nat. Rev. Cancer4(6), 448–456 (2004).
  • Yi M, Giordano SH, Meric-Bernstam F et al. Trends in and outcomes from sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) alone vs. SLNB with axillary lymph node dissection for node-positive breast cancer patients: experience from the SEER database. Ann. Surg. Oncol.17, S343–S351 (2010).
  • Wasif N, Maggard MA, Ko CY, Giuliano AE. Underuse of axillary dissection for the management of sentinel node micrometastses in breast cancer. Arch. Surg.145(2), 161–166 (2010).
  • Tjan-Heijnen VC, Pepels MJ, de Boer M et al. Impact of omission of completion axillary lymph node dissection (cALND) or axillary radiotherapy (ax RT) in breast cancer patients with micrometastases (pN1mi) or isolated tumor cells (pN0[i+]) in the sentinel lymph node (SN): results from the MIRROR study. J. Clin. Oncol.27(18S) (Abstract CRA506) (2009).
  • Fisher B, Anderson S, Bryant J et al. Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med.347(16), 1233–1241 (2003).
  • Du X, Freeman JL, Nattinger AB, Goodwin JS. Survival of women alter breast conserving surgery for early stage breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.72(1), 23–31 (2002).
  • Kunkler Ian H. Radiotherapy of the regional lymph nodes: shooting at the sheriff? Breast18(Suppl. 3), S112–S120 (2009).
  • Thürlimann B, Price KN, Gelber RD et al. Is chemotherapy necessary for premenopausal women with lower-risk node-positive, endocrine responsive breast cancer? 10-year update of international breast cancer study group trial 11-93. Breast Cancer Res. Treat.113(1), 137–144 (2009).
  • Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet365(9472), 1687–1717 (2005).
  • Goldhirsch A, Ingle JN, Gelber RD et al. Thersholds for therapies: highlights of the St Gallen international expert consensus on the primary therapy of early breast cancer. Ann. Oncol.20(8), 1319–1329 (2009).
  • Reis-Filho JS, Pusztai L. Expression profiling in breast cancer: classification, prognostication, and prediction. Lancet378, 1812–1823 (2011).
  • Khort HE, Nouri N, Nowels K, Johnson D, Holmes S, Lee PP. Profile of immune cells in axillary lymph nodes predicts disease-free survival in breast cancer. PLoS Med.2(9), e284 (2005).
  • Jakub JW, Bryant K, Huebner M et al. The number of axillary lymph nodes involved with metastatic breast cancer does not affect outcome as long as all disease is confined to the sentinel lymph nodes. Ann. Surg. Oncol.18(1), 86–93 (2011).
  • Essner R. Experimental frontiers for clinical applications: novel approaches to understanding mechanisms of lymph node metastases in melanoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev.25(2), 257–267 (2006).
  • Ehi K, Ishigami S, Masamoto I et al. Analysis of T-helper Type 1 and 2 cells and T-cytotoxic Type 1 and 2 cells of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer. Oncol. Rep.19(3), 601–607 (2008).
  • Nicolini A, Ferrari P, Fini M et al. Stem cells: their role in breast cancer development and resistance to treatment. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol.12(2), 196–205 (2011).
  • Lagasse E, Weissman IL. Enforced expression of Bcl-2 in monocytes rescues macrophages and partially reverses osteopetrosis in op/op mice. Cell89, 1021–1031 (1997).
  • Lagasse E, Weissman IL. Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis of neutrophils but not their engulfment by macrophages J. Exp. Med.179(3), 1047–1052 (1994).
  • Domen J, Gandy KL, Weissman IL. Systemic overexpression of BCL-2 in the hematopoietic system protects transgenic mice from the consequences of lethal irradiation. Blood91(7), 2272–2282 (1998).
  • Zhou S, Schuetz JD, Bunting KD et al. The ABC transporter Bcrp1/ABCG2 is expressed in a wide variety of stem cells and is a molecular determinant of the side-population phenotype. Nat. Med.7(9), 1028–1034 (2001).
  • Al-Hajj M. Cancer stem cells and oncology therapeutics. Curr. Opin. Oncol.19(1), 61–64 (2007).
  • Al-Hajj M, Wicha MS, Benito-Hernandez A, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF. Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA100(7), 3983–3988 (2003).

Website

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.